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Cree

They're located to the north central Montana

settlement:
Rocky boy's Indian Reservation

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The Lakota people called the small mountain range covered primarily by ponderosa pine trees Pahá Sápa, or “Hills That Are Black.”

the Black Hills are composed of hues of greens, reds, grays, browns, and golds, depending on the time of day. They’re that classic granite gray when the sun’s up and the trees aren’t casting shade, but come sunset you’ll notice them turning tinges of orange and even purple.

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-New Mexico
-Historians believe the Pueblo tribe descended from three cultures, "including the Mogollon, Hohokam, and Ancient Puebloans (Anasazi)."
-theocratic government
-🤬, Keres, and Zuni
-cool, wet climate and landscape
-Corn, beans, and squash were the most important foods
-Popé was the first chief
-Kachin or Katsina religion
-no significant treaties
-the northern Rio Grande valley in north-central New Mexico, to areas in west-central New Mexico near the Arizona border, and to northern Arizona.

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South Dakota Military Heritage Alliance, Inc., West Russell Street, Sioux Falls, SD

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South Dakota Military Heritage Alliance, Inc., West Russell Street, Sioux Falls, SD

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South Dakota Military Heritage Alliance, Inc., West Russell Street, Sioux Falls, SD

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justice
. the United States failed to make treaty payments on time with the Sioux, and the “Dakota War of 1862” started, which resulted in the Dakota people being exiled from Minnesota

population 40,000

Their beliefs and values consisted of the idea that spirits
inhabit most of everything around them

Wakan Tanka, the Great Spirit is/was believed to have power over everything in existence

The Sioux People also believed that Earth was the mother of all spirits.  On the other hand, The Sioux People value “The Black Hills of Dakota,” they fought hard to get it recognized as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, making the land exclusively for the Sioux People. This event in history is called the “Sioux Treaty of 1868.”

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- begins with bands of Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama who migrated to Florida
- adopting a constitutional form of government
_ language: Maskókî and Mikisúkî
- call themselves the "Unconquered People,"

- Seminole women harvested crops of corn, beans, and squash.

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-They speak the  Algonquin language.
-Algonquin people have lived in the Ottawa Valley for at least 8,000 years before the Europeans arrived in North America.

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The Navajo tribe is located in New Mexico, Arizona and Utah.
- Navajo and Apache migrated to the Southwest from Canada (between 1100-1500 CE).
- The tribe consisted of 300,000 individuals.
- Navajos belong to Indian group of Athabaskans.
- They are known for their silver and turquoise jewelry and hand woven rugs.- The Navajos adopted many practices of the Pueblo Indians (settled near them).

The Navajos governed themselves, using a three branch system.
- Executive branch headed by President and Vice President.
The Navajo language is an Apachean language, classified in the Athabaskan branch of Na-Dene language family.
- Refer to themselves as Dine which means people; their language called “Dine bizaad” meaning “language of the people”.
- The language is a tone language (pitch helps distinguish words).
- Missionaries made up their spelling systems.                         In the 1930’s John Collier (head of Indian Affairs) and Willard Beatty (head of Indian  Education) started the Navajo alphabet, they got John Harrington, Robert Young, William Morgan and Oliver LaFarge to create the alphabet.
- By 1939 the alphabet was finished.

Topography of Navajo land is characterized by arid deserts, alpine forests, high plateaus, mesas and mountains.
- They claim Southwest wonders, such as Canyon de Chelly, Shiprock Peak, Monument Valley, Chuska Mountains, and Window Rock.
- The land consists of 3 distinct climates; cold humid climate of the heights; the steppe climate of the mesas and the high plains and the warm desert.
- In New Mexico, bodies of waters include Little Colorado River, the Zuni River, the Rio Grande, the Rio San Jose the San Juan, the Gobernador, and the Largo (ran through Dine'tah, first Navajo land)
- In Arizona, the main stem of the Colorado River, the Little Colorado River and the Gila River.
- In Utah, they claim the upper basin of the Colorado River (most on the San Juan River).
The diet of the Navajos consists mainly of vegetarian foods.
Their principal food is mutton, boiled and corn prepared in many ways.
- Vegetables: a variety of corn, squash, wild onions and spinach, rhubarb, roots
- Fruits: Yucca fruit, apples, wild berries, peaches, cantaloupe
- Grains/starchy: Kneeldown bread, fried bread, blue bread, tortillas, tamale, corn cake
- Fats: Sheep brain, Mutton fat, Blood sausage, ribs, Pinyon nuts
- Meat: Antelope, sheep feet, squirrel, prairie dog, tongue, beef, donkey, horsemeat, ribs, deer meat, liver, rabbit, wild turkey

