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Great Animation Shows How Deep Humans Dug Into The Earth

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Choose a specific region/area and describe the landscape and landform in that region/area. 

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Choose a specific region/area and describe the landscape and landform in that region/area. 

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What to do:
- Add the image of your chosen region/area by adding the comment in this section.
- Explain about the landscape and landform of the region/area that you chose (how many different types of landform/landscape are there?).
- How is the interaction between the human and environment in the region/area that you chose.

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So.. How Well Do You Now Know Our Mother Earth?

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So.. How Well Do You Now Know Our Mother Earth?

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Guess now you have a thorough understanding of the earth. You know what is inside and outside of the earth. You also know that the earth is not constant. It always moving though we barely can feel its motion.

Now, your final mission is to explain the impact of each tectonic plates movement. Dig more sources for more comprehensive and detailed discussion. Record your investigation in your journal and present your understanding in one of the following format:
1. digital comic
2. song parody
3. video (such as: Prezi video)
Do not forget to share your product in your social media account. Remember the adagium: learning is sharing.

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Landsman (2001) defined disaster as: "any event, typically occurring suddenly, that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, and which exceeds the capacity of the affected community on a scale sufficient to require outside assistance

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Landsman (2001) defined disaster as: "any event, typically occurring suddenly, that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, and which exceeds the capacity of the affected community on a scale sufficient to require outside assistance

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Prevention is defined as those activities taken to prevent a natural phenomenon or potential hazard from having harmful effects on either people or economic assets. Prevention planning is based on two issues: hazard identification (identifying the actual threats facing a community) and vulnerability assessment (evaluating the risk and capacity of a community to handle the consequences of the disaster).

Preparedness: Are the measures that ensure the organized mobilization of personnel, funds, equipments, and supplies within a safe environment for effective relief. Disaster preparedness is building up of capacities before a disaster situation prevails in order to reduce impacts. Its measures include inter alia, availability of food reserve, emergency reserve fund, seed reserve, health facilities, warning systems, logistical infrastructure, relief manual, and shelves of projects.

sources: https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2013/07/DisasterPreventionPreparedness.pdf
Find out disaster risk reduction in Japan, check: https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/radio/bosaiweb/ accessed on 20 November 2019

This is how Jakarta prepare for flood: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/8/2934/htm

Learn more about disaster risk reduction through this booklet: https://www.unisdr.org/files/2114_booklet.pdf , 26 Feb 2020

For exercise go to: https://www.thegeographeronline.net/hazards-and-disasters---risk-assessment-and-response.html, 13 Mar 2020

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Landscape consists of a variety of geographical features that are characteristics of an area. It can be divided into two categories: natural and human. Natural landscapes are mainly unaffected by human activity and typical to particular areas of the world. Human landscapes have been created an modified by people, that is why it sometimes called "cultural landscapes".

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We are going to learn and explore about;

Introducing our earth

The earth formation

The earth structure

The earth surface

The changes and dynamic process of earth formation and structure

How human adapt to the earth changes and movement

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Conceptual question: how the earth system, structure and movement affect human life? Debatable question: Will we be able to predict the earth future?

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Please answer these following questions for your Pre- Assessment.

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Please answer these following questions for your Pre- Assessment.

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1. What do you know about the Earth System?
2. Do you think that our ancestors ever met the real living dinosaurs?
3. What is the oldest creature on earth?
4. What are the things that you need to prepare to take a journey to the core of the earth?
5. Why disaster happens?

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The movement of plates results in formation of specific landscapes or landforms. The type of landscapes or landforms is in turn determined by the type of plate boundaries. There are three different types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries

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The movement of plates results in formation of specific landscapes or landforms. The type of landscapes or landforms is in turn determined by the type of plate boundaries. There are three different types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries

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"In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek root "to build." Plate tectonics refers to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material. "

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What will happen if the tectonic plate stop moving? 

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What will happen if the tectonic plate stop moving? 

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Check the discussion here: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/08/news-happens-plate-tectonics-end-earth-mountains-volcanoes-geology/ , 11 February 2020

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“Crust” describes  the outermost shell of a terrestrial planet. Earth's crust is generally divided into older, thicker continental crust and younger, denser oceanic crust. The dynamic geology of Earth's crust is informed by plate tectonics."

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“Crust” describes  the outermost shell of a terrestrial planet. Earth's crust is generally divided into older, thicker continental crust and younger, denser oceanic crust. The dynamic geology of Earth's crust is informed by plate tectonics."

