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Describe the life process of movement.  What has to happen, and why?

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Describe the life process of movement.  What has to happen, and why?

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Bones work with their attached muscles to control movement and maintain body position.

Act antagonistically towards one another

Movement produced by one muscle can be reversed by the other

Only pull in one direction

Happens due to the central nervous system sending signals to that muscle

Contraction: actin and myosin filaments slide past each other

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Explain the differences in composition between bones, tendons/ligaments, cartilage and muscle.

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Explain the differences in composition between bones, tendons/ligaments, cartilage and muscle.

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Tendons: cord-like structures that transmit muscular force to a bone- generally long and shiny but can also be short, thick and flat.

Ligament: holds bones together, usually found around joints.

Cartilage: tissue almost as tough as a bone, has the ability to withstand a lot of compression.

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Two examples of disruption/disease to the musculoskeletal system? 

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Two examples of disruption/disease to the musculoskeletal system? 

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1. Arthritis: tissues become less tough to wear and tear.

Most serious form is rheumatoid arthritis: produces antibodies against the joint tissues, causes chronic inflammations, results in severe joint damage, pain and immobility.

Causes: Reduction in the normal amount of cartilage tissue

Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, and swelling.

Treatment: use heating pads, ice packs, canes, walkers, etc. Use mobility assistance devices to improve joint function.

2.Muscular dystrophy- Group of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movement progressively weaken.

Most common form is found in children (duchenne muscular dystrophy)

Symptoms: progressive muscle weakness, frequent falls, difficulty rising from a lying or sitting up position, trouble running and jumping

Treatment: No cure for any form of muscular dystrophy. Options include the following: medications, physical and occupational therapy, and surgical and other procedures.

Cause: genes that are involved in making proteins that protect the muscle fibers from damage. Muscular dystrophy usually occurs when one of these genes is defective.

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Explain how organisms (unicellular organisms, plants and animals) move.  Provide a specific example organism for each category.  

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Explain how organisms (unicellular organisms, plants and animals) move.  Provide a specific example organism for each category.  

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Unicellular organisms move through structure such as flagella and cilia.

Plants move using the wind or animals when they are seeds

Also through trophisms that respond to light exposure and gravity.

Animal movement uses muscles attached to exoskeleton or endoskeleton via tendons as well as joints and ligaments connecting bones.

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Smooth muscle lacks striation and is not attached to bones.

Makes up walls in hollow organs (bladder, lower intestines, stomach) and passageways (arteries and veins, respiratory tracts).

Muscle fibers are spindle shaped with a single nucleus

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Explain how the musculoskeletal system depends on other life processes to function.  Provide three specific examples.

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Explain how the musculoskeletal system depends on other life processes to function.  Provide three specific examples.

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The musculoskeletal system depends on other life processes to function due to not being able to obtain nutrients, oxygen and other life necessities.

Relies on the digestive system because nutrients are extracted and are used to build muscle.

During growth and development, hormones such as testosterone strengthen and lengthen muscle, making it easier with manual tasks.

Metabolism helps provide ATP needed for contractions, resulting in easier, quick and more muscle usage.

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Diagram a muscle fiber (skeletal), including the proteins that are involved. Create an original image.

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Diagram a muscle fiber (skeletal), including the proteins that are involved. Create an original image.

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Cardiac muscle contracts and relaxes in alternating rhythm to propel blood.

Works involuntarily, allowing blood to flow through and reach/leave the heart.

Muscle fibers contain a single nucleus and are striated.

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Skeletal muscle is the only voluntary controlled muscle; it can be used to produce and stop movement.

Attached to bones through tendons connecting the two.

Muscle fibers are striated with multiple nuclei

Stimulated by a single brief electrical stimulus

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Describe three muscular adaptations in different lineages of multicellular animals (not mammals).  For each adaptation, describe how the specific movement is accomplished, explain one benefit of the adaptation, and one “tradeoff” that has resulted from the adaptation.  

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Describe three muscular adaptations in different lineages of multicellular animals (not mammals).  For each adaptation, describe how the specific movement is accomplished, explain one benefit of the adaptation, and one “tradeoff” that has resulted from the adaptation.  

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Skeletal muscles in animals are characterized by the specific adaptations which are as a result of the natural evolution of the animals. Some of these adaptations include the following:

Increased muscle mass relative to the body weight.

High mitochondrial volume

Allows a higher animal capacity as well as it stores energy of different substrates.