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By: Meghan Thornton, Liam Leahy, Anna Albertelli, and Hind Ossi

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The progressivism movement worked to make American society a better and safer place to live. Progressivists tried to make big businesses more responsible through regulations of various kinds. They worked to clean up corrupt city governments, to improve working conditions in factories, and to better living conditions for those who lived in slum areas, a large number of whom were recent immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

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The panic of the Red Scare began in 1919 when he revolutionaries in Russia overthrew their government. Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks established a new communist state, which launched a worldwide revolution that would abolish capitalism everywhere. A communist party later formed in the United States, joined by thousands of Radicals including the Industrial Workers of the World.  The communist party delivered several bombs and threats towards other government officials and business leaders which made the public fearful that the communists were taking over. This worldwide panic was known as the “Red Scare.” The red scare was short lived, but it rose people’s suspicions on immigrants and foreigners. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who were arrested and charged with robbery and the murder of a factory paymaster and his guard. Although the two suspects asserted their innocence and provided alibis, the evidence against them was circumstantial. The jury found the two Italians guilty and sentenced them to death. This shows the public’s opinions on foreigners and immigrants after the “Red Scare.”

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 How and Why Did Progressivism End by the 1920s? - Hind

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 How and Why Did Progressivism End by the 1920s? - Hind

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In the upheaval of the Great War, the political unity that the progressives had tried to forge melted down. Link and McCormick wrote, “it is clear that progressives always had been too diverse to remain united in a cohesive national political organization.”The failure of the Progressive Era, therefore, was fundamentally a failure of unity.... So long as progressive groups fought one another more fiercely than they fought their natural opposition,” Link and McCormick concluded, “such agreement was impossible.” This was important to the time because out of the belief that Europe was demonstrating that societies could progress in civility from uncivilized conditions to civilization through strengthening the basis of empirical knowledge as the foundation of society.

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Editorial, The Washington Post
November 28, 1918

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Although the Red Scare didn’t last very long, it caused many Americans to raise suspicions about foreigners. This nativist attitude led to the lives and reputations of many immigrants being wrecked and ruined. It also led to the rise of different groups of bigots, such as the Ku Klux Klan, who used anti-communism as an excuse to harass any group unlike themselves.

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Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb9/mccarthy-launches-red-scare/

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The laws represented the first major attempt to restrict immigration in the United States. As a result of the Anti-Immigration and Quota Laws, patterns of immigration in the U.S. shifted dramatically. Hundreds of thousands of people were affected. For example, while the number of immigrants from Mexico rose from 1921 to 1929, the number of Italian immigrants dropped drastically.

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Source: https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm

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Since many returning American soldiers were left without jobs, people began to blame immigrants for taking these jobs and anti-immigrant attitudes grew.

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How Did the U.S. Change From a Wartime to Peacetime Economy? - Liam

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How Did the U.S. Change From a Wartime to Peacetime Economy? - Liam

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After the war, the economy was having a difficult time readjusting. When the men returned home from war, they were expecting to have jobs to return to which kicked women out of that certain job position. Also, many soldiers returning home from war become unemployed due to the lack of jobs and/or their incapability of working. The price of homes had doubled since the war ended which left families homeless because they did not have the man of the family back home working to help provide. Communism was being talked about and that scared Americans. Americans did not want to lose their businesses and private property. The economy after the war was in disarray for quite sometime. There were no real immediate solutions to solving all of the problems that were arising due to the war.

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Anti-immigration had been growing since the 1880s. During that time immigrants had been coming to the US from Europe. They wanted jobs and were willing to get paid little to nothing. They were assigned jobs like mining and steel productions. After WWI immigrants had less of a need. This caused racist ideas, Madison Grant fueled people’s minds that the United States was racist for not letting more immigrants in. Many different groups came out of this. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was formed. By 1924 they had over 4.5 million “white male persons, native-born gentile citizens”. They also destroyed saloons, opposed unions, and drove Roman Catholics and Jews out of the country. From 1919 to 1921 the number of immigrants had increased almost 600 percent. The Emergency Quota System Act of 1921 set up a quota system that made a set number of how many people could come to the US from other countries. This law also prohibited Japanese immigration. In 1927, this law reduced the number to 150,000 people.  The quota system did not apply to immigrants from the Western Hemisphere. But during the 1920s about 500,000 Mexicans crossed the borders and so did over a million Canadians.