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Explain how a deletion or an addition of a nitrogen base might affect the protein being formed. 

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Explain how a deletion or an addition of a nitrogen base might affect the protein being formed. 

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Three codons do not call for any amino acid.

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Explain how a substitution of one nitrogen base for a new nitrogen base might affect the protein being formed. 

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Explain how a substitution of one nitrogen base for a new nitrogen base might affect the protein being formed. 

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A missense mutation refers to a base substitution when the change in nucleotide changes the amino acid coded for by the affected codon.

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Label the three parts composing this structure.

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Label the three parts composing this structure.

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Carbon Tetrachloride, Silane, and Water.

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What is the name of the structure seen to the right?

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What is the name of the structure seen to the right?

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The structure is called The Lewis Structure.

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What are the three types or RNA? What is their basic function?

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What are the three types or RNA? What is their basic function?

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mRNA- messenger on a encodes amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. tRNA-transfer RNA: brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation. rRNA- Ribosomal RNA: with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNA.

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What are the three basic differences between DNA and RNA?

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What are the three basic differences between DNA and RNA?

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Three of the nitrogenous bases are the same in the two types (adenine, cytosine, and guanine), but DNA contains thymine while RNA contains uracil. There are also functional differences. DNA is the blueprint for all proteins formed by the cells.

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Which nitrogen base id found in RNA, but not in DNA?

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Which nitrogen base id found in RNA, but not in DNA?

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The nitrogenous base found in DNA but not RNA is called thymine. RNA contains the base uracil which during transcription(when genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA) pairs with the base adenine in DNA. So, DNA has four nitrogenous bases: (A) adenine, (C) cytosine, G (guanine), and T (thymine).

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The sugar found in deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is deoxyribose. It is a variant of the five-carbon sugar called ribose.

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ribonucleic acid

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What are the two types of mutations? Define each.

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What are the two types of mutations? Define each.

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Frameshift mutation (illustration) This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene's reading frame. A reading frame consists of groups of 3 bases that each code for one amino acid. A frameshift mutation shifts the grouping of these bases and changes the code for amino acids.

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What is the importance of mutations to life on Earth

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What is the importance of mutations to life on Earth

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Generates variation in population
ex. phenotype - combination of genotype + environmental factors. Strength training program builds muscle - not passed to offspring.
Polygenic gene inheritance: changes in height.
Mutations - random changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA can produce new alleles that can either enhance or inhibit reproductive success. little effect on large populations
organisms such as bacteria can evolve rapidly due to mutations because of their short life spans.

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If a section along the DNA molecule had a nucleotide sequence  of TACGCAATC, the complimentary section on the RNA molecule would be?

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If a section along the DNA molecule had a nucleotide sequence  of TACGCAATC, the complimentary section on the RNA molecule would be?

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AUGCGUUAG

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Ribosomes are organelles in the cell that are responsible for producing proteins. What do ribosomes do? They translate the genetic code contained in  mRNA into an ordered sequence of amino acids. Ribosome consists of a large subunit and a small subunit.

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The structure of a ribosome is compromised of two parts. They are known as the large and the small subunits.

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What is meant by the "base pairing" rules?

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What is meant by the "base pairing" rules?

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A = T, and G = C

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Why is it so important that the DNA molecule be able to make copies of itself?

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Why is it so important that the DNA molecule be able to make copies of itself?

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It is important for DNA to replicate itself in order to reproduce.

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When replication occurs, it takes place at multiple sites along the molecule called what?

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When replication occurs, it takes place at multiple sites along the molecule called what?

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Replication forks

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In what part of the cell does replication occur?

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In what part of the cell does replication occur?

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DNA replication occurs during the synthesis (S phase) phase of interphase in the cell cycle.

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What type of bond connects one nucleotide to the next nucleotide?

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What type of bond connects one nucleotide to the next nucleotide?

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Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the third carbon atom of the pentose sugar in the next nucleotide.

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What type of bond holds the nitrogen bases to one another across the middle of the helix

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What type of bond holds the nitrogen bases to one another across the middle of the helix

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A chemical bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of a neighboring nucleotide holds the backbone together.

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What might cause accidental damage or changes in existing DNA?

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What might cause accidental damage or changes in existing DNA?

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Exposure to chemicals, radioactivity, x-Rays, excessive exposure to ultraviolet light

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The process of forming an exact copy of the DNA molecule is called what?

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The process of forming an exact copy of the DNA molecule is called what?

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Replication

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What is the advantage to the multiple sites of replication along the DNA molecule?

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What is the advantage to the multiple sites of replication along the DNA molecule?

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Helps it go faster

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Why did Watson and Crick refer to the DNA molecule as a "double helix"?

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Why did Watson and Crick refer to the DNA molecule as a "double helix"?

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ue to defective x-ray crystallography photos early in their work, Watson and Crick mistakenly originally reached the tentative conclusion that the DNA molecule was a triple helix with the bases pointing outward, instead of its actual shape of a double helix with the bases pointing inward and linked in pairs by hydrogen bonds.

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How did Chargaff's rules help Watson and Crick develop their model of the DNA molecule

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How did Chargaff's rules help Watson and Crick develop their model of the DNA molecule

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Chargaff's rule says the quantities of the nucleotide pairs match or the rule can be stated that there is a 1:1 ratio in paired pyrimidine and purine bases. A adenine = T thymidine. G guanine = C cytosine. C & W used a stick and ball system to model the helical structure.

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What three critical things must genes be able to do?

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What three critical things must genes be able to do?

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Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine

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Inside the nucleus, the DNA is tightly wound around proteins called what?

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Inside the nucleus, the DNA is tightly wound around proteins called what?

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DNA wraps around special proteins called histones

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What is the name of the small repeating subunits that compose DNA and RNA?

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What is the name of the small repeating subunits that compose DNA and RNA?

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Subunits of DNA and RNA are called nucleotides

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What are the rungs of the DNA "ladder" made of?

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What are the rungs of the DNA "ladder" made of?

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Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules

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The primary function of DNA is to store all of the long-term information.

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deoxyribonucleic acid

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The two sides of the DNA molecule are held together across the center of the helix by what type of bond?

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The two sides of the DNA molecule are held together across the center of the helix by what type of bond?

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Hydrogen Bond