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"There are two types of crusts, namely continental crust and oceanic crust. The continental crust makes up the continents, while the oceanic crust makes up the ocean floors. The thickness of the crust ranges from 5 km to 70 km. The oceanic crust is made up of denser minerals, such as magnesium, while the continental crust is made up of less dense minerals, such as aluminium."

Taken from: Onn, Yee Sze. Ed. 2011. Earth our Home: Full Geography. Marshall Cavendish. Singapore, p:32.

For more go to: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/core/ , 15 Oct 2019,

or check: https://www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/geography/physical-geography/structure-of-the-earth/ , 15 Oct 2019

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The Earth's crust: tectonic plate movement, volcanoes, tsunami, earthquakes

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What is inside Our Earth? You are now one step closer on getting to know our mother earth. Now, it is time to dig inside the earth. 

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What is inside Our Earth? You are now one step closer on getting to know our mother earth. Now, it is time to dig inside the earth. 

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We will explore what lies beneath the earth surface. Beware, this journey will be unbearably hot! Play this video when you are ready to take the ride.

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"The structure of the earth is divided into four major components: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core."

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"The structure of the earth is divided into four major components: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core."

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Each layer has a unique chemical composition, physical state, and can impact life on Earth's surface. Movement in the mantle caused by variations in heat from the core, cause the plates to shift, which can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. These natural hazards then change our landscape, and in some cases, threaten lives and property.

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Structure Of The Earth | The Dr. Binocs Show | Educational Videos For Kids

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"The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust. The mantle is about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) thick, and makes up a whopping 84% of Earth’s total volume. "

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"The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust. The mantle is about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) thick, and makes up a whopping 84% of Earth’s total volume. "

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"The layer surrounding the outer core of the Earth is the mantle. It is about 2900 km thick, and its temperatures ranges from 1400°C to 3000°C. The mantle is divided into two layers: the upper and lower mantle. The upper mantle is further sub-divided into a solid and semi-molten layer, while the lower mantle is comprised of solid rock."

Taken from: Onn, Yee Sze. Ed. 2011. Earth our Home: Full Geography. Marshall Cavendish. Singapore, p:32

For more go to: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/core/ , 15 Oct 2019,

or check: https://www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/geography/physical-geography/structure-of-the-earth/ , 15 Oct 2019

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Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid, the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery.

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Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid, the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery.

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Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster. Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
Preparedness - Planning how to respond. Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.
Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief.
Recovery - Returning the community to normal. Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care.

Taken from: https://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/1-dm_cycle.html , 5 May 2020

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Humans have been interacting with their environment since people first walked the Earth. 

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Humans have been interacting with their environment since people first walked the Earth. 

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For example, humans have been cutting down forests to clear land to grow crops for centuries and by doing so we have altered the environment. Conversely, the environment affects us in many different ways as well. A simple example is the way we change our clothes in response to cold or hot weather. In this section we will introduce some of the ways in which humans influence their environment and how the environment influences us, both positively and negatively.

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Hi there! How's life on earth?Let me tell you another fact: that the earth is actually a living thing. Sounds weird? I know, the earth does not breathe as we do and it does not grow bigger in size, or does it?

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Hi there! How's life on earth?Let me tell you another fact: that the earth is actually a living thing. Sounds weird? I know, the earth does not breathe as we do and it does not grow bigger in size, or does it?

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Here is the truth: though we are not aware of it, but the earth is constantly in motion. I am not talking about an abrupt motion as in an earthquake. But it is a super slow motion around a few centimeters each year. Still remember the earth's internal structure: the core, mantle and crust? So, under the ground that we walk on, there are 15 major slabs named 'tectonic plate'. This tectonic plates are continuously moving due to the convection process occurred in the mantle. As the earth core is intensively hot has caused the mantle to move. This process similar to when boiling water in a pot. When the water in the bottom of the pot getting hot, the hot water rises up to the surface, while the cooler water sinks down.

The tectonic plates moves in three different direction: push toward each other, move apart, or slide past each other. Each movement shapes most of the features on earth surface (such as: volcano, valley, mountain) or even caused a serious destruction (as in tsunami and earthquake). Learn how it happens by closely reading the sources below: https://www.learner.org/series/interactive-dynamic-earth/.  While you read, list down as many as question that popped up your mind. Pose the question to your peers. If there is still unanswered question, discuss it with your teacher.

