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In 1802, Robert Livingston had commissioned Robert Fulton to make a steamboat with a powerful engine that could carry a large amount of cargo and passengers up the Hudson River, from Albany to New York City. It was finally built in 1807, and had made the 150 mile long journey up the Hudson in less than three days. It was very convenient for the passengers, and provided a lot of luxuries. The Clermont had influenced the increase of steamboats in the United States, providing a cheaper and faster way of shipping goods. It had provided regular service in river cities such as New Orleans and St. Louis.

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This was another major example of the Supreme Court favoring the federal government in terms of the case. The state of New York gave a monopoly to a steamship operator, and said that only that steamship operator can go on the route. Others from the industry had to go on a different route. However, the Court had ruled that no one but the federal government would be able to make decisions on interstate commerce.

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This was another federal Court case that shows a display of nationalism. The final ruling that had been given was that Maryland could not tax a local office of the Bank of the United States because the bank was the property of the federal government, and taxing it would give Maryland too much power over the federal government.

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This was a federal court case which was one of the earliest displays of judicial nationalism. This case had come to conclusion with the Court ruling that any court could declare a decision that the state government had made, if not Constitutional, as a void decision which would go against the nation’s principles.

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Starting to be built around 1817, the Erie Canal would be an artificial waterway that would connect the Hudson River and a Buffalo River, which connects to Lake Erie. The proposition was given by DeWitt Clinton and other business and government officials, around the time of Clay’s American System under James Monroe. Many workers, mainly Irish immigrants, worked on this 363 mile long canal, and after more than eight years, on October 26, 1825, the canal finally opened.
Depiction of Lake Erie Canal

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The first Bank of the United States had closed in 1811, but after Henry Clay’s American System Proposition, in 1816, the Republican section of Congress created a Second Bank of the United States. The need for a Second National Bank was because state banks were very disorganized after the closure of the First Bank, and thus, many had lost their money. The Second Bank was able to provide an organized way of handling money for the citizens, as well as storing federal funds. The Federal Court had also ruled this as constitutional, even though there was no mention of a national bank in the Constitution.

Depiction of the Second Bank of the United States.

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Nationalism can be defined as a strong loyalty towards a nation. This was expressed by James Madison’s last speech as a President in 1816, when he urged the federal government to have even more power in order to help the nation as a whole, adopting many standards that they would have opposed years ago.

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Treaty in 1819 which allowed Spain, who would rather give up their North American lands than go to war with the United States, to cede their territories of Oregon County and the Florida Territories, while keeping the Texan territory for themselves.
Map from Adams-Onis Treaty.

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Sometime around 1816, Henry Clay, a Republican, had “proposed a nationalist program to help the nation grow.” It aimed to increase the economy of each region, increase the power of the Federal Government, higher tariffs, a new Bank of the United States, and improvements within the country that consisted of building many bridges, roads, and canals. Not all were agreed upon, but finally, everything except the internal improvements were accepted as law.
Invitation to the meeting where Henry Clay would propose the American System.

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Being the first highway that was funded by the Federal Government, the National Road was started in 1811, and completed in 1837. It went all the way from a seaport in western Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois. The original purpose was to connect Ohio with the East. The funds had been approved in 1806, but the route took 5 years to decide upon.
Map of the National Road.

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Sectionalism is when differences of interest set apart an area and cause rivalries within due to those differences. Such an example is the end of the Era of Good Feelings. This was first started when the government started to put high tariffs on imported goods in order for American manufacturers, whose products would be considered cheaper afterwards, to have more customers. This was not able to work out for everyone, especially the Southerners with a few factories who thought that this was meant to benefit the Northerners, so the country protested at around 1824, after the last tariff. The country had divided up into the North, South, and West. These sections had many geographical, economic, cultural, and historical differences from each other.
Visual Representation on Sectionalism (may not be exact) in the United States.

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In 1822, after Spain had lost control of the Americas, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia wanted to help it get back their land in the Americas. This disturbed President Monroe, who then issued a statement on December 2, 1823. The statement, called the Monroe Doctrine provided a warning against Americans for participating in European internal affairs, and in turn, the Europeans would have to keep out of the Americas.

President James Monroe on the Monroe Doctrine: Free Territories in North and South America"are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers."

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Negotiated with Missouri Territory when it asked to be entered as a slave state, contrary to popular belief, by saying that Maine, which would also be entering the Union, would be a free state, while Missouri a slave state. Suggested by Henry Clay, and happened around 1819. Also made a line along the Louisiana Purchase territory, saying that any part of the territory above the line cannot have slaves, while any part below the line can be a slave state. Tried, but was unsuccessful on bridging the gap between Northerners and Southerners on terms of slavery.

President Jame's Monroe's Notes on this: "The idea was that if the whole arrangement, to this effect, could be secured, that it would be better to adopt it, than break the union. Neither did Mr. Barbour, nor any other person alluded to, favor this, but to save the union, believing it to be in imminent danger."

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United States and Britain agreed to limit the number of armed naval vessels on the Great Lakes, by taking apart or destroying whatever ships they could see. Took place in 1817.

Plaque installed in 1935 describing the Rush-Bagot Agreement.

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Took place in 1818. Set the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory, and is between United States and Canada. Created a secure border for the country to maintain without armed forces, and due to John Quincy Adams’s negotiation, let Americans settle in the Oregon Country.

Convention of 1818 Boundary Line.