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Building the Panama Canal

"Nearly every steamer brought white men, wanderers over the face of the globe. [Men]came from S. Africa, from Australia, from Alaska, from the Philippines, from China, and especially from the Spanish American republics." -A.B. Nichols

From 1904 to 1915, the Americans hired a workforce of 42,000 to build the Canal. At the beginning of construction, hiring workers at all levels was a difficult task. The Isthmian Canal Commission recruiters sought to fill the skilled jobs in America, offering good monthly salaries and free transport to the Isthmus, but many of the original recruits were unable to do the jobs for which they had been hired. Also, frightened by yellow fever and unable to face the harsh environment, half of the Americans fled the Canal during the first year of construction.

Although workers arrived from around the world, the Caribbean islands, primarily Barbados, supplied the bulk of the labor force. It was first believed that the islanders were unproductive by nature, but times were tough in their home countries and many were simply malnourished. Once fed a more varied and nutritious diet and given sufficient training, they performed well. However, the preparation of the food was, by most accounts, awful.

Silver payroll workers faced segregation, unequal treatment, and performed the most dangerous work. In contrast, gold payroll workers were given good housing, decent food, commissary privileges, and were supplied with recreational facilities.

Workers were paid under the "gold" and "silver" payroll system. The system was originally intended to designate skilled and unskilled labor but quickly grew into a system of segregation. Gold roll workers were white, primarily American, more highly paid, and paid in U.S. gold coin. The silver roll workers, mainly from the Caribbean islands but also from Spain, Italy and other European countries, were paid much less and in Panamanian silver coin. The system was a color line, with separate privileges, eating facilities, and building entrances for gold and silver workers.

Housing was provided free to gold payroll workers. In 1905, Chief Engineer Stevens appointed Jackson Smith to oversee labor and housing allocation. Jackson's system allotted one square foot of housing for each dollar earned per month by a gold roll employee. If a man was married, his housing allotment doubled. American bachelors without families were assigned to private rooms in two-story dormitories. In contrast, bachelors on the silver roll were housed in shacks, barracks, or even rail cars.

To keep the gold payroll workers happy and to boost morale social activities were highly encouraged. The Y.M.C.A. club house at Culebra was typical, offering a bowling alley, billiard room, gymnasium, library, and bandstand. The cost of membership was $10 per year. Masons, Knights of Columbus, and a variety of social clubs were active in the Zone. Wives of gold roll workers usually had servants to help with the home and were urged to engage in social activities. Each town had women's clubs, art and literary societies, and music and drama clubs. In 1907, the Cristobal Woman's Club resolved "that every club woman in the Canal Zone constitute herself a committee of one to foster favorable instead of adverse criticism of the conditions of the Zone."

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A leading independent science research library, the Linda Hall Library brings science, engineering, and technology to life in new and relevant ways that help others better understand the world.

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The teacher will assign an article and partner.

1. Read your article together using the "Say Something" Strategy.

The Say Something Strategy works like this: You and your partner will take turns reading and pausing to “say something.”

The first student reads a chunk of text aloud to the other student. After reading, the first student stops to “say something” about what has been read, going back to the text to comment on a specific part.

The second reading partner responds to what was said, then picks up the reading until the next time they stop to “say something.”

Reading partners alternate the reading of the text, talking after each section until they have completed the reading.

When you finish reading your text, one partner should be the scribe. They will "Add a Comment" to the column of the article they read. Your comment should begin with "This article made us think..." If you and your partner have questions, please add them at the end.

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1. Make sure you have completed all the Math from last week. You need to have done this so that you are ready to move on with the next learning. If you need help, please enter office hours at 12:30pm on Monday.

2. Use this link to join Formative.

3. Once you have joined, complete the assignment here and here.

4. If you have any problems accessing the assignments, please enter office hours or send me an email.

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Choose a different article than the one you read with a partner this morning.

On a piece of scratch paper and using the graphic organizer attached as a guide, follow these instructions.

Before: On paper, brainstorm ideas you have about what that article might be about. Make one prediction.

