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-Alex is Anna’s ex husband

-Alex and Anna went through a divorce last summer because Anna suspected Alex was cheating

- Alex is now remarried to a young woman named Erica Piedmont

-Alex’s new wife is expecting a baby boy named Jake

-Alex is rumored to be having financial difficulties and is still the beneficiary on Anna’s life insurance plan.

-Alex last saw Anna last night when he went to her house to discuss some paperwork. He left suspiciously but claims nothing happened.

-He ran away right after meeting with Anna and has not been found since.

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-Doug has been involved romantically with
-Anna Garcia recently cut things off between them
-Anna's death shortly followed after these two things
-Doug Greene called 911 after seeing Anna acting weird

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-Erica Piedmont is the new wife of Alex Garcia.
- She is expecting a child and has been with Alex for a short amount of time.
-She has been seen stalking Anna, sitting outside Anna's house in the car
-She recently got in a fight with her husband because Alex visited Anna.

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-She is Anna’s  best friend and co-owner of a local bakery.
-Anna and Lucy have been arguing over whether or not to expand the business and create a sugar-free line of products. Lucy really wants to expand, but Anna refuses.
-Last saw Anna at work yesterday. Anna left work a little early because she said she had something to take care of.
-Lucy has been debating whether or not to buy Anna out of her half of the business. The conflict with their business arrangement has caused a lot of strife in their friendship.

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Age: 38 years Old
Weight: 165 Pounds
Height : 64 Inches

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- It was 92 Degrees Fahrenheit.
-It was 9:45 A.M.
-Anna was wearing a sweater in the heat while walking her dog that morning .
- Her neighbor Doug Greene called 911 who then contacted the police and EMT.
-Anna was lying face down when found.
- There was pills spilled on the floor near her body.
-Two tables were knocked over.
-There was two fingerprints found on the wall .
- Puke was found near her body

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The shoe print was Anna's because the V's on the bottom of the shoe and print match up.

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The fingerprint found was Alex Garcia's. I believe that this is not important information though because Alex was over not long ago signing divorce papers.

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The hair found at the scene was Anna's because she has a medulla similar to the picture we saw before. The hair cuticles looks similar as well.

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Understanding how DNA works

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DNA is your genes and what makes you who you are. It may be responsible for things such as height and eye color. Your DNA is very complex and creates the shape of a double helix. "In 1947, Erwin Chargaff determined that while the four nucleotides were not present in equal amounts in the DNA from different organisms, the amount of adenine was always the same as thymine and the amount of guanine was always the same as cytosine. This is what is known as Chargaff’s Rules".

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-DNA is a double helix that contains much information about the person and it has a phosphate and a nitrogen base.

-Scientists isolate DNA in order to study it by extracting the cells using an experiment with alcohol and RNA.
-DNA differs from person to person because we have different sequences in our DNA.
-Tools of molecular biology are used to compare the DNA of two individuals cause

they can make cuts in DNA so that they can determine differences. (The number of cuts).
-Restriction enzymes are the cuts in the DNA.
-Restriction fragment length polymorphisms are a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences.

- Gel Electrophoresis is how they get the LP’s get separated and have positive and negative charges.

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1. Collect Cells from Cheek, Blood, etc. because DNA is in the cell
2. Use lysis solution to burst open the cell and release DNA. (The lysis solution's detergent disrupts the cell membrane bursting it open)
3. Place tube in warm water bath
4. Add concentrated salt to the tube to clump the debris
5. Place the tube into the micro-centrifuge to separate debris and DNA.
6. Add rubbing alcohol to the tube
7. Place into micro-centrifigue again

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Adenine-A component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain coenzymes. Chemically, it is a purine base.

Chromosome-Any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that contain the genetic material.

Cytosine-A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

Gel Electrophoresis-The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.

Gene-A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

Guanine-A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base.

Helix-Something spiral in form.

Model-A simplified version of something complex used, for example, to analyze and solve problems or make predictions.

Nucleotide-A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Restriction Enzyme-A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)-Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes).

Thymine-A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.

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The blood found at the crime scene was either Alex or Anna's.

