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Cacao

Historical records indicate that Columbus first brought back specimens of cacao pods to King Ferdinand I after his second voyage to the New World

First cultivated in 1590 by the Spanish off the coast of Africa on the Island of Fernando Po

The Spanish held a monopoly on production and trade of cacao up until the 17th century when French began Cacoa production in Martinique and Saint Lucia

The Ductch began to produce cacao in Indonesia

Even today Indonesia remains one of the largest producers of cacao beans

Even though the introduction of cacao came late to mainland Africa, today, they are among the worlds largest producers of cacao beans

Cacao is a high energy food known for lifting psychological effects

It’s an important food for physically taking expeditions where travelers needed to minimize the food carried

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Capsicum Peppers

Originated from Bolivia and Southern Brazil

Capsicum annum ancestor to most of the peppers commonly consumed today: cayenne pepper, bell pepper, and jalapeño peppers

Allowed us to create other ingredients such as Tabasco paper

Travelled to many different places: Spain, Africa, East Indies, India, Hungary etc

The arrival of the pepper in Hungary created the spice paprika, which is commonly used in many Hungarian dishes and many other dishes in multiple countries

Capsicum peppers are also a common ingredient in South East Asia, said to being used as the base of almost every dish: China, Korea (kimchi) etc

The overall vegetable has many health benefits: nutritious, many vitamins (B, C), aids in digestion etc

It has now broadened its use to being used in medicine today

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The transfer of New World foods to the Old World- Staple crops

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The transfer of New World foods to the Old World- Staple crops

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The transfer of food crops between the continents (Old World to New World) resulted in the population explosion in the past two centuries due to the fact that New World species such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, and cassava had high caloric intake/were calorically rich.

The introduction of New World food crops into the Old World resulted in an evolution of local/regional cuisines (eg. Chilli peppers allowed for the widespread cooking of spicy curries).

Staple crops from the New World could be grown in the Old World's soil and climate conditions and were swiftly adopted by many European countries, and later produced on a global level.

The New World crops were a contributing factor of the industrial Revolution.

The discovery of the New World (specifically the Americas) allowed the Old World to cultivate certain high demand crops in the unpopulated regions of the New World, and your this allowed for Europe to import a wide variety of new crops.

New World crops such as coffee beans, sugar cane, and soybeans were imported to the Old World, and the Americas became the supplier of these crops.

The potato crop was of great importance and had the largest impact on the Old World; 47% of urbanization can be linked to the adoption of potatoes.

The potatoe had a significant impact on the population growth in the Old World; potatoes were vitamin rich and allowed people to live a healthy/sustainable lifestyle solely on a diet of potatoes with the addition of milk or butter to compensate for the two vitamins not provided by potatoes. Potatoes were also a contributing factor in the population growth across the Old World.

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- Diseases include syphilis, smallpox, measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, malaria, bubonic plague etc.

- Native population had no previous contact with the old world disease, they were immunologically defenceless

-  It is estimated that upwards of 80–95 percent of the Native American population was decimated within the first 100–150 years following 1492

- Central Mexico’s population fell from just under 15 million in 1519 to approximately 1.5 million a century later.

-  Eurasian societies had domesticated more animals than societies of the Americas. Since many deadly human diseases originated as diseases among animals, this resulted in more disease originating in and being spread from Europeans to Native Americans, rather than vice versa

- Syphilis: Treponema pallidum originated in the New World and was spread in 1493 by Christopher Columbus and his crew, who acquired it from the natives of Hispaniola Infected mercenaries then spread the disease throughout Europe when they returned home. Within fifive years of its arrival, the disease was epidemic in Europe.

- Pre-Columbian hypothesis: Disease had always existed in the Old World, and the fact that there were no accounts of the disease prior to the 1490s is because it had not been differentiated

from other diseases with similar symptoms

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From the beginning of the rubber boom in the 1880's to the end of the boom in 1923, the population of the Congo decreased from 20 million to 7.7 million. 1 person was "lost" for every 10kg of rubber exported.