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Dynamic Earth Interactive - Annenberg Learner

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Delve into the structure of the Earth to learn what causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and more.

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Pulau Kakaban

gunung lumut:
consist of trees, and moss

danau gua kakaban:
consist of lake and trees, and a cave

How is the interaction between the human and environment in the region/area that you chose.
1. people use gunung lumut as a tourist attraction.
2.people use danau gua kakaban as a tourist attraction.

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Landform is natural geographical features or shape that appears in the Earth surface. Large landforms include mountains, plains, and rivers, while small landforms include hills and billabongs. Landforms are created and shaped by geographical forces of nature. Natural landscapes are made up of a variety landforms. Often landforms are not unique to a single landscape, for example a hill can be found in different landscapes.

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Please spare sometimes to watch this full video about the history of the Earth.

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The Whole History of the Earth and Life 【Newest Edition】

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"A divergent boundary is formed when two plates diverge or move apart from each other. This happens as magma spreads beneath the Earth surface. Since new land forms created along such plate boundary, it is also called a constructive boundary" The resulting land forms are: mid-oceanic ridge, valley, or sea (such as the Red Sea).

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Earth would be a very different place if all plate motion stopped. Plate tectonics is the driving force behind most mountains and volcanoes, and without it, all of the activity that pushes up new mountain ranges and generates new land through volcanic eruptions will end.

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Question of the day:Is it possible to dig a hole through the earth? 

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Question of the day:Is it possible to dig a hole through the earth? 

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Explain with your reason in the comment.

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What I can tell about the earth structure,

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What I can tell about the earth structure,

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There are 4 layers of the earth structure which is Crust, Mantel, Outer core and Inner core

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Humans have been all over the Earth. We've conquered the lands, flown through the air and dived to the deepest trenches in the ocean. We've even been to the Moon. But we've never been to the planet's core.

We haven't even come close. The central point of the Earth is over 6,000km down, and even the outermost part of the core is nearly 3,000 km below our feet. The deepest hole we've ever created on the surface is the Kola Superdeep Borehole in Russia, and it only goes down a pitiful 12.3 km.

All the familiar events on Earth also happen close to the surface. The lava that spews from volcanoes first melts just a few hundred kilometres down. Even diamonds, which need extreme heat and pressure to form, originate in rocks less than 500km deep.

What's down below all that is shrouded in mystery. It seems unfathomable. And yet, we know a surprising amount about the core. We even have some idea about how it formed billions of years ago - all without a single physical sample. This is how the core was revealed.

One good way to start is to think about the mass of the Earth, says Simon Redfern of the University of Cambridge in the UK.

Most of the Earth's mass must be located towards the centre of the planet

We can estimate Earth's mass by observing the effect of the planet's gravity on objects at the surface. It turns out that the mass of the Earth is 5.9 sextillion tonnes: that's 59 followed by 20 zeroes.

There's no sign of anything that massive at the surface.

"The density of the material at the Earth's surface is much lower than the average density of the whole Earth, so that tells us there's something much denser," says Redfern. "That's the first thing."

Essentially, most of the Earth's mass must be located towards the centre of the planet. The next step is to ask which heavy materials make up the core.

The answer here is that it's almost certainly made mostly of iron. The core is thought to be around 80% iron, though the exact figure is up for debate.

An iron core would account for all that missing mass

The main evidence for this is the huge amount of iron in the universe around us. It is one of the ten most common elements in our galaxy, and is frequently found in meteorites.

Given how much there is of it, iron is much less common at the surface of the Earth than we might expect. So the theory is that when Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, a lot of iron worked its way down to the core.

That's where most of the mass is, and it's where most of the iron must be too. Iron is a relatively dense element under normal conditions, and under the extreme pressure at the Earth's core it would be crushed to an even higher density, so an iron core would account for all that missing mass.

But wait a minute. How did that iron get down there in the first place?

The iron must have somehow gravitated - literally - towards the centre of the Earth. But it's not immediately obvious how.

Most of the rest of the Earth is made up of rocks called silicates, and molten iron struggles to travel through them. Rather like how water on a greasy surface forms droplets, the iron clings to itself in little reservoirs, refusing to spread out and flow.

The pressure actually changes the properties of how iron interacts with the silicate

A possible solution was discovered in 2013 by Wendy Mao of Stanford University in California and her colleagues. They wondered what happened when the iron and silicate were both exposed to extreme pressure, as happens deep in the earth.