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-In the scene, a syringe was filled with castor oil. This can be used for curing moderate fungal diseases
- There were spilled pills. In our lab, indicators were used both substances reacted to all 3 indicators exactly alike. The Unknown Substance shared more like/similar results with Asprin than any other substances. Indicator 2 caused the Unknown Source to bubble/sizzle and then turn black. this result was only shared between the Unknown Substance and Asprin. Also, both subtances shared the same reaction to indicators 1 and 3. From this we determined that the pills were aspirins, otherwise known as Acetylsalicylic acid. This is used for pain relief.

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-Biomedical sciences can help you investigate the circumstances surrounding a mysterious death by determining things such as dates, times, etc. The scene is searched and documented for evidence.
-Everyone has unique biological aspects that can be seen through investigation. For example, fingerprints are evidence that differs between us.
-Scientists create experiments based on their hypotheses. They also use independent and dependent variables based on their hypotheses and find a solution.
-Bloodstains help determine what happened at a crime scene. The size and shape can help determine what height, you may be able to see smears, splatters, etc. to determine what happened.

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The results of this experiment conclude she was hit from above and began to bleed out. This was most likely linked to a murder. I think she was hit from 33 cm up.

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Glaister Equation:
98.4 – measured rectal temperature / 1.5 = time of death

Using this equation we discovered Anna died at 7 A.M.

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The new broken down food is turned into Glucose, a sugar that is absorbed into the body. The glucose molecules from our meal we just ate are found in our small intestine. In the small intestine cells, there are glucose transporters. They take in the glucose and transport it into the bloodstream to give to areas of the body that need energy.  For example, a glucose molecule could enter the brain cell giving the brain energy. Our body also stores some of this energy in the liver, fat, and muscle cells and this is called glycogen. The body may store this glucose so that it can be used over a longer period of time and it may also store it because high amounts of glucose can be toxic to the body. A while after we eat we no longer want our body to take in this glucose. In our body, there is also another factor called insulin. It is a hormone that tells the cells when to take in the glucose if high traces of it are in the blood and it tells the cell not to take in the glucose when there are little amounts of it in the blood.  The insulin knows when to do this because of the organ in our body called the pancreas. Inside it, there are cells that are called beta-cells. When glucose is in the body it freely moves into the beta-cell without insulin. The beta-cell sees all the glucose and puts insulin in the blood. When there is little glucose the beta-cell no longer releases insulin. The insulin released binds to insulin receptors on the cell. For example, if glucose needed to be sent to a skeletal muscle cell the insulin would bind to its insulin receptor that is located in the cells outer covering called the membrane. This opens the glucose channel allowing glucose to flow in and inside the cell creating the energy. You can think of insulin as a key that unlocks the cell and allows the glucose to flow in. In diabetes the body has trouble moving glucose from your body into your cells, causing the cells to starve for energy and the blood to have too much glucose. In type one diabetes the body doesn’t make enough insulin. This happens because the person's own T-cells which attack bad things, attack the body’s beta cells. Losing beta cells means that the body can’t produce insulin to bind to the receptors and the glucose can’t get into the cell. In type two diabetes the body makes insulin but doesn’t respond to it. Essentially, the cells don’t move their glucose transporters into the body to respond. This means the body has insulin resistance. The goal is to keep your blood glucose level (the amount of glucose in your blood) at a middle range. When the blood glucose is too high this is called hyperglycemia which can cause damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. Too little is called hypoglycemia. This can cause confusion, dizziness, fainting, and comas. This can take place in both type 1 and 2 diabetes.

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Saturday – August 11, 2012

Breakfast

2 egg whites, scrambled, no butter

2 slices thick turkey bacon

1 slice whole wheat toast with 1 pat butter

1 cup coffee with artificial sweetener and 1 tbsp. light coffee creamer

Lunch

1 12oz can Sprite

1 turkey sandwich (2 slices whole wheat bread, 3 slices turkey lunch meat, 1 slice cheddar cheese, ½  tbsp. mayonnaise)

16 fat-free tortilla chips with salsa

Snack

1/4 cup dry roasted peanuts

1 small apple

Dinner

½ cup apple juice

6 ounces salmon filet

1 cup brown rice cooked with salt and butter

1 cup steamed broccoli

Dessert

½ cup sugar free lemon gelatin

Sunday – August 12, 2012

Breakfast

1 cup Cheerios

½ cup skim milk

½ cup blueberries

Lunch

1 cup low-fat strawberry yogurt

6 Ritz crackers

1 cup canned, low-sodium vegetable soup

1 12oz can cola

Snack

1 single serving bag potato chips

Dinner

2 slices thick crust pepperoni pizza (14” pizza)

2 cups tossed salad

4 tbsp. Caesar dressing

Dessert

1 cup vanilla ice cream with ½ cup mini marshmallows

5 Oreo cookies

Monday – August 13, 2012

Breakfast

1 cup whole milk

1 biscui

*Note that Anna’s entries stopped on the morning of August 13th. The entry for breakfast appears to be incomplete.

