# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
Hoping to tie the United States into a system of peacekeeping alliances, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was initiated by the French as a multilateral agreement attempting to eliminate war as an instrument of national policy. It was the most grandiose of a series of peacekeeping efforts after World War I.

Countries involved:

France

United States

How it shaped the international order:
As a result of Kellogg’s proposal, nearly all the nations of the world eventually subscribed to the Kellogg-Briand Pact, agreeing to renounce war as an instrument of national policy and to settle all international disputes by peaceful means.

# data[].attributes.body
Formation of the League of Nations

http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/leagueofnations.htm

https://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/f3abf4c61e.jpg

https://i.pinimg.com/736x/93/1e/9f/931e9f9f5998e3220b2aeafff524e6d5--abyssinian-dsl.jpg

Occupation of the Ruhr

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zTusGQ9PQNg/UyX01pp1NFI/AAAAAAAAAFs/97kdM1j3pkM/s1600/germany2.jpg

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BGGvM4SzJCk/UyX1yycJmiI/AAAAAAAAAF0/6AkNO8RaoiA/s1600/reparations-treaty-of-versailles3.jpg

Dawes Plan

http://history12geoff.weebly.com/uploads/9/0/6/0/9060690/556758197.gif

Locarno Treaties

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/locarno.htm

http://magpie118.tripod.com/History/Locarno_Conference_192515.htm

Kellogg-Briand Pact

http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp

http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbbr.asp

US Neutrality Acts

http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usneutrality.htm

https://i.pinimg.com/736x/ea/02/76/ea02769fb611f71f03113469222a1452--neutrality-acts-president-roosevelt.jpg

Manchurian Crisis

https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ma/14_01/lee.pdf

https://ww2db.com/photo.php?source=all&color=all&list=search&foreigntype=B&foreigntype_id=18

Secon Italo-Ethiopian War

https://ethiopiagordonrdn.weebly.com/primary-documents.html

Spanish Civil War

https://archive.cartoons.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=05683&pos=3

https://archive.cartoons.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=24951&pos=2

Rhineland Remilitarization

http://learningon.theloop.school.nz/moodle/mod/page/view.php?id=18604&inpopup=1

# data[].attributes.body
Formation of the League of Nations

https://www.britannica.com/topic/League-of-Nations

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/league-of-nations-instituted

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/league

https://www.historyonthenet.com/why-did-the-league-of-nations-fail/

http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2017/01/10/canada-history-jan-10-1920-founding-of-the-league-of-nations/ (image)

Occupation of the Ruhr

http://alphahistory.com/weimarrepublic/ruhr-occupation/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ruhr-occupation

http://histomil.com/viewtopic.php?t=12863 (image)

Dawes Plan

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/weimar-germany/the-dawes-plan-of-1924/

https://www.britannica.com/event/Dawes-Plan

http://ithielehistory12.weebly.com/the-dawes-plan-1924--the-young-plan-1929.html (image)

Locarno Treaties

https://www.britannica.com/event/Pact-of-Locarno

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_Treaties (image)

Kellogg-Briand Pact

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/kellogg

https://www.britannica.com/event/Kellogg-Briand-Pact

http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp

https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/54/76554-004-80639CBF.jpg (image)

US Neutrality Acts

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h4319.html

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/neutrality-acts

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~le20j/NeutralityAfterWar.html (image)

Manchurian Crisis

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1499.html

http://www.historypod.net/09/18/18th-september-1931-manchurian-crisis-begins-after-japanese-bomb/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/manchuriarev1.shtml

https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z3x3nbk/revision/2 (image)

Second Italo-Ethiopian War

https://www.britannica.com/event/Italo-Ethiopian-War-1935-1936

http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/ww2-italy-invades-ethiopia

http://www.blackpast.org/gah/second-italo-abyssinian-war-1935-1936 (image)

Spanish Civil War

https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spanish-civil-war-breaks-out

https://www.magnumphotos.com/newsroom/conflict/robert-capa-spanish-civil-war/ (image)

Rhineland Remilitarization

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/rhine/revision/1/

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hitler-reoccupies-the-rhineland

https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=0&MediaId=1337 (image)

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
The US Neutrality Acts in the 1930s enacted a series of laws that clearly stated terms of US neutrality in the case of a foreign war. There were four acts in total: 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939.

Countries involved:
United States

How it shaped the international order:
The effects of the Neutrality Acts are widely regarded as negative as the US treating the "aggressor" and "victim" equally limited the government's ability to aid the British and French against Nazi Germany.