By pinching both substances extremely tightly using diamonds, they were able to force molten iron through silicate.

"The pressure actually changes the properties of how iron interacts with the silicate," says Mao. "At higher pressures a 'melt network' is formed."

This suggests the iron was gradually squeezed down through the rocks of the Earth over millions of years, until it reached the core.

At this point you might be wondering how we know the size of the core. What makes scientists think it begins 3000km down? There's a one-word answer: seismology.

All the seismic stations dotted all over the Earth recorded the arrival of the tremors

When an earthquake happens, it sends shockwaves throughout the planet. Seismologists record these vibrations. It's as if we hit one side of the planet with a gigantic hammer, and listened on the other side for the noise.

"There was a Chilean earthquake in the 1960s that generated a huge amount of data," says Redfern. "All the seismic stations dotted all over the Earth recorded the arrival of the tremors from that earthquake."

Depending on the route those vibrations take, they pass through different bits of the Earth, and this affects how they "sound" at the other end.

Early in the history of seismology, it was realised that some vibrations were going missing. These "S-waves" were expected to show up on one side of the Earth after originating on the other, but there was no sign of them.

It turned out that rocks became liquid around 3000km down

The reason for this was simple. S-waves can only reverberate through solid material, and can't make it through liquid.

They must have come up against something molten in the centre of the Earth. By mapping the S-waves' paths, it turned out that rocks became liquid around 3000km down.

That suggested the entire core was molten. But seismology had another surprise in store.

In the 1930s, a Danish seismologist named Inge Lehmann noticed that another kind of waves, called P-waves, unexpectedly travelled through the core and could be detected on the other side of the planet.

P-waves really were travelling through the core

She came up with a surprising explanation: the core is divided into two layers. The "inner" core, which begins around 5,000km down, was actually solid. It was only the "outer" core above it that was molten.

Lehmann's idea was eventually confirmed in 1970, when more sensitive seismographs found that P-waves really were travelling through the core and, in some cases, being deflected off it at angles. Sure enough, they still ended up on the other side of the planet.

It's not just earthquakes that sent useful shockwaves through the Earth. In fact, seismology owes a lot of its success to the development of nuclear weapons.

A nuclear detonation also creates waves in the ground, so nations use seismology to listen out for weapons tests. During the Cold War this was seen as hugely important, so seismologists like Lehmann got a lot of encouragement.

This turns out to be quite tricky to determine

Rival countries found out about each other's nuclear capabilities and along the way we learned more and more about the core of the Earth. Seismology is still used to detect nuclear detonations today.

We can now draw a rough picture of the Earth's structure. There is a molten outer core, which begins roughly halfway to the planet's centre, and within it is the solid inner core with a diameter of 1,220 km.

But there is a lot more to try and tease out, especially about the inner core. For starters, how hot is it?

This turns out to be quite tricky to determine, and baffled scientists until quite recently, says Lidunka Vočadlo of University College London in the UK. We can't put a thermometer down there, so the only solution is to create the correct crushing pressure in the lab.

Earth's core has stayed warm thanks to heat retained from the formation of the planet

In 2013 a team of French researchers produced the best estimate to date. They subjected pure iron to pressures a little over half that at the core, and extrapolated from there. They concluded that the melting point of pure iron at core temperatures is around 6,230 °C. The presence of other materials would bring the core's melting point down a bit, to around 6,000 °C. But that's still as hot as the surface of the Sun.

A bit like a toasty jacket potato, Earth's core has stayed warm thanks to heat retained from the formation of the planet. It also gets heat from friction as denser materials shift around, as well as from the decay of radioactive elements. Still, it is cooling by about 100 °C every billion years.

Knowing the temperature is useful, because it affects the speed at which vibrations travel through the core. That is handy, because there is something odd about the vibrations.

P-waves travel unexpectedly slowly as they go through the inner core - slower than they would if it was made of pure iron.

It's a Cinderella problem: no shoe will quite fit

"Wave velocities that the seismologists measure in earthquakes and whatnot are significantly lower [than] anything that we measure in an experiment or calculate on a computer," says Vočadlo. "Nobody as yet knows why that is."

That suggests there is another material in the mix.

It could well be another metal, called nickel. But scientists have estimated how seismic waves would travel through an iron-nickel alloy, and it doesn't quite fit the readings either.