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Anna's diet was not good for her diabetes, etc. This could have negatively affected her life. Some unhealthy things she ate were potato chips and pizza.

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Sickle cell is when red blood cells contort into a sickle shape or a cresent moon shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anemia), and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).

Infections, pain, and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease.

Treatments include medications, blood transfusions, and rarely a bone-marrow transplant.

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Pain areas: in the joints

Pain types: can be sudden in the chest

Whole body: dizziness, fatigue, low oxygen in the body, or malaise

Urinary: inability to make concentrated or dilute urine or blood in urine

Also common: abnormal breakdown of red blood cells, delayed development, inflamed fingers or toes, pallor, shortness of breath, or yellow skin and eyes

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- Blood is thicker than water and has a normal temperature of 100.4 degrees F.
-Blood is 55% plasma and 7%-8% dissolved substances
-In the cells there are three elements, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Platelets

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-Measure the heart’s electrical activity
• P wave - signal passes from SA node (sinatrial node) to AV node
(atrioventricular node), moving across the atria
• QRS interval - signal passes from AV node through Purkinje fibers  and he ventricles contract
• T wave - the ventricles repolarize  and the heart is relaxed

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Her diet should contain less fat and more leafy greens and berries which help keep a
low blood pressure. Anna should exercise more as well because this helps the blood
flow throughout the body and keep the heart healthy.
Ace inhibitor is a pharmaceutical drug used primarily for the treatment of hypertension
and congestive heart failure. This will help Anna's high blood pressure. Inhibitors are
heart medications that widen, or dilate, your blood vessels. That increases the amount
of blood your heart pumps and lowers blood pressure. They also raise blood flow, which
helps to lower your heart's workload.

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NOTE: This is only a partial autopsy report. You will be receiving the remainder of the autopsy report in pieces throughout the course.

Office of the Medical Examiner

Metropolitan Government of Anytown

Case # 77

Decedent:  Anna Garcia

Age: 38

Weight: 165

Height: 64 Inches

Race: Hispanic

Sex: Female

Date and Time of Autopsy: August 15, 2012 11:00 am

Performed By: Dr. King

Laboratory Results:

Toxicology:

1.    Preliminary  Blood Results:

No evidence of alcohol – BAC (% by volume), 0.015.

Trace amounts of acetylsalicylic acid present.

No evidence of overdose of non-prescription or prescription drugs.

External Examination

General Appearance:

The body is that of a well-developed, well-nourished adult Hispanic female who appears to be her stated age of 38. Body height is 64 inches and body weight is 165 lbs. No evidence of post-mortem tampering is present and rigor mortis is generalized.

Clothing and Valuables:

The body is admitted to the morgue clothed and within a body bag. One ring is present on the right ring finger. Clothes are not torn but are stained with blood. A small amount of vomit is present on the shoulder area of the blouse.

Head and Neck:

The head is normally shaped with medium length, black hair. There is an injury to the right temple, including an open wound where pre-mortem bruising is evident. Neck shows no sign of injury.

Trunk:

The chest and torso are an appropriate size; no visible sign of trauma. Abdomen is distended.

Extremities:

The extremities are symmetrical and without abnormalities. The ankles are swollen and signs of edema are positive with moderate fluid accumulation. The fingernails show substantial graying, indicative of low oxygen. The right proximal humerus shows signs of a recently healed break, as does the left distal tibia.

Inflamed, red injection sites on left thigh.

Injuries:

A head wound at the right temple, 2 cm in length, and 5 mm in depth at the center. Surrounding area bruised, limited bleeding evident. No skull fracture.

Right elbow bruise, 2 cm in diameter, limited contusion.

No other visible injuries.

