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The Space Rap - "Out Here in Outer Space"

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FREE DOWNLOAD!! SOLAR SYSTEM POSTER AND DESKTOP WALLPAPERS - SEE LINK BELOW Join MC Longneck on a super fun space adventure! We will see amazing things and make some new friends along the way! We will use science to learn about the solar system, it's planets and moons as we explore the cosmos.

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How long can we live for on the other planets in our Solar System 

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How long can we live for on the other planets in our Solar System 

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Table of Contents (click to expand)

0-30 seconds in the vacuum of space, less than 2 minutes on Mercury, less than a second on Venus, 80 years on Earth, 3 minutes on the Moon, 2 minutes on Mars, less than a second on Jupiter, and less than a second on Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Let's begin by stating the obvious.... it's never a good idea to go into space without some kind of protection.

However, for the sake of argument, what if someone decided to jump into space without a space suit?

You might think that your death would be instantaneous, but that isn't always the case. There are some places where you could survive.... for a brief time at least. If you're lucky, you might get yourself a few minutes in some truly out-of-this-world places.

Neil deGrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist working with the American Natural History Museum, analyzed exactly how long it would take you to meet your (unfortunate) demise on the other planets of our solar system if you had no space suit.

Obviously, visiting other planets comes with all sorts of other complications. For example, apart from the threat of suffocation, the low pressure experienced outside of our protective atmosphere would also cause you to suffer from ebullism, whereby the boiling point of all bodily fluids drops to a point below the normal body temperature, thus turning our internal fluids into a reservoir of bubbling liquids. Suffice to say, it wouldn't be pretty.

Before worrying about the planets, let's see if we even stand a chance in the vacuum of space surrounding us on all sides.

The answer is NO. There is no chance of surviving in the scary cosmic void. In science fiction movies, we often see people's heads exploding or being frozen by the apparent pressure differential or lack of heat, respectively. As long as you don't try to hold your breath, you will survive for about 30 seconds before you sustain any injuries. These 30 seconds won't be the most comfortable moments of your life, but you will still technically be alive! The main cause of your death will be asphyxiation, not getting compressed by the sudden bursts of pressure or being set ablaze by the extreme galactic temperatures.
What about elsewhere in the solar system? Recommended Video for you:

1) The Sun

Humans stand absolutely no chance near the sun. We would get vaporized in less than a second, even with a spacesuit on, let alone without one! To put things into perspective, Earth receives enough solar energy in an hour to satisfy the entire world's energy requirements. Imagine going anywhere close to that deadly ball of hot gas!

2) Mercury

Mercury is a planet of extremes. The side facing the sun is extremely hot, whereas the other side is incredibly cold. The temperatures range from -150 C to 425 C. To top that off, the lack of air will cause serious problems on this planet. Thus far, no discernible atmosphere has been detected on Mercury, except for trace amounts of helium.

Without your spacesuit, you'd either freeze or instantly turn into a carbon brick, depending on which side of the planet you were standing on. If you were to venture there without any gear, you would survive for less than 2 minutes, provided that you held your breath!

Also Read: Surface Of Venus: Why Is Venus The Hottest Planet?
3) Venus

Visiting Venus would be like landing inside of an oven. The temperature on its surface is approximately 400C. Its surface pressure is also about 90 times greater than that of Earth. A spacesuit designed for Venus would need to be constructed of titanium.

Without a spacesuit, one would get squashed in seconds, if you didn't get turned into dust before that. The time period of survival is roughly a second, even though the gravity force is equal to that of Earth (the more you know!)

Also Read: What Would Happen If You Stepped On The Surface Of Jupiter?
4) Earth

Without holding our breaths, or donning any kind of spacesuit, we can survive for about 80 years... not bad!

5) Moon

Unfortunately, Earth's moon has uninhabitable temperatures. The temperature ranges from -160°C to +120°C, and the surface pressure is around 3 x 10^-15 bar. The atmosphere is extremely thin, and is composed of Helium, Neon, and some other unusual gases, including sodium and potassium, which are not found in Earth's atmosphere.

Ebullism and lack of oxygen would inevitably kill you, so without a suit, a person could survive for about 3 minutes.

Also Read: Why Is There No Life On The Moon?
6) Mars

Although it's known as Earth's sister planet, the surface conditions there are quite treacherous. Mars is full of deserts, it is extremely cold, and has very little atmosphere or gravity. The most serious immediate impact would be from the low atmospheric pressure, which is nearly a vacuum compared to Earth.