Vočadlo and her colleagues are now considering whether there might be other elements down there too, like sulphur and silicon. So far, no-one has been able to come up with a theory for the inner core's composition that satisfies everyone. It's a Cinderella problem: no shoe will quite fit.

That could explain why the seismic waves pass through more slowly than expected

Vočadlo is trying to simulate the materials of the inner core on a computer. She hopes to find a combination of materials, temperatures and pressures that would slow down the seismic waves by the right amount.

She says the secret might lie in the fact that the inner core is nearly at its melting point. As a result, the precise properties of the materials might be different from what they would be if they were safely solid.

That could explain why the seismic waves pass through more slowly than expected.

"If that's the real effect, we would be able to reconcile the mineral physics results with the seismological results," says Vocadlo. "People have not been able to do that yet."

There are plenty of riddles about the earth's core still to solve. But without ever digging to those impossible depths, scientists have figured out a great deal about what is happening thousands of kilometres beneath us.

The magnetic field helps to shield us from harmful solar radiation

Those hidden processes in the depths of the Earth are crucial to our daily lives, in a way many of us don't realise.

Earth has a powerful magnetic field, and that is all thanks to the partially molten core. The constant movement of molten iron creates an electrical current inside the planet, and that in turn generates a magnetic field that reaches far out into space.

The magnetic field helps to shield us from harmful solar radiation. If the core of the Earth wasn't the way it is, there would be no magnetic field, and we would have all sorts of problems to contend with.

None of us will ever set eyes on the core, but it's good to know it's there.

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Humans have been all over the Earth. We've conquered the lands, flown through the air and dived to the deepest trenches in the ocean. We've even been to the Moon. But we've never been to the planet's core. We haven't even come close.

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The links between human activity and the environment are complex and varied, but can be grouped into two main types of activity:

use of natural resources such as land, food, water, soils, minerals, plants and animals

production of wastes and pollutants from a range of activities including agriculture, industry and mining, as well as wastes from our own bodies."

sources: https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=79926&printable=1

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what if we drilled a hole through the earth?

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what if we drilled a hole through the earth?

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What If You Drilled a Hole Through Earth?

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Landscape  are a natural view of a terrain with its visible features. Because it includes all the characteristics in a terrain it also includes the human interaction of that environment.

Landforms are a feature or a formation on the surface of a terrain. Can be created by tectonic plates. Ex: mountains, valleys,  and plateaus.

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A convergent boundary is formed when two plates move towards or collide into each other. The denser or heavier crust is forced under the less dense or lighter crust, into the mantle. The process is called subduction and the area it takes place known as subduction zone. Since crust is being destroyed, the boundary is called a destructive boundary." The resulting land forms are: fold mountain, trench, undersea volcanoes)

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Read https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/earths-interior/
For self-study please check: https://www.learner.org/series/interactive-dynamic-earth/ , 11 Feb 2020.
For collection of video watch: https://www.learner.org/series/earth-revealed/ , 5 May 2020

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The structure of the earth is divided into four major components: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Each layer has a unique chemical composition, physical state, and can impact life on Earth's surface. Movement in the mantle caused by variations in heat from the core, cause the plates to shift, which can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. These natural hazards then change our landscape, and in some cases, threaten lives and property. Learn more about how the earth is constructed with these classroom resources.

Subjects

Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography

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The structure of the earth is divided into four major components: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Each layer has a unique chemical composition, physical state, and can impact life on Earth's surface. Movement in the mantle caused by variations in heat from the core, cause the plates to shift, which can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

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Rotate Earth by dragging on it. Press to create an earthquake.

Sorry, your browser doesn't support the <canvas> element.

Sorry, your browser doesn't support the <canvas> element.

Sorry, your browser cannot show this page.

Most recent browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge) work.

Safari users may need to enable WebGL in Preferences/Security.

Go back

Click on an earthquake for info and to load it. Cancel

Seismic
Waves

A visualization of earthquake waves traveling both through Earth's interior and radiating outward on the surface.
What you will see is explained here.

Press the play

button to begin.

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Rotate Earth by dragging on it. Press to create an earthquake. Sorry, your browser doesn't support the element. Sorry, your browser doesn't support the element. Safari users may need to enable WebGL in Preferences/Security. Go back Click on an earthquake for info and to load it.

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A transform boundary is formed when two plates slides past each other. This movement results in the formation of transform fault. The San Andreas Fault in California is one of the example. Earthquake are common along such boundaries, but there are few or no volcanoes."