Physical Examination Results:

1. Generalized pallor and evidence of oxygen deprivation.

2. Fingernails and toenails blue/gray color.

3. Evidence of vomit in oral cavity.

4. Blunt trauma to the head, wound indicative of a fall against a solid object, light bleeding suggesting lack of blood flow.

5. Edema of ankles visible.

Manner of Death: __accident__________

Possible Causes of Death:

Severe head trauma from falling causing death

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NOTE: This is only a partial autopsy report. You will be receiving the remainder of the autopsy report in pieces throughout the course.

Office of the Medical Examiner

Metropolitan Government of Anytown

Case # 77

Decedent:  Anna Garcia

Age: 38

Weight: 165

Height: 64 Inches

Race: Hispanic

Sex: Female

Date and Time of Autopsy: August 15 -  11:00 am

Performed By: Dr. King

Laboratory Results:

Toxicology:

1.     Blood:

No evidence of alcohol.

No evidence of non-prescription drugs or overdose of prescription drugs.

Blood glucose level 280 mg/dL (normal range 70-125 mg/dL)

1. Stomach Contents:

No evidence of toxins or poisons

125 mL of partially digested food present

Internal Examination

Gastrointestinal System:

The mucosa and wall of the esophagus are intact and gray-pink, without lesions or injuries. The gastric (stomach) mucosa is intact and pink without injury. The mucosa of the three parts of the small intestine, the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, and the mucosa of the large intestine, the colon and rectum, appears normal. Approximately 125 ml of partially digested semisolid food is found in the stomach.

Energy

Food provides us energy in the measurement of calories (how much energy it takes to boil 1 ml of water). Our daily diets require 2000 calories or more. Energy is needed in life for our cells to perform basic tasks, such as converting energy, etc.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are our main source of energy/energy storage. Common examples of carbohydrates are glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc. These foods often taste sugary or starchy. Diabetics usually limit these kinds of food. Some example of starches is bread, potatoes, rice, etc. Anna Garcia had a lot of carbohydrates incorporated in her diet.

Proteins

Proteins help maintain our muscles and tissue by doing simple functions of the body. Common examples of proteins are in meat, such as chicken, cow, pig, etc. These foods should be limited in our diet. Anna Garcia had a lot of proteins in her diet.

Lipids

Lipids are another source of energy, in the form of fats. They are also a type of hormone and vitamin. Two types of lipids are saturated/unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats are healthier. Anna Garcia had a lot of lipids in her diet. (Chips, butter, turkey bacon)

Meal Analysis

Anna Garcia’s meals in general included many foods that should be limited in her diet as a diabetic, such as toast/bread, apple juice, soda, oreos, etc. These foods are high in sugar and are bad for diabetics. Her diet was full of many empty calories and missed many important foods high with nutrients, such as vegetables and fruits.

Cause of Death

Ultimately, her death was caused by her diet because if the symptoms of a diabetic gets out of hand, it could be lethal. This can be caused if sugar levels are too high and glucose floods bloodstreams. Symptoms that are deadly are seizures, diabetic comas, fainting,  etc. A scenario that could have happened was that she died from fainting while walking in a hall. Her head, unfortunately, landed on a table getting off the final blow of Anna’s life.

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Physical Examination Results:

External Examination

Nails on fingers blue/gray in color

Laboratory Results:

Toxicology:

Blood:

Hydroxyurea, trace amounts – used to treat Sickle Cell Anemia

Hematocrit:

Lower than normal, 20%

Microscopic analysis of blood:

Abnormalities found:

The red blood cells had a crescent like shape that doesn’t flow easily through the bloodstream.

Possible Causes of Death:

The lack of oxygen from sickle cell syndrome could have caused Anna to faint and hit her head, ultimately leading to death. Pain could have also been a big part because it may have caused her to fall. Strokes are also something that can happen from sickle cell, which could have killed Anna.

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Amino Acid-An organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins.