Clothing they wore:
- Women: 2 piece apron effect about the waist, woven from yucca fiber or cedar bark.
- Men: breechcloths
- Pendants and moccasins were also worn, and when cold out, animals skins or woven yucca blankets were worn.
The hogans the Navajos used were traditional dwelling/ceremonial structures. They are dome shaped buildings, built with log or sometimes stone frameworks, and covered with mud, dirt or sod.
The primary weapons used by the Navajos included, a bow and arrow, club and lance. They also used feather-adorned shields.
The tools they used were wooden 🤬 and rakes for farming, spindles and looms for weaving, pump drills for boring holes (in turquoise and other beads).
The Navajos Relied on chiefs and elders to provide leadership.
- Chiefs were elected through families.
- Historically 2 were elected, one for domestic leadership and one for war.
- The Navajo chief was named Manuelito (original name Bullet).
Religion was widely practiced with the Navajos.
- Traditionally most rites were for correcting physical and mental illness.

- Some traditions relate emergence of the first people from different worlds underneath the surface of the earth.
- Ceremonies included public dances, prayers, songs, and artwork (Ex. pottery, weaving, dry-sand paintings, rug making dry).
In 1868 a treaty was signed.
- Navajo (Dine) Nation agreed to stop war against U.S. “Allow U.S officials to live within their lands and oversee their obligations to the Navajo, and permit the construction of railroads through their lands."
The relocation of the Navajo tribe is known as the “Long Walk”.
- Happened between 1863-1866, more than 10,000 Navajo were forced to move to the Bosque Redondo Reservation at Fort Sumner (current day New Mexico).
- The U.S. military marched them out, over 250-450 miles (18 days long).
- 9,000 Navajos reached the fort, where 400 Apache already lived, many fought, starved and died as there were too many people there.
Today the Navajo Nation is the largest Indian tribe in the U.S. Over 173,000 Navajos live on the reservation.

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-The Apache migrated from the far north to Arizona around 1100 C.E.
-The Apache government was often based on kin networks. Chiefs only had power based on how much respect and reputation they have.

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Northern Arizona University, South San Francisco Street, Flagstaff, AZ

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Northern Arizona Hopi Tribe - Sunny Xiong

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Northern Arizona Hopi Tribe - Sunny Xiong

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On December 14, 1995, the United States and the Hopi tribe signed a settlement agreement. Hopi people moved up from what is now South America, Central America, and Mexico and then moved north to Arizona.

Hopi Tribal Government is a unicameral government.

Almost all Hopi people speak English today, but most of them also speak their native Hopi language.

Hopi lands swings naturally between extremes, cycling through wet and dry periods.

Hopi men hunt deer, antelope, and small game, while women gather nuts, fruits, and herbs.

Hopi people practice matrilocal residence, in which a new husband becomes part of his mother-in-law's household.

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* The Muscogee are located in Oklahoma
* They originated in Southern Tennessee. Most of the creeks descended from groups living in six towns: one and only one is Cusseta.
* The Muscogee nation is self governed. The government side of the tribe is made up of an executive branch, a legislative body and a tribal court.
* They speak in the Muskogean language.
* Oklahoma includes Ozark mountain, which has ridges, steep valleys, caves, and sinkhole. The 3 land forms mesas, canyons, and grassland.
* The Muscogee ate cornbread, soups, and stew cooked on stone hearths.
* The most important person in the village is the Mico or village chief.
* Conducting a wake service the night before burial.
* The treaty sign that was signed by Muscogee was the New York treaty.

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- The Mohawk were among the four Iroquois people that allied with the British during the American Revolutionary War
- the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Council
- language: Kanien'kéha or Kanyen'kéha
- known for their tribal masks

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Inuit Gallery of Vancouver, Carrie Cates Court, North Vancouver, BC, Canada

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Inuit Tribe is located in Canada, Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists called the Thule people, who emerged from western Alaska around the 1000 CE, they had split from the related Aleut group about 4000 years ago and from northeastern Siberian migrants. They spread eastwards across the Arctic. The Inuit became a self-governing people in 2005 when they formed the Nunatsiavut Government. Their language and writing system is Inuktitut, though there are five main Inuit languages, they are Inuvialuktun, Inuinnaqtun, and three different dialects of Inuktitut. The Inuit people range from short to medium with long high head, relatively broad flat face, high orbits, and narrow nose showing alveolar prognathism like the Indians.