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Issues with causation. Observed damage to the brain may not be linked to deficits under review.

Ethical issues

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Provided foundation understanding of key processes in the brain.

Broca & Wernicke depended on it for establishing links between language, brain, and behaviour.

Improve medical knowledge and help generate hypotheses.

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Lack of standardisation between different research studies - makes it difficult to confirm findings.

Background noise and extraneous material must be completely eliminated.

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Addresses limitations of EEG - more specific.

Good temporal resolution.

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Very generalised as it looks at the brain as a whole rather than pinpointing.

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Practical application

High temporal resolution (resolution of 1 millisecond)

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Expensive compared to other neuroimaging techniques.

Requires patient to stay still for detailed image.

5 second time-lag between image and firing of neuronal activity.

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Doesn't rely on radiation, so it's risk-free, non-invasive, and simple to use.

Images have high spatial resolution (detail by the millimeter) and provides clear picture of how brain activity is localised.

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Brain is analysed after death to determine whether certain observed behaviours during the patient's lifetime can be linked to brain abnormalities.

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The brain's electrophysical response to a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event can be isolated through statistical analysis of EEG data.

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A record of the tiny electrical impulses from brain activity. By measuring these patterns, the EEG can help diagnose certain conditions of the brain.

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

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Measures brain activity while a person is performing a task using MRI technology (which produces 3-D images showing which brain areas are involved). Enables researchers to see which parts of brain are rich in oxygen)