Anticodon-a triplet of nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to the codon in mRNA

Codon-A series of three adjacent bases in an mRNA molecule codes for a specific amino acid

Hydrophilic-- neutral, polar R-Groups can shift their electrons to one end or the other, attract water molecules, amino acid chain stays straight

Hydrophobic-electrically neutral, nonpolar molecules, avoid polar R-Chains and water molecules, water molecules bond with other water molecules and heard nonpolar molecules

mutation-rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity.

nucleotide-phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base

protein-made of amino acids, help fight disease, build new body tissues, enzymes used for digestion and other chemical reactions are proteins, component of all cell membranes

protein synthesis-DNA turns into proteins

RNA-A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine A, cytosine C, guanine G, and uracil U; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

mRNA-A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA and attached to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; it specifies the primary structure of a protein.

tRNA-An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.

Ribosome-where proteins are made

Transcription-copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA

Translation-The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of language from nucleotides to amino acids.

Hydrophilic-neutral, polar R-Groups can shift their electrons to one end or the other, attract water molecules, amino acid chain stays straight

Hydrophobic--electrically neutral, nonpolar molecules, avoid polar R-Chains and water molecules, water molecules bond with other water molecules and heard nonpolar molecules

Chromosome-Any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that contain the genetic material.

Gene-A discrete unit of hereditary information.

Initiator Sequence- DNA sequences describing where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins

Coding sequence- is that portion of a genes DNA or RNA composed of exons that codes for protein

Termination sequence- a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in genomic DNA during transcription.

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Gene-A discrete unit of hereditary information.

Genotype-All or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group.

Heredity-The transmission of traits from ancestor to descendant.

Pedigree-A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characteristics in parents and offspring over multiple generations.

Phenotype-The observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment.

Punnett square-A simple graphical way of discovering all of the potential combinations of genotypes of an offspring, given the parents' genotypes.

Recessive trait-

A simple graphical way of discovering all of the potential combinations of genotypes of an offspring, given the parents' genotypes.

Explain how pedigrees can be used to track diseases.

They show who is affected and not affected by a disease?
They can predict the outcome of two people mating, and if their children are affected by a disease or not.

Pedigrees:

A male : a square

A female : a circle

An affected male : filled in square

An affected female : filled in circle

An unaffected male : empty square

An unaffected female : empty circle

A carrier female : half colored circle

A carrier male: half colored square

How are the following are illustrated in a pedigree?

A marriage A line connecting them

Siblings

-horizontal line

Offspring

-vertical line

Why does sickle cell disease run in families, yet is not present in every generation?

Because it is a recessive disorder.

How can doctors and genetic counselors calculate the probability of a child inheriting a disease?

They can look at what each parents traits are, and look to see if the disease is dominant or recessive. Then they will be able to determine the % chance of the child inheriting that disease.

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Natural Death

Theories:
- Anna's heart problems caused a stroke. This would explain why Anna was wearing a sweater in hot weather and the vomit.
-In a previous medical history it was stated that Anna had Ketoidacidosis. This could cause Anna's death.
-Anna could have been having a normal day until she had became hyperglycemic and had nobody there to help her and causing her to die before anyone could do anything.

Accidental

-After going for a walk with her dog, Anna came back home and felt sore and weak. Anna was dehydrated and passed out, hit her temple and die.

Homicide

-Doug Greene is upset because Anna is making His new wife jealous. He decides to sneak when she comes back from a walk with her dog and bang her on the back of her head. This theory can be backed up because Doug's fingerprints were found at the crime scene.

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Anna was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection at age 38 after going to the hospital. Symptoms included pain and frequent urination. It was known Anna had a Sickle Cell Crisis and got a catheter. Since she did not come in with a UTI it was a hospital acquired infection. The type of bacteria was S. Marcescens.

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In Gel Electrophoresis DNA is placed in a gel and since each DNA molecule is negatively charged, it can be pulled through the gel by an electric field. Small DNA molecules move more quickly through the gel than larger DNA molecules.

The result is a series of ‘bands’, with each band containing DNA molecules of a particular size. The bands furthest from the start of the gel contain the smallest fragments of DNA. The bands closest to the start of the gel contain the largest DNA fragments.

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Maintaining a Healthy Life with Diabetes 

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Maintaining a Healthy Life with Diabetes 

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-Eating vitamins and Leafy greens will help a diabetic.
-Refrain from sugars and fatty foods.
-Excercise can help the body vastly.

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Anna's Medical Issues and Body System Connections 

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Anna's Medical Issues and Body System Connections 

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Cardiovascular system:
-the sickle cells couldn't carry as much oxygen
- the sickle cells would clump together leading to a possible stroke
-With heart disease the PVC's caused an un affective pumping of the heart.