During: On paper, write in your own words what the article was mostly about (no more than 3-5 sentences)

After: Write down 2-3 questions you have about what you read. Also, write 2 short sentences about what you learned from the article. Post your 2-3 questions and what you learned as a comment in the column where your article was posted.

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Building the Panama Canal

"Early in June [1910] the Chief Quartermaster became alarmed for the safety of his house on the point of the hill...the slide having extended to within about 90 feet of the building." - A.B Nichols

Steam shovel #258 and loaded flat cars caught in a slide at Culebra, May 29, 1913. Image source: Nichols, A. B. (Aurin Bugbee), and Tirzah Lamson Nichols. From 1907 through 1914, the Canal experienced over 100 slides. Some came without warning, burying workers and equipment and completely blocking the Canal. View Source " Panama Canal Collection, A.B. Nichols Notebook, vol. 48b, 1846-1923 (bulk 1906-1914), pp. 65.

Huge landslides, mainly in Culebra Cut, confounded Canal engineers. The slides were of two types. Gravity slides were caused by porous, saturated material sliding down slopes of firmer, more impervious rock or clay. Deformation slides were caused by unstable rock brought down primarily by overly-steep slopes. Not only did slides dump millions of cubic yards of material back into the Canal, some slides created bulges that pushed up material from below the bed of the Canal. As the Cut deepened and the slopes grew steeper, the slides grew larger and more frequent. The only remedy was to excavate a wider channel and make the slopes less steep. Millions more cubic yards would need to be cleared from the slopes.

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A leading independent science research library, the Linda Hall Library brings science, engineering, and technology to life in new and relevant ways that help others better understand the world.

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It was the greatest infrastructure project the world had ever seen. When the 48 mile-long Panama Canal officially opened in 1914, after 10 years of construction, it fulfilled a vision that had tempted people for centuries, but had long seemed impossible.

"Never before has man dreamed of taking such liberties with nature," wrote journalist Arthur Bullard in awe.

But the project, which employed more than 40,000 laborers, also took immense liberties with human life. Thousands of workers were killed. The official number is 5,609, but many historians think the real toll was several times higher. Hundreds, if not thousands, more were permanently injured.

How did the United States government, which was responsible for the project, reconcile this tremendous achievement with the staggering cost to human lives and livelihoods?

It handled it the same way governments still do today: It doled out a combination of triumphant rhetoric and just enough philanthropy to keep critics at bay.

U.S. engineering might

From the outset, the Canal project was supposed to cash in on the exceptionalism of American power and ability.

The French had tried - and failed - to build a canal in the 1880s, finally giving in after years of fighting a recalcitrant landscape, ferocious disease, the deaths of some 20,000 workers and spiralling costs. But the U.S., which purchased the French company's equipment, promised they would do it differently.

First, the U.S. government tried to broker a deal with Colombia, which controlled the land they needed for construction. When that didn't work, the U.S. backed Panama's separatist rebellion and quickly signed an agreement with the new country, allowing the Americans to take full control of a nearly 10-mile-wide Canal Zone.

The Isthmian Canal Commission, which managed the project, started by working aggressively to discipline the landscape and its inhabitants. They drained swamps, killed mosquitoes and initiated a whole-scale sanitation project. A new police force, schools and hospitals would also bring the region to what English geographer Vaughan Cornish celebrated as "marvellous respectability."

A path of destruction

But this was just the beginning. The world's largest dam had to be built to control the temperamental Chagres river and furnish power for the Canal's lock system. It would also create massive Gatún Lake, which would provide transit for more a third of the distance between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The destruction was devastating. Whole villages and forests were flooded, and a railway constructed in the 1850s had to be relocated.

The greatest challenge of all was the Culebra Cut, now known as the Gaillard Cut, an artificial valley excavated through some eight miles of mountainous terrain.

More than 3.5 billion cubic feet of dirt had to be moved; the work consumed more than 17 million pounds of dynamite in three years alone.*

Imagine digging a trench more than 295 feet wide, and 10 storeys deep, over the length of something like 130 football fields. In temperatures that were often well over 86 degrees Fahrenheit, with sometimes torrential rains. And with equipment from 1910: Dynamite, picks and coal-fired steam shovels.