The surface pressure is well below the Armstrong limit for the unprotected human body. The Armstrong limit, often called Armstrong's line, is the minimum altitude beyond which the boiling point of water becomes so low, that it is almost equal to the normal temperature of the human body. Essentially, all your bodily fluids, such as mucus, saliva, and sweat would get evaporated, leaving you completely dried out. It sounds quite "petrifying".

Therefore, without any protective gear, you would only get about 2 minutes to explore the planet.

Also Read: Why Is Mars Called The "Dead Planet?"
7) Jupiter

Jupiter is literally just a ball of gas, so there's nothing to land on. If you were to jump on it, you would just descend into nothingness. It's just a big ball of nothing (until you reach the core). The gases inside this giant are highly pressurized, so without any gear, you would get crushed instantly, i.e., in less than 1 second.

8) Saturn, Uranus And Neptune

Just like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are enormous balls of gas. One would get crushed almost instantly if you attempted to stand on these planets in any condition, let alone without a space suit. The rings on Saturn are actually droplets of frozen water or ammonia, so that wouldn't really make a big difference for your survival.

Long story short.... stay on Earth, people. You probably wouldn't stand a chance anywhere else. That's not just because of the extreme conditions, either.... remember, Earth is the only planet that has life-giving chocolate!

References (click to expand)

1. Mercury - www.sanandres.esc.edu.ar

2. Why can't we live on Venus? - How It Works. howitworksdaily.com

3. Can We Survive on the Moon? | DiscoverMagazine.com - discovermagazine.com:80

4. What Would It Be Like to Live on Mars? - Space.com. Space.com

5. Why can't we live on Jupiter? - | How Things Fly. The Smithsonian Institution

6. Living on Other Planets: What Would It Be Like? - Space.com. Space.com

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How Long Can You Survive On Various Celestial Bodies Without A Spacesuit?

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Stating the obvious, it is never a good idea to go into space without some kind of protection. But what if one decided to jump into space without a space suit?

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(Image credit: Getty Images)

It is the largest object in the solar system, but how big is the sun when compared to the rest of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy? The sun is classified as medium-sized among these hundreds of billions of stars.

Radius, diameter and circumference

The sun is nearly a perfect sphere. Its equatorial diameter and its polar diameter differ by only 6.2 miles (10 km). The mean radius of the sun is 432,450 miles (696,000 kilometers), which makes its diameter about 864,938 miles (1.392 million km). You could line up 109 Earths across the face of the sun, according to NASA. The sun's circumference is about 2,715,396 miles (4,370,006 km).

It may be the biggest thing in this neighborhood, but the sun is just average compared to other stars. Betelgeuse, a red giant, is about 700 times bigger than the sun and about 14,000 times brighter.

"We have found stars that are 100 times bigger in diameter than our sun. Truly those stars are enormous," NASA says on its SpacePlace website. "We have also seen stars that are just a tenth the size of our sun."

According to NASA's solar scientist C. Alex Young, if the sun were hollow, it would take about one million Earths to fill it.

It's possible that the sun is even larger than previously thought. Xavier Jubier, an engineer and solar eclipse researcher, creates detailed models of solar and lunar eclipses to determine precisely where the moon's shadow would fall during the solar eclipse. But when he matched actual photos and historical observations with the models, he found precise eclipse shapes only made sense if he scaled up the sun's radius by a few hundred kilometers.

Even missions like NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and measurements of the inner planets across the face of the sun don't refine the star's radius as precisely as desired.

(Image credit: NASA/SDO)

"It's harder than you think just to put a ruler on these images and figure out how big the sun is - [SDO] doesn't have enough precision to nail this down," NASA researcher Ernie Wright told Space.com. "Similarly, with the Mercury and Venus transits, it turns out [a measurement based on those is] not quite as precise as you'd like it to be."

Wright said different papers using a variety of methods have produced results that differ by as much as 930 miles (1,500 km). That could be a problem if you are planning to skirt the edges of the next solar eclipse.

"For most people, yes, it doesn't really matter; it won't change everything," Jubier said. "But the closer you get to the edge of the [eclipse] path, the more risk you take."

Mass and volume

The total volume of the sun is 1.4 x 10 ²⁷cubic meters. About 1.3 million Earths could fit inside the sun, according to NASA's statistics. The mass of the sun is 1.989 x 10 30 kilograms, about 333,000 times the mass of the Earth. The sun contains 99.8 percent of the mass of the entire solar system, leading astronomers Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, authors of the textbook Planetary Sciences, to refer to the solar system as "the sun plus some debris".

