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Gene detection is the process of decoding genes to help humans know more about themselves from a molecular level.  Genomic medicine has attracted tremendous attention and been widely applied to the prenatal diagnostics and the detection of cancer, cardiovascular disease and many other pathologies. Gene detection plays an important role in public health because genes determine the characteristics of all organisms and influence almost all sickness and death processes in life. Genes are also a key element in studying virus, developing vaccines, novel drugs and help guide treatment in the clinic. In 2015,  President Obama announced the launch of the Precision Medicine Initiative which is a bold new research effort to innovate how to improve health and treat disease. Precision medicine is a newly emerging approach for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, which takes into account individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle for each person. In clinical practice, it mainly includes diagnostic testing, medical decisions and selecting appropriate therapies based on the patient's genetic content.

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- Gene therapy has successfully treated several cases of cardiac conditions, autoimmune disorders and cancer
- Possible cure for conditions caused by defective genes via gene therapy in the future such as ALS and Cystic Fibrosis
- Gene therapy has helped in supplying new parts of the body
- Gene detection can help prepare parents whose unborn child is diagnosed with health problems during a genetic fetal screening
- Modification of certain genetic sequences in bacteria helps convert waste matter into ethanol, which can then be used as fuel
- Can improve disease management and lower healthcare costs

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The Latest Innovative Gene Therapy to Treat Leukemia 

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The Latest Innovative Gene Therapy to Treat Leukemia 

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FDA approves CAR-T cancer treatment - first gene therapy in U.S. to treat leukemia - CBS News

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Testimony from a patient of how Genomic Medicine changed his life. 

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Testimony from a patient of how Genomic Medicine changed his life. 

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Mayo Clinic's Individualized Medicine Clinic uses a person's genomic information along with the latest in sequencing and careful expert analysis to diagnose patients with previously undiagnosed conditions. It's the first such use of genomic medicine that is not part of a research program - but rather part of regular medical practice.

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In recent years, gene detection techniques have advanced considerably by integrating various strategies such as micro assay, nanotechnologies and electrochemical methods. Other important gene therapy techniques have not only been used for detection, but for treatment. CAR-T therapy requires drawing blood from patients and separating out the T cells. Next, using a disarmed virus, the T cells are genetically engineered to produce receptors on their surface called chimeric antigen receptors. After infusion into the patient, he engineered T cells are then able to produce more T cells to fight. Another genome altering technique used for treatment is DNA methylation. It is well established that genetic aberrations play a critical role on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). AML is characterized by clonal expansion of undifferentiated myeloid precursors, resulting in impaired hematopoiesis and bone marrow failure. AML is a predominantly fatal hematopoietic malignancy with high heterogeneity. Genetic heterogeneity has been appreciated in AML with next-generation sequencing (NGS), genome studies of somatic mutations have shown a comprehensive landscape of AML and contributed to the understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of AML.  The mutations in genes involved in DNA methylation play an important role in genome-wide methylation signature in AML and contribute to the leukemogenesis and prognosis.

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Gene detection and therapy is an essential part of the future in precise medicine It plays an important role in the advances of public health in respect to diagnosing and treatment. Now with the further improvement of population health awareness, it has become a trend to take gene detection into routine examination. As a new mom, I used the embryo genetic testing of my daughter to better prepare myself for my baby. It was a simple and painless test that helped alleviate stress of the unknown throughout my pregnancy. Even though genomic medicine has plenty of disadvantages, I believe that the advantages are strong enough to outweigh the downsides because this innovative medicine will allow for more accurate and timely treatments for patients and in turn, better outcomes for all.

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- Genetically modified pharmaceuticals and human genetic engineering may come with severe side effects:  Treatment of a specific genetic defect may trigger the development/mutation of a new one
- Human cloning and human genetic engineering can hamper diversity of human genetics
- Costly
- The morals/ethics/religious criticism that come with modifying the creations of God

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The innovative research and application of genome medicine is directly linked to nursing informatics because it integrates nursing, its information, and information management with information processing and communication
technology, to support the health of people
worldwide. Also, the use of the global genetic database makes it possible to identify specific gene mutations.

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CBS News. (2017). [Video of first FDA approved gene therapy treatment]. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/videos/fda-approves-brand-new-way-to-treat-leukemia/

Global Genes. (2017). [Picture illustration of personalized medicine]. New Norvartis Resource: Healthcare Trends. Retrieved from https://globalgenes.org/raredaily/new-novartis-resource-health-care-trends/

Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. (2017). What is nursing informatics? Retrieved from http://www.himss.org/what-nursing-informatics

Li, Y., Xu, Q., Lv, N., Wang, L., Zhao, H., Wang, X. (2017). Clinical implications of genome-wide DNA methylation studies in acute myeloid leukemia. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. doi:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13045-017-0409-z

Mayo Clinic. (2013). [Video of a testimony from individualized genome medicine].  YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oThLYXGTXlA

Medical Treasure. (2017). Pros and cons of genetic engineering. Retrieved from http://medicaltreasure.com/pros-and-cons-of-genetic-engineering/

Zhang, H., Liu, X., Liu, M., Gao, T., Huang, Y., and Zeng, W. (2018). Gene detection: An essential process to precision medicine. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 99,  625-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.033