Respiratory system:
- In Sickle Cell Anemia there is Acute Chest Syndrome
-In the UTI the bacteria can damage this system

Urinary System:
-High blood sugar overworks the kidneys and leaks protein into the urine, destroying kidney function

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Diagnosed with Sickle Cell at 14 Months old. Her symptoms included an elevated heart rate, abnormal breathing, and an enlarged abdomen

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At age 37 she was diagnosed with Hypercholesterolimia. Symptoms included high blood pressure and pre ventricular contractions.

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Blood pressure: Measured with a sphygmomanometer.
Diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your blood vessels when your heart rests between beats. Systolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your blood vessels when your heart beats.

Heart Rate: Used to find beats per minute of the heart.

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Low Density Lipoprotein
• Carry cholesterol through
blood to all tissue if
there’s too much it just
stays in the blood
• Raises risk of heart disease
• Leads to blood vessel
blockage,white blood
cells try to digest LDL &
convert it to a toxic form.
White blood cells create
inflammation & that draws
more cells & plaque

High Density Lipoprotein
• Pick up cholesterol in the
bloodstream and take it to
the liver for removal from the
body
• Lowers risk of heart disease
• Reduces blood vessel
blockages

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The risk factors for heart disease are:
– Smoking
– Family History
– Diabetes
– High blood sugar
– High cholesterol
– Obesity
– High Blood Pressure

Reduce risk of heart disease:
– Iexercise
– low in fat meals and not a lot of
carbohydrates
– Quit smoking
– Maintain a healthy weight

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This shows that Anna's Medical History has to do with GENES and HEREDITY.

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flagella

whip like tail structure that helps a bacterium move

nucleoid

region within bacteria visible in micrographs. Most of the bacteria DNA is found here.

plasmid

small circular DNA fragments found in the cytoplasm

plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer responsible for the diffusion and transportation of materials in and out of the cell

capsule

layer of polysaccharide protects the bacterial cell

pili

hallow, hairlike structures that allow bacteria to attach to other cells

ribosomes

where protein synthesis occurs and mRNA is read to and amino acids are assembled

Antibody

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.

Aseptic Technique

A procedure performed under sterile conditions.

Bacillus

A cylindrical or rod-shaped bacterium.

Bacteria

Single-celled microorganisms that are often aggregated into colonies or motile by means of flagella, typically live in soil, water, organic matter, or the bodies of plants and animals, are usually autotrophic, saprophytic, or parasitic in nutrition, and are noted for their biochemical effects and pathogenicity.

B Lymphocyte (B Cell)

A type of lymphocyte that develops in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies.

Coccus

A spherical bacterium.

Contagious

Communicable by contact.

Fungus

Saprophytic and parasitic spore-producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and include molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts.

Gram Stain

A method for the differential staining of bacteria that involves fixing the bacterial cells to a slide and staining with crystal violet and iodine, then washing with alcohol, and counterstaining with safranin. Results in gram-positive bacteria retaining the purple dye and gram-negative organisms having it decolorized so that the red counterstain shows up.

Helminth

A parasitic worm (as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid, or leech).

Immunity

A condition of being able to resist a particular disease, especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products.

Infection

The state produced by the establishment of an infective agent in or on a suitable host.

Microbiology

A branch of biology dealing especially with microscopic forms of life (as bacteria, protozoans, viruses, and fungi).

Phagocyte

A cell (as a white blood cell) that engulfs and consumes foreign material (as microorganisms) and debris.

Prion

Any of various infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins, that proliferate by inducing the normal protein to convert to the abnormal form, and that in mammals include pathogenic forms.

Protozoan

Any protist of the phylum or subkingdom Protozoa.

Spirillum

A spiral-shaped bacterium.

T Lymphocyte (T Cells)

A type of lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity that differentiates under the influence of the thymus.

Transmission

The way a microbial organism moves from one host to another.

Virus

Any of a large group of submicroscopic infective agents that typically contain a protein coat surrounding an RNA or DNA core of genetic material but no semipermeable membrane, that are capable of growth and multiplication only in living cells, and that cause various important diseases in humans, animals, or plants.