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
The Spanish Civil War was a military revolt against the Republican government by Nationalists that started as a failed military coup.

Countries involved:

Spain

How it shaped the international order:
Internationally, the civil war was seen as conflicts between tyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. In the war, Spain also tested new grounds for weaponry and ammunition.

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
In 1936, Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles and Locarno Pact by sending German military forces back into the previously-demilitarized Rhineland.

Countries involved:

Germany

How it shaped the international order:
It emphasized firstly, the lack of power of the League of Nations, as they were unable to contain Hitler. Hitler's actions also violated the Treaty of Versailles and Locarno Pact, which were international agreements.

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was armed conflict that resulted in Ethiopia’s subjection to Italian rule. Italy initially invaded the nation with aims of conquering Ethiopia to emulate the great empires and nations in the past.

Countries involved:

Italy

Ethiopia

How it shaped the international order:
The war challenged the League of Nations in the sense that the organization was unable to contain Italy's violence, emphasizing its lack of power. This ultimately threatened the League of Nations and contributed to the start of World War 2.

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
Also known as the Mukden Incident, the Manchurian Crisis began when Japanese troops blew up a section of railway in the Chinese region of Manchuria. The explosion, which caused minimal damage, was blamed on Chinese rebels and used as an excuse for Japan to invade China.

Countries involved:
China and Japan

How it shaped the international order:
The incident, along with Japanese invasion of China, caused many to lose faith in the League of Nations (China had appealed for help); Japan thus ruled the region of Manchuria.

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
The Locarno Treaties of December 1925 were a series of agreements between European powers that guaranteed peace in western Europe.

Countries involved:

Germany

France

Belgium

Great Britain

Italy

How it shaped the international order:
The Locarno Treaties marked an ultimate improvement in the climate of international relations in western Europe. They promoted expectations for continued peaceful settlements, which were often referred to as the "spirit of Locarno." The treaties, however, were repudiated by Hitler by sending troops to a demilitarized Rhineland.

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
The Dawes Plan of 1924 was formulated to take Weimar Germany out of hyperinflation and to return the nation's economy to a form of stability.

Countries involved:
The British and the United States

How it shaped the international order:
The plan was with aims of easing German economic decline, though at the same time ensuring that the Allies received their share of reparations (as conveyed in the Treaty of Versailles) through staggered payment. The plan resulted in French troops leaving the Ruhr, providing a large capital influx to German industry, which continued to rebuild and expand. The capital now available to German industry functionally transferred the burdens of German's war reparations from German government and industry to American bond investors. The Dawes Plan was also the beginning of the ties between German industry and American investment banks.

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
As the German government struggled to pay for reparations under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, French and Belgian governments sent troops to Ruhr, the main center of Germany's production of coal, iron, and steel. The Ruhr occupation lasted more than two and a half years.

Countries involved:

Germany

France

Belgium

How it shaped the international order:
Due to Germany's lack of access to its coal, iron, and steel production, the occupation of the Ruhr ultimately led to the collapse of the nation's economy. Massive inflations and a large increase in unemployment rates led to social uprise, and the government was even more so unable to pay for reparations. This set the basis of social unrest that enabled the rise of Hitler and Nazism.

# data[].attributes.headline
Formation of the League of Nations (January 10, 1920)

# data[].attributes.subject
Formation of the League of Nations (January 10, 1920)

# data[].attributes.body
What is it?
The League of Nations, formed on January 10, 1920, was an international organization formed following World War 1 and the Paris Peace Conference. One of the basic ideas of the League of Nations was that aggressive war is a crime against not only immediate victims, but also the whole human community, and it aimed to resolve international disputes and ensure future peace, preventing wars alike to World War 1 from occurring again.

Countries involved:
Greatest extent: 58 countries including the Great Britain, China, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, and more.

How it shaped the international order:
The League of Nations intervened in many international conflicts, aiming to resolve issues between countries; it did so for some but failed in other situations. Ultimately, these were the contributing factors that caused the League to fail:

the League was supposed to present the world and encompass all countries, but many countries never even joined the organization:

though it played a significant role in the formation of the League, the United States never joined

some members only remained members for a short while, exiting later

major powers such as Germany and the Soviet Union were not allowed to join due to WW1

international relations between countries conflicted with the League’s requirements for collective security

didn’t have its own armed forces and depended on members to act, but nobody was willing

# data[].attributes.headline
The Success and Failures of International Diplomacy              (1918-1936)

# data[].attributes.subject
The Success and Failures of International Diplomacy              (1918-1936)