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In charge of finding resources like journal and articles about antibiotic resistance superbugs

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In charge of finding resources like journal and articles about antibiotic resistance superbugs

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I'm in charge with the bacteriophage's metabolism

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Incharge of how metabolism work on bacteriophage through superbug 

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Incharge of how metabolism work on bacteriophage through superbug 

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I am in charge of finding the disadvantages of the superbug epidemic and why it needs to be eradicated

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I am in charge of finding the disadvantages of the superbug epidemic and why it needs to be eradicated

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I'm in charge of finding sources for making the augmented reality video

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in charge of pros & cons of using bacteriophage antibiotic to fight superbug

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in charge of pros & cons of using bacteriophage antibiotic to fight superbug

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1. There are no internationally recognized studies that prove the efficacy of phages in humans.

2. The great specificity of phages is a disadvantage when the exact species of infecting bacteria is unknown or if there is a multiple infection.

3. Bacteria can also become resistant to phages.

4. Bacteria have a type of ‘immune system’ that destroys the hereditary material of some penetrating phages. Only suitable phages can conquer this ‘immune system’.

5. In comparison to chemical molecules, phages are relatively large. For this reason, the sites in the body that can be reached by them must be carefully clarified.

6. Infections whose agents are hidden in the interior of human cells may be inaccessible to phages.

7. Phages that are injected into the bloodstream are recognized by the human immune system. Some of them are quickly excreted and, after a certain period, antibodies against the phages are produced by the body. For this reason, it appears that one type of phage can only be used once for intravenous treatment.

8. In comparison to chemical molecules, phages are complex organisms that can transfer toxin genes between bacteria.

9. The shelf life of phages varies and needs to be tested and monitored.

10. Phages are more difficult to administer than antibiotics. A physician needs special training in order to correctly prescribe and use phages.

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Superbugs are a strain of bacteria that has mutated and become resistant to antibiotics. One of the reasons as to why superbugs exist is the overuse of antibiotics which cause the bacteria to evolve and develop an immunity against said antibiotics. Antibiotics are often used to prevent infections. For example, during surgery, the doctor would give the patient antibiotics so that the area of which is involved in the surgery does not get infected by outside bacteria. However, if the patient comes into contact with a superbug, that would put his life at risk. We can often recover from bacterial infections easily. However, some deadly illnesses such as meningitis and pneumonia require antibiotic treatment, which is why it is important for scientists to figure out a way to eradicate superbugs and stop bacteria from e done on how to eliminate themevolving into superbugs. Supposedly today, only a few species of bacteria have mutated into superbugs. However, there is a major chance that other species of bacteria might follow suit and evolve into superbugs as well. If that were to happen, antibiotics would be of no use and humankind would be in grave danger.
Superbugs have caused organisations to invest millions of dollars in order for research to be done. This has taken an economic toll on a country and will probably cause the newer antibiotics created to be very expensive and not affordable for everyone. Newer and more powerful antibiotics may also have serious side effects towards humans.

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I am in charge how to make the bacteriophage is suitable for every individuals.

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I am in charge how to make the bacteriophage is suitable for every individuals.

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Sometimes, certain treatment can cause allergic to the patients.

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Sometimes, certain treatment can cause allergic to the patients.

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I'm in charge in prototype making

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Our prototype is in a capsule form containing bacteriophage in a liquid medium.

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1. Phages are very specific and do not harm the useful bacteria that live in and on the body.

2. Due to their specificity, phages do not cause a selection of resistances in the useful bacteria that live in and on the body.

3. We are constantly ingesting phages. In general, they are harmless to human beings. When well-purified phages are used, few side effects have been described for all types of administration.

4. Phages are an ‘intelligent’ drug. They multiply at the site of the infection until there are no more bacteria. Then they are excreted.

5. Bacteria that have become resistant to a certain type of phage continue to be destroyed by other types.

6. Phages are found throughout nature. This means that it is easy to find new phages when bacteria become resistant to them.

7. Evolution drives the rapid emergence of new phages that can destroy bacteria that have become resistant. This means that there should be an ‘inexhaustible’ supply.

8. Some resistant bacteria that have been selected during treatment with phages are less virulent and can be fought by the immune system.

9. Phages are also active against bacteria that have become resistant to antibiotics.

10. Phages can be genetically modified in order to make up for some of their disadvantages.

11. Individual components of phages (e.g. lysins) can also be used as antibiotic substances. So far resistances have not occurred despite comprehensive testing.

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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/68511.php

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https://biotechkhan.wordpress.com/2014/07/14/lambda-phage/

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http://jb.asm.org/content/149/3/1166.full.pdf

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the very virulent type of Staphylococcus aureus :

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the very virulent type of Staphylococcus aureus :

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hVISA (heterogenous vancomycin-intermediate S aureus)

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Its morphology and genome size suggest that Stau2 belongs to the family Myoviridae. This phage retains high stability in different environments. Stau2 is an S. aureus-specific virulent phage exhibiting strong bacteriolytic activity against 80% of clinical S. aureus isolates. Animal tests demonstrated that Stau2 can protect mice from lethal infection with S. aureus, with a higher MOI and a shorter delay in phage administration giving greater protection. Thus, Stau2 may be used at least in topical therapy for S. aureus skin infections and eradication of MRSA from carriers' noses or applied as an additive in the food industry.