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After watching 6 parts of the video, I could tell that the process from the creation of earth to it being civilized was a really long one. It wasn't not only earth > living creatures > dinosaurs > extinction > humans, but the process was much more complicated and went back and forth a few times, until it eventually has a civilized population on earth.

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The video was about the whole history of earth and the birth and evolution of proto life on earth. Personally I think the video is canonical towards the history and evolution of earth. The 3d illustration of the video represents the molecules body making it easier to differentiate how each cell looks like. Before I watched the video, I thought that life on earth evolution was from fish to dinosaurs to apes to humans. But after watching the video, the process was more complex and involved much more molecules until it eventually created life on earth.

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4.5 billion years ago, the milky way collided with a dwarf galaxy and formed stars, solar system is part of the milky way. while the material circulation is progressing the water is evaporated and made the atmosphere dry. smalls particles from the materials grow to become planetesimals, the planetesimals colliding with other planetesimals and create earth.

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After watching the 6 parts of the earth history, I can tell that the process from the creation of the earth to it being civilized and completed was a very long and complex process. And it wasn't only the earth in fact other living things such as: dinosaurs, humans and also plants which also have a complicated process until they eventually civilized the earth population.

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1. What do you know about the Earth System?
Earth is composed of the crust, the mantle, and both the inner and the outer core.

2. Do you think that our ancestors ever met the real living dinosaurs?
In my opinion, humans began living and evolving way after the extinction of dinosaurs. However some genetically descendant or related beings such as birds could also be considered as sort of dinosaurs. In addition to that, they also live alongside with us - and from there we can consider the existence of dinosaurs during the time of our ancestors where certain species' of bird were thought to be far more massive with much more aggressive tendencies.

3. What is the oldest creature on earth?
In my opinion, the oldest creature on earth would be something which lives in the water. Certain species' such as sharks or crabs have survived long-term extinction events due to strategically being able to live in the water and avoid most catastrophes which happen above water or somewhere else.

I think the oldest creatures could be a certain species of crab or shark, however microbacteria would also be one or if not the oldest forms of life as they've lived along species who have went by millions and millions of years ago.

4. What are the things that you need to prepare to take a journey to the core of the earth?
A journey to the core of earth would be nothing less but expensive, as human beings cannot last or sustain within such harsh environments. Going deeper to the core of the earth means a stronger gravity force pulling you within, imagining that humans cannot last too deep within water it would also be the same case in this scenario. Heavy machinery and expensive equipment from suits to possibly specially-made vehicles or methods of transportations would be more than a necessity in order for humans to explore the core of the earth. The possibility of the ground shaking harshly due to tectonic plates colliding and air which can't be breathed makes the case all-the-more difficult, as transporting and carrying oxygen from the surface deep into the core would be too inconvenient. In my opinion, humans have yet the technology to commit to the exploration of the inner core.

5. Why disaster happens?
A majority of disasters occur due to natural causes, or global phenomenon which rarely occur. An example of what we would call a natural disaster might be an earthquake, where tectonic plates collid and friction occurs. When this process of friction and colliding happens, energy passes through the crust which then causes the ground to shake tremendously - and thus an earthquake occurs. Tsunamis and massive waves can happen due to earthquakes, but not only ones above-ground but the ones below too - deep within the crust.

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The video showed the earliest stages that led to the creation of the Earth, and the shifts of the planet that created the foundation of life. I realized that the process is more lengthy and complicated than what I comprehended previously, and it’s interesting how the Earth laid the foundations for living beings to thrive in its massive ecosystem.

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Earth and many other planets began from collisions of bodies of mass and matter which began occurring 4.5 billion years ago. Earth's environments did not tolerate life as it does now, as it didn't have an atmosphere strong enough to block the sun's rays and radioactive screening from space. Life began from small microbes and bacteria, which then evolved to form more complex forms of life which in my opinion could be things like fish, which some of then then evolved into lizard-related species by adapting to living on the ground.

In the end, I learned that for the earth to tolerate and allow life took it millions if not billions of years of geographical and climate change.

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from what I've gathered from the video: earth started to form because the collation of the collision of the milky way galaxy and the dwarf galaxy. while the first stages of life were created in geysers which emitted radiation from radioactive uranium ore and created a diverse range of materials which in turn made the first stages of life. i think it was interesting to see how the first forms of life was seemingly created out of nothing but tiny materials, I've never questioned the existence of earth and life forms on how it was created so it was interesting to see what the video presented.