But the sun's weight isn't constant. Over time, the solar wind has carried particles, and thus mass, away from the star. According to astronomer Phil Plait, the sun loses an average 1.5 million tons of material every second to the solar wind.

Meanwhile, in the heart of the star, mass is converted into energy. The powerhouse of the star converts more than 4 million tons of solar material into energy every second, Plait said.

Altogether, Plait estimated that the sun has lost a total of 10 ²⁴ tons of material over its 4.5-billion-year lifetime, or more than 100 times the mass of the Earth. While that sounds like a lot, it's only about 0.05 percent of the star's total mass.

Yellow dwarf

(Image credit: Getty Images)

The sun is classified as a G-type main-sequence star, or G dwarf star, or more imprecisely, a yellow dwarf. Actually, the sun - like other G-type stars - is white, but appears yellow through Earth's atmosphere.

Stars generally get bigger as they grow older. In about 5 billion years, scientists think the sun will start to use up all of the hydrogen at its center, according to NASA. The sun will puff up into a red giant and expand past the orbit of the inner planets, including Earth. The sun's helium will get hot enough to burn into carbon, and the carbon will combine with the helium to form oxygen. These elements will collect in the center of the sun.

Later, the sun will shed its outer layers, forming a planetary nebula and leaving behind a dead core of mostly carbon and oxygen - a very dense and hot white dwarf star, about the size of the Earth.

While the sun is typical in most respects, it does have one quality that stands out from the majority of stars - it is a loner. Most stars have a companion, with some part of a triple or even a quadruple system.

But it may not have always been a solo star. Research suggests that all stars may have started out with a companion. The sun's companion may have been a wide binary, putting it as much as 17 times farther from the sun than Neptune and making it easier to be stripped away.

"The idea that many stars form with a companion has been suggested before, but the question is: how many?" the study's first author Sarah Sadavoy, a NASA Hubble fellow at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, said. "Based on our simple model, we say that nearly all stars form with a companion."

Additional resources

For more facts about the sun, read NASA's overview: 10 Need-to-Know Things About the Sun. Additionally you can check out their Sun Fact Sheet for more statistics.

Bibliography

De Pater, Imke, and Jack J. Lissauer. Planetary sciences. Cambridge University Press (2015). https://books.google.co.uk

Embedded binaries and their dense cores. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 469, Issue 4 (2017). https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/469/4/3881/3795556

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The sun is our solar system's most massive object, but what size is it?

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Atmosphere of the Sun: Photosphere, Chromosphere, Corona

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Atmosphere of the Sun: Photosphere, Chromosphere, Corona

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The atmosphere of the sun is composed of several layers, mainly the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. It's in these outer layers that the sun's energy, which has bubbled up from the sun's interior layers, is detected as sunlight.

The lowest layer of the sun's atmosphere is the photosphere. It is about 300 miles (500 kilometers) thick. This layer is where the sun's energy is released as light. Because of the distance from the sun to Earth, light reaches our planet in about eight minutes.

Image of the solar corona, taken by the SECCHI outer coronagraph (COR2) on the STEREO Ahead observatory on June 8, 2010 at 01:09:35 UT. Click to enlarge.

Credit: NASA/STEREO

The photosphere is marked by bright, bubbling granules of plasma and darker, cooler sunspots, which emerge when the sun's magnetic field breaks through the surface. Sunspots appear to move across the sun's disk. Observing this motion led astronomers to realize that the sun rotates on its axis. Since the sun is a ball of gas with no solid form, different regions rotate at different rates. The sun's equatorial regions rotate in about 24 days, while the polar regions take more than 30 days to make a complete rotation.

The photosphere is also the source of solar flares: tongues of fire that extend hundreds of thousands of miles above the sun's surface. Solar flares produce bursts of X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic radiation and radio waves. [ Space Weather: Sunspots, Solar Flares & Coronal Mass Ejections]

The next layer is the chromosphere. The chromosphere emits a reddish glow as super-heated hydrogen burns off. But the red rim can only be seen during a total solar eclipse. At other times, light from the chromosphere is usually too weak to be seen against the brighter photosphere.

The third layer of the sun's atmosphere is the corona. It can only be seen during a total solar eclipse as well. It appears as white streamers or plumes of ionized gas that flow outward into space. Temperatures in the sun's corona can get as high as 3.5 million degrees F (2 million degrees C). As the gases cool, they become the solar wind.