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Its morphology and genome size suggest that Stau2 belongs to the family Myoviridae. This phage retains high stability in different environments. Stau2 is an S. aureus-specific virulent phage exhibiting strong bacteriolytic activity against 80% of clinical S. aureus isolates. Animal tests demonstrated that Stau2 can protect mice from lethal infection with S. aureus, with a higher MOI and a shorter delay in phage administration giving greater protection. Thus, Stau2 may be used at least in topical therapy for S. aureus skin infections and eradication of MRSA from carriers' noses or applied as an additive in the food industry.

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http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0181671

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148689

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This bacteriophage will going to treat superbug in the form of injection. The liquid injection contain the pH suitable for lytic staphylophage stau 2 to grow and almost same in human blood. This liquid also contain buffer so that the pH can remain the same when there is an additional of acid/alkali. Staphylococcus is also mixed with the bacteriophage liquid to replicate more phage.

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https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/16/cre-superbug/

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1)Sue-Er Hsieh, Yi-Hsiung Tseng, Hsueh-Hsia Lo, Shui-Tu Chen,Cheng-Nan Wu (2015, December 26) Genomic analysis of Staphylococcus phage Stau2 isolated from medical specimen. Retrieved December 11, 2017 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26706853

2)Zelin Cui, Tingting Feng, Feifei Gu, Qingtian Li, Ke Dong, Yan Zhang, Yongzhang Zhu, Lizhong Han, Jinhong Qin,  Xiaokui Guo (2017, February 8) Characterization and complete genome of the virulent Myoviridae phage JD007 active against a variety of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different hospitals in Shanghai, China. Retrieved December 11,2017 from https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-017-0701-0

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Problem Statement:What is superbug? How does this issue arise? Superbugs are strains of bacteria that have adapted after coming into contact with an antibiotic. Once this happens, these bacteria become "resistant" to the antibiotic to which they have been exposed, which means the antibiotic cannot kill the bacteria or stop them from multiplying. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a severe threat to community wellbeing. Conventional antibiotics are getting progressively more ineffective as a consequence of resistance, making it imperative to realize improved antimicrobial options. The microorganisms primarily reported of being resistance, referred as ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae). Today, many researchers are working with bacteriophages (phages) as an alternative to antibiotics in the control of pathogens for human therapy as well as prevention, biocontrol, and therapy in animal agriculture. Phage therapy and biocontrol have yet to fulfill their promise or potential, largely due to several key obstacles to their performance. Several suggestions are shared in order to point a direction for overcoming common obstacles in applied phage technology. The key to successful use of phages in modern scientific, farm, food processing and clinical applications is to understand the common obstacles as well as best practices and to develop answers that work in harmony with nature.

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Problem Statement:What is superbug? How does this issue arise? Superbugs are strains of bacteria that have adapted after coming into contact with an antibiotic. Once this happens, these bacteria become "resistant" to the antibiotic to which they have been exposed, which means the antibiotic cannot kill the bacteria or stop them from multiplying. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a severe threat to community wellbeing. Conventional antibiotics are getting progressively more ineffective as a consequence of resistance, making it imperative to realize improved antimicrobial options. The microorganisms primarily reported of being resistance, referred as ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae). Today, many researchers are working with bacteriophages (phages) as an alternative to antibiotics in the control of pathogens for human therapy as well as prevention, biocontrol, and therapy in animal agriculture. Phage therapy and biocontrol have yet to fulfill their promise or potential, largely due to several key obstacles to their performance. Several suggestions are shared in order to point a direction for overcoming common obstacles in applied phage technology. The key to successful use of phages in modern scientific, farm, food processing and clinical applications is to understand the common obstacles as well as best practices and to develop answers that work in harmony with nature.

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Virginia Abata ´ngelo, Natalia Peressutti Bacci, Carina A. Boncompain, Ariel A. Amadio, Soledad Carrasco, Cristian A. Sua ´rez, He ´ctor R. Morbidoni1 (2017,July 25) Broad-range lytic bacteriophages that kill Staphylococcus aureus local field strains. Retrieved December 11, 2011 from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0181671 

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Virginia Abata ´ngelo, Natalia Peressutti Bacci, Carina A. Boncompain, Ariel A. Amadio, Soledad Carrasco, Cristian A. Sua ´rez, He ´ctor R. Morbidoni1 (2017,July 25) Broad-range lytic bacteriophages that kill Staphylococcus aureus local field strains. Retrieved December 11, 2011 from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0181671 