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From the video I watched. I know that there are many processes to form an earth suitable for living things. In addition, I also understands the movement of land which was originally one land turned into several parts/islands which have now become countries and I the changes that occur in the layers of the earth. I agree with this research, because what is explained in this video makes a lot of sense.

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after watching the whole history of the earth & life i can tell that the accretion from the solar nebula, earth was created 4.54 billion years ago, or roughly one-third the age of the universe. although the early atmosphere had very no oxygen, it is likely that volcanic outgassing produced the primordial atmosphere first, followed by the ocean

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its a long process that takes a lot of time for earth to finally be habitable. from the time earth was just a hot ball then there is water on earth although its not habitable yet but after a long process it became habitable and micro organism starts to live there and it also shows the process of how the water became habitable

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By learning the historical birth of the solar system and the foundation or base of the earth's planet form, this video elaborates on the evolution from one step of the galaxy occurrences toward near to processing the present surfaces of life. With this knowledge, I believe life consists of a very complex structure that was contributed by the small and big events outside the planet. To this, it enables me to have an open mind toward other possibilities that could form or impact the earth significantly.

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The video basically explained about how the earth came to existence in the first place, it took a long time and many processes for the earth to form into how it is right now. It's interesting how they briefly explained the process and the explanation was easy to digest.

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In my opinion the video tells us about how the earth was formed and its life. It went through a process that happened billions of years ago. It also shows the revolution of proto life on Earth. Through this 3d video, it can changed people mindset about earth's revolution scientifically. Back then the ocean was even too toxic for any living creature, but now the water has changed to become more "safer". Not only water but other parts of Earth are also very different if we compare to it now. It is all because the Earth has revolute and it became more habitable so living creatures can use it to survive.

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from the video i could tell that it had taken a very long time for the world to become civilized after it was created. It wasn't only earth, living beings, dinosaurs, extinction, humanity, but the process was far more complicated and repeated several times until there was a cultured population on earth.

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After watching the video, that it had taken a very long period after creation for the earth to become civilized Not only did dinosaurs become extinct, but other living things as well, including humans. The process was much more intricate and repeated numerous times until there was a cultured population on earth.

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Blue Green Illustrated 5 Productivity Tips and Tricks Infographic (1)

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what lesson you can learn from tsunami disaster video?

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what lesson you can learn from tsunami disaster video?

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By: Admiral Caessario Reynaldo (Y10B) 4.5 billion years ago..

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earthquakes which occur underwater consequently cause tsunamis. tsunamis are when waves come to ground in gigantic proportions, for us humans tsunamis could be considered as natural disasters. from what I know, tsunamis happen naturally. however the dangers and risks they bring can cause many mind-blowing phenomena one of them being the shifting of ground and soil. for example, earthquakes or tsunamis can cause buildings or human-made infrastructure to move from one place to another. Not only do they move, but destroy. Forests, and natural habitats are ravaged by these disasters. while seemingly impossible, they do happen. at the end of the day these are natural phenomena which we as humans cannot avoid, thus it all comes to us at the end of the day - to take caution and be prepared if a disaster is to come.

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That natural disasters are really dangerous and life-threatening not just because of their dangerous nature, but also because it's hard or even impossible to predict when it's going to happen to us or to a certain area. Tsunami is one of the examples, because when it happens, civilians that are close to the disaster can't instantly go far away from it, thus making them lose their lives even when they've tried to run away to save their lives. Even though Indonesia is an archipelagic country who suffers from constant natural disasters, we still don't have the technology to withstand them.

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from what I've gathered mountains and volcanoes are formed when the oceanic plate collides with the continental plate. some of these volcanoes are formed underwater and an eruption underwater from one of these volcanoes could cause an earthquake that will send continuously devastating waves of water on to the land surface and create what we call a tsunami.

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a tsunami is defined as a sequence of fast moving waves created by a major disturbance in the sea. when a tsunami enters shallow water, it slows down and increases in height, making it easier to see as it spans deep oceans. tsunami waves are powerful currents that move quickly and have the potential to carry people and goods out to sea. in addition, they might be massive breaking waves that, when they hit the coast, could seriously harm property.

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After watching the Tsunami Aceh 2004 video I learn that we need to prepare and be aware of natural disaster especially tsunami.

