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author of the Declaration of Independence: he was the third president of the United Staes and was a Founding Father of the United States- served on the Continental Congress, served as a U.S. Minister to France and U.S. Secretary of State: we also purchased the Louisiana territory and Lewis and Clark explored new territory under his presidency

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promise made by Third Estate representatives to draw up a new constitution: the Third Estate decided not to give up until they have made a new written constitution for France, this forced the king to relent and ordered the clergy to join the National Assembly

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agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights: people were happy with their ruler as long as he/she protected their rights, people took a more active role in their government once this was made

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Estates: the way people were ranked themselves in ways such as their power, authority, wealth, working/living conditions, life-styles, life-span, education, religion, and culture (countries were ranked in their separate ways)

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major change in European thought characterized by new theories and of accepted beliefs: people started to think about whether the Church's beliefs were correct or not, science flourished along with many scientific thinkers

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period of Robespierre's rule: it was a time when many people were executed for being suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (300,000 suspects were arrested, 17,000 were executed, and 10,000 died in prison or without trial)

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country with its own independent government: this concept started during the French Revolution in Europe and later spread through the rest of the world

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French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate: created the Tennis Court Oath (stated that they remain indissoluble until they created a new constitution), people started riots because the rising prices (inspired by the National Assembly) so the king had to have his place surrounded

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Complete set of laws set up by Napoleon that eliminated many injustices: wrote as a set of books that controlled several parts of Europe, they were based on laws, people/things, and how people went about getting and modifying your rights

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military leader who seized the French government and assumed dictatorial powers: he conquered much of Europe in the 19th century and successfully waged war while expanding his empire across Europe

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revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility: he is known as one of the most influential people in the Reign of Terror and French Revolution, he is also tried to get Louis XVI to not go to war with Austria

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weak leader who came to the French throne in 1774: during his reign, lots of riots broke out in Paris in a show of defiance against the king, and a war broke out during his reign: he was later charged with treason and guillotined

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assembly that replaced the National Assembly in 1791: it's also known as the House of Burgesses and multiple laws were passed in its first meeting

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economic theory that argues that the government should not interfere with business affairs- hands off: reached its peak in 1870 and the changes caused by industrial growth and adoption of mass- production techniques proved laissez-faire to be a guiding philosophy

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believed in natural rights and that people could learn from experience and improve: some of his work in reflected in the Declaration of Independence and he changed epistemology, believed in separation of church from state (life, liberty, and pursue of property)

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believed in individual freedom and that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness: used his political philosophy to influence the Enlightenment in France and across Europe (natural rights believer)

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scientist that developed the theory of motion: created calculus and the laws of gravity which created changes in thinking about the universe

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idea that the sun is the center of the universe: changed the accepted beliefs taught by the church which made them angry during the Enlightenment

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a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states: delegates gathered at the Constitutional Convention and decided that a national judiciary needed to be established (the Federal System)

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assembly of representatives from all three estates: it was an assembly of the three "estates"-the clergy, nobility, and Third Estate to talk about political issues (it represented a majority of the people)

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European movement in which thinkers attempted to changes aspects of society: many Enlightenment thinkers worked to form a democracy that is based on natural rights, it showed that human history is recorded as general progress

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European monarch who were inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect rights of people: Fredrick the II (the Great), Jospeh II, and Leopold II were enlightened despots that instituted administrative reform, religious toleration, and economic development

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document declaring American Independence from Great Britain, written to reflect the ideas of natural rights: it gave America freedom from G.B. to make their own political decisions

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a sudden takeover of a government, in the 1640s in France there was a decisive political act but restricted to anoverthrow of a government

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system of government in which power is divided between the national and state governments, it divided the government into separation of powers so one branch couldn't abuse the other ones power: it let the people have a say in things

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first ten amendments to the Constitution

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philosopher who defended laissez-faire economics