- Tim Sharp, Reference Editor

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Atmosphere of the Sun: Photosphere, Chromosphere & Corona

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The atmosphere of the sun is composed of several layers, mainly the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. It's in these outer layers that the sun's energy, which has bubbled up from the sun's interior layers, is detected as sunlight. The lowest layer of the sun's atmosphere is the photosphere.

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We chose this post as this guy very interestingly explains 10 awesome facts about our solar system. He makes learning about our solar system very interesting.

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Top 10 Insane Facts About The Solar System

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Our solar system consists of trillions of particles but what are the most insane facts about it? Here are the top ten insane facts about the solar system.

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9 Surprising Facts about our Solar System 

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9 Surprising Facts about our Solar System 

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We chose this post cause it’s fun and cool

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9 Surprising Facts About Our Solar System

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It does WHAT on Uranus!? Share on FB: http://on.fb.me/16odlGE (you can change the text) Share on Twitter: http://bit.ly/16odom1 (you can change the tweet) Music: https://soundcloud.com/spacedolphinproductions/praise-that-sea-prod-space MEDIA SOURCES Hemispheric View of Venus Credit: NASA/JPL/USGS http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=9603 Voyager 2: First Spacecraft at Uranus Credit: NASA/JPL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.php?all_videos&id=92 Uranus Composite Ring Image Credit: W. M.

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The two small, inset images show actual observations of the most ancient spiral galaxy ever observed. The rest of the image is an artist's illustration showing how a massive galaxy cluster bends and magnifies the light from the distant galaxy, making it visible to astronomers on Earth.

Credit: James Josephides

Astronomers have uncovered an ancient cosmic artifact 11 billion light-years from Earth: the oldest spiral galaxy ever seen.

The newly discovered galaxy, known as A1689B11, is an ancestor of modern spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way, which are defined by long tentacles of gas, dust and stars that wrap around the galaxy's central bulge.

"Spiral galaxies are exceptionally rare in the early universe, and this discovery opens the door to investigating how galaxies transition from highly chaotic, turbulent discs to tranquil, thin discs like those of our own Milky Way galaxy," Renyue Cen, a co-author of the new paper describing the findings and a senior research astronomer at Princeton University, said in a statement.

Galaxies come in many different shapes and sizes, and researchers think many spiral galaxies form mainly through mergers of smaller elliptical galaxies, although many factors can affect how a galaxy changes its shape over time, according to NASA. Elliptical galaxies are disks that can be mostly circular or very elongated but lack the arm-like features of spiral galaxies.

Astronomer Edwin Hubble was one of the first people to theorize that elliptical galaxies evolved to form spiral galaxies, although he did not fully appreciate the complexity of galaxy evolution, according to the European Space Agency's Hubble Space Telescope website. Nonetheless, researchers still refer to the time in cosmic history when spiral galaxies began to form from elliptical galaxies as "the Hubble sequence."

"Studying ancient spirals like A1689B11 is a key to unlocking the mystery of how and when the Hubble sequence emerges," Cen said in the statement from Swinburne University in Australia (where some of the other co-authors are based). Previously, researchers reported finding spiral galaxies that date back 10.7 billion years.

The newly discovered galaxy is too far away to be observed directly with modern instruments. So the researchers took advantage of a natural phenomenon known as gravitational lensing, in which the gravity of a massive object (like a galaxy or a cluster of galaxies) bends and amplifies the light from an object that lies beyond it (as seen by an observer). In this way, the authors of the new research paper were able to detect light from the very distant spiral galaxy A1689B11 by looking for the effects of gravitational lensing around the edge of a galaxy cluster that is nearer to Earth.

The observations were conducted using an instrument called the Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph on the Gemini North telescope, located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The researchers were able to "look 11 billion years back in time and directly witness the formation of the first, primitive spiral arms of a galaxy," Cen said in the statement.

Because light travels at a finite speed, the light from A1689B11 left that galaxy 11 billion years ago, when the universe was less than 3 billion years old. In this way, astronomers can look back in time and learn about the history of the universe through direct observations.

Follow Calla Cofield @callacofield. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

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Oldest Spiral Galaxy Ever Seen May Reveal Secrets About the Milky Way

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Astronomers have uncovered an ancient cosmic artifact 11 billion light-years from Earth: the oldest spiral galaxy ever seen. The newly discovered galaxy, known as A1689B11, is an ancestor of modern spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way, which are defined by long tentacles of gas, dust and stars that wrap around the galaxy's central bulge.

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10 Scary Yet Beautiful Facts About Space & Us