1. Check your house and land for any potential dangers related to flooding

2. Identify any vulnerability and repair it

3. Learn how to turn off the gas and electricity in your house

4. Do not store your important documents in the basement

5. Ensure that your family has an emergency kit and plan

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what lesson you can learn from tsunami disaster video? (Arjen)

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what lesson you can learn from tsunami disaster video? (Arjen)

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A tsunami is a series of fast and large travelling waves that is caused by an earthquake. Mainly caused by a large disturbance in the ocean floor. An earthquake or volcanic eruption can cause the disturbance in the ocean floor. It is impossible to know when or where a tsunami is going to happen because the earthquakes cannot be stopped/predicted. The most reliable way of not getting hit by a tsunami or getting carried by the waves is to get to the highest ground as possible.

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A tsunami is a group of swiftly moving waves that are brought on by a significant disturbance in the water or on the ocean floor. The disturbance could be brought on by a meteorite, landslide, volcanic eruption, or earthquake. Tsunamis race across the sea at up to 500 miles (805 kilometers) an hour—about as fast as a jet airplane.

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from the tsunami disaster, i can learn that tsunamis can gives a lot of bad impacts such as loss of lives, mass injuries, houses, and a lot more, and from the video, we can know that disaster is unpredictable and can happen anytime. due to the disaster that happens people should know what to prepare during the disaster

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Tsunamis are not like the ones in the movies. From the video I watched, the tsunami was like an ocean wave that was able to spread at a speed fast enough to destroy public facilities, destroy houses and the tsunami incident could cause casualties because people were swept away by the water (who did not have time to rise to a high surface) What I saw was also some people, just watching and waiting for the water waves to come close. My opinion is that Indonesians "ngegampaingin" they do not respond immediately so they themselves become victims.

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From the videos about tsunami and the earth mantle that I watched earlier, I learnt that friction created by the movement in the mantle causes the earth's plate to shift that can lead to earthquakes, which is how tsunamis happen. Natural disasters like that are also dangerous to living things, they're unpredictable, life-threatening and can cause huge damage to habitats and surroundings.

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What I learned from the tsunami disaster video is that Tsunami is caused by an earthquake under the sea. That is why it is important to learn the signs of tsunamis and stay safe from it. The first sign of a tsunami is the seawater will drift and tsunami isn't something that should be seen as "weak". It is dangerous, one of the major examples being the tsunami Aceh in 2004. It killed a lot of people and the tsunami is pretty high. The tsunami also makes a lot of buildings ruined.

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The effects of the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates can be very significant towards humans as well as the shape of the planet. Plates can move away from each other, in opposite directions, or even on top or under each other. The movement can cause earthquakes, the emergence of new islands, and even tsunamis. These natural "disasters" - as perceived by humans - cause immense destruction. Roads and train tracks are damaged by the shifts, and houses are destroyed by the waves of water. At the same time, islands and volcanoes emerge from within the Earth's crust.

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Tsunamis usually happen around the ring of fire because those are where volcanoes generally erupt. Tsunamis are like a domino effect if a volcano erupts very heavily and then an earthquake occurs then water from the ocean moves back into the sea and starts gushing onto land and creating a disaster for people. Since tsunamis are caused by a massive sudden movement or displacement in the ocean so then most tsunamis that are caused by earthquakes happen to the countries that are those in the ring of fire.

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The earth's shaken crust triggered the tsunami. As we have learned previously, it is the earth's potential of the body/inner composition that could lead to the level of heat disrupting the crust--which eventually--causes drastic motions likewise earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to be foreseen. In that sense, the tsunami is considered another corresponding reaction to the natural disaster.

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natural disaster is something that we cant predict and its dangerous to living beings. one of natural disasters is tsunami, its caused by mantle convection that drive the ocean crust. usually theres an earthquake before tsunami happened.

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A tsunami is a series of extremely long waves caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean, usually the result of an earthquake below or near the ocean floor. This force creates waves that radiate outward in all directions away from their source, sometimes crossing entire ocean basins. An underwater earthquake, a volcano eruption or a landslide mostly causes a tsunami. Tsunami waves can be as huge as 100 feet.  About 80% of the tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean's Ring of Fire. In addition to loss of life and mass injuries, other potential impacts include damage to and destruction of homes and businesses, ports and harbors, cultural resources, utilities, and critical infrastructure and facilities. There may be loss of access to basic services such as power, sewer, and water.

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0:00 / 6:40•Watch full video

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What If the Ozone Layer Disappeared?  | Unveiled

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What if tectonic plates stopped moving forever.