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Sound Smart: The Great Migration | History

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Harding's Cabinet and friends were a corrupt bunch. The biggest scandal was the Teapot Dome scandal. The government had oil-rich public lands at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California to be used by the U.S. Navy. The secretary of the Interior, who was also a friend of some oil executives, got some oil transferred from the nay to the interior department. Then, he leased the land to two private oil companies in secret. He claimed that the contracts were in the government's interest, but he was later found guilty of bribery. He was the first American to be convicted of a felony while being in the cabinet.

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In 1922, America adopted the Fordney-McCumber Tariff. This tariff raised taxes on some U.S. imports to 60%. This was the highest level ever. The tax protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition and made it impossible for Britain and France to sell enough goods in the U.S to pay debts. To avoid another war, the Dawes Plan came about. American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with a fixed annual payment.

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In the Roaring Twenties,  people were thinking all about the present time and little about the future. So, people resorted to credit and due to the booming economy, people were spending all of their income and then some because of credit.  Mass and modern advertising also caused the people to spend an increased amount of money. Companies found ways to appeal to the people and draw in consumers. Luxury items became necessities to the people and credit started to rack up. Electrical conveniences also became more popular. By the end of the 20s, an increasing amount of homes had some of these electrical conveniences and they became increasingly popular through mass advertisements. Credit was letting consumers spend more money than they had. In addition, the installment plan was allowing people to buy products over an extended period of time without having to put down a lot of money at the time of the purchase. All of these factors encouraged big spending. But, some farmers and businesses were not doing well because consumers were gravitating towards bigger companies.

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Airplanes also became a big mode of transportation. They also helped to carry radios and navigational instruments for weather forecasting. The also created jobs through commercial airlines. The airline industry also had the same effect as the automobile industry did; the railroad industry lost popularity.

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The automobile had a big impact on American life. The most visible way was all of the roads that were created. The most famous was called Route 66. Route 66 gave people a route from Chicago all the way to California. People then began to build houses along this route. The automobile also provided people a way to get to oil producing states and therefore more businesses were being developed. People became more independent through automobiles so trains began to become less popular.

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Between the years of 1910 and 1920, hundreds of thousands of African Americans left their homes in the South and moved to the big cities in the North in search for jobs. This was known as the Great Migration. By the end of it, over 40% of African Americans in the United States lived in cities. Available jobs in the North prompted them to migrate, as well as their changed views of themselves which was that, "Black is beautiful." There was much inspiration at this time.

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The passing of the 18th Amendment launched the U.S. into the Prohibition Era. The Prohibition Era was the time at which the making, manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages was illegal. People  believed that alcohol was the root of corruption, crime, wife and child abuse, work accidents, and other social problems. Eventually, the government did not have enough money to enforce the law, so speakeasies and bootleggers came about. Speakeasies were secret clubs with alcohol that everyone needed to know a password to get into. Bootleggers  is a name for those who smuggled alcohol. Prohibition ended being a failure and the 18th Amendment ended up being repealed. But, along with all this came organized crime. Al Capone became well-known for taking control of the liquor business and killing off all of his competition.