To force natives to gather rubber, villages were burned, people were killed and taken hostage who were then starved and disfigured.

Rubber production doubled every 3-5 years as it was seen as a valuable resource.

Rubber export revolutionized transportation with rubber tires being used in cars, bicycles and motorcycles.

Rubber also played an important role in the boom of electricity as it was used as an insulator for electrical wires.

rubber was used to create a wide range of items that were of central importance in their daily lives: hoods, boots, tents, balls, torches, jars, containers, syringes, toys, breastplates, rubber-headed drum sticks, and adhesives

98 percent of natural rubber is produced in the Old World from transplanted rubber trees originally from the New World

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 Improved Cultivation of Old World Foods in the New World 

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 Improved Cultivation of Old World Foods in the New World 

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Certain old world crops flourished in new world climates as some grew better in the new world soils and vice versa

Occured due to:

Variation in climate due to north-south orientation, exposing more degrees across both continents in terms of latitude. Through variation in climate , new world plants more likely to find old world climate that matches native climate

The two regions were isolated for thousands of years which caused separate evolutions of plants, pests and parasites. Transplanted crops then grew well as they were able to escape pests and parasites that coevolved with them.

Sugar cane was first carried to the New World on Columbus’ 2nd voyage in 1493

It was the first commodity (product) produced that was widely available enough for even middle class persons to obtain

Became popular due to its caloric levels, feeding a growing number of working class members (and slaves)

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Indirect Consequences-The forced and voluntary migration to the Americas 

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Indirect Consequences-The forced and voluntary migration to the Americas 

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Trade was fuled by:
1. High demand in labour in the Americas' because of extremely low Native American populations.
2. Cultivation of Old World crops (sugar & coffee) these crops were well suited to New World soils and climate.
- Reached it's highest in the 18th Century.
-Flow of slaves slowed in 1807 because of British Slave Trade Act, and then ompletely stopped in 1837 because of the British Slavery Abolition Act.
-B/c of aboltion of slave trade, employers started using bonded labour contracts to get cheap labour
-most entered voluntarily but faced harsh conditions similar to slavery (malnutrition, denied right to naturalize, and obtain citizenship
-19th and 20th century witnessed dramatic increase in voluntary migration from old world

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Transfer of New World Foods to the Old World (peppers, tomatoes, cacao, vanilla, tabacco, coca)

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Transfer of New World Foods to the Old World (peppers, tomatoes, cacao, vanilla, tabacco, coca)

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-originated in western South America
- Botanists believe that approximately 1,000 years before the Spanish arrived in the Americas, an unidentified wild ancestor of the tomato made its way north and came to be cultivated in South and Central America
- the tomato is first mentioned in European texts in 1544
- Tomatoes were brought to Asia by Spaniards who visited the Phillipines in 1564
- In North Africa, English travellers reported that Spanish tomates were cultivated in fields of North Barbary as early as 1671
- One of the difficulties in consuming tomatoes was that they did not preserve well
-  Ripe tomatoes can become putrid within days in hot climates
-The canning process helped increase the shelf life of the tomato to several months, but prior to 1890, it was a costly manual
- The mechanization of canning at the turn of the twentieth century significantly lowered the cost of this process and resulted in a significant increase in tomato consumption
- Tomatoes have become a global food
- Nine of the top ten tomato-consuming countries are Old World countries
- Eight of the top ten producers of tomatoes are Old World countries, with Brazil and Mexico being the only New World countries to produce tomatoes
- Tomatoes are an important source of vitamins (A and C)
- The tomato provides more nutrients and vitamins than any other fruit of vegetable
- Research has found that lycopene, a powerful antioxidant contained in cooked or canned tomatoes, has properties that may help reduce cancer
- the  American Cancer Society has already begun to promote increased consumption of tomatoes as a potential method for cancer prevention