Expendable labor

The celebratory rhetoric masked horrifying conditions.

The Panama Canal was built by thousands of contract workers, mostly from the Caribbean. To them, the Culebra Cut was "Hell's Gorge."

They lived like second-class citizens, subject to a Jim Crow-like regime, with bad food, long hours and low pay. And constant danger.

In the 1980s, filmmaker Roman Foster went looking for these workers; most of the survivors were in their 90s.

Only a few copies of Fosters's film Diggers (1984) can be found in libraries around the world today. But it contains some of the only first-hand testimony of what it was like to dig through the spiny backbone of Panama in the name of the U.S. empire.

Constantine Parkinson was one of the workers who told his story to Foster, his voice firm but his face barely able to look at the camera.

He started work on the canal at 15 years old; like many, he may have lied about his age. He was soon a brakeman, probably on a train carrying rocks to a breakwater. On July 16, 1913, a day he would never forget, he lost his right leg, and his left heel was crushed.

Parkinson explains that his grandmother went to the Canal's chief engineer, George Goethals, to ask for some sort of assistance. As Parkinson tells it, Goethals's response was simple: "My dear lady, Congress did not pass any law ... to get compensation when [the workers] [lose limbs]. However, not to fret. Your grandson will be taken care of as soon as he [is able to work], even in a wheelchair."

Goethals was only partly right.

At the outset, the U.S. government had essentially no legislation in place to protect the tens of thousands of foreign workers from Barbados, Jamaica, Spain and elsewhere. Administrators like Goethals were confident that the laborers' economic desperation would prevent excessive agitation.

For the most part, their gamble worked. Though there were scandals over living conditions, injuries seem to have been accepted as a matter of course, and the administration's charity expanded only slowly, providing the minimum necessary to get men back to work.

Cold comfort

In 1908, after several years of construction, the Isthmian Canal Commission finally began to apply more specific compensation policies. They also contracted New York manufacturer A.A. Marks to supply artificial limbs to men injured while on duty, supposedly "irrespective of colour, nationality, or character of work engaged in."

There were, however, caveats to this administrative largesse: the laborer could not be to blame for his injury, and the interpretation of "in the performance of ... duty" was usually strict, excluding the many injuries incurred on the labor trains that were essential to moving employees to and from their work sites.

Despite all of these restrictions, by 1912, A.A. Marks had supplied more than 200 artificial limbs. The company had aggressively courted the Canal Commission's business, and they were delighted with the payoff.

A.A. Marks even took out a full-page ad for their products in The New York Sun, celebrating, in strangely cheerful tones, how their limbs helped the many men who met with "accidents, premature blasts, railroad cars." They also placed similar advertisements in medical journals.

But this compensation was still woefully inadequate, and many men fell through its deliberately wide cracks. Their stories are hard to find, but the National Archives in College Park, Md., hold a handful.

Wilfred McDonald, who was probably from Jamaica or Barbados, told his story in a letter to the Canal administrators on May 25, 1913:

I have ben Serveing the ICC [Isthmian Canal Commission] and the PRR [Panama Railroad] in the caypasoity as Train man From the yea 1906 until my misfawchin wich is 1912. Sir without eny Fear i am Speaking Nothing But the Truth to you, I have no claim comeing to me. But for mercy Sake I am Beging you To have mercy on me By Granting me a Pair of legs for I have lost both of my Natrals. I has a Mother wich is a Whido, and too motherless childrens which During The Time when i was working I was the only help to the familys.

You can still hear McDonald's voice through his writing. He signed his letter "Truley Sobadenated Clyante," testifying all too accurately to his position in the face of the Canal Zone's imposing bureaucracy and unforgiving policies.

With a drop in sugar prices, much of the Caribbean was in the middle of a deep economic depression in the early 1900s, with many workers struggling even to reach subsistence; families like McDonald's relied on remittances. But his most profound "misfortune" may have been that his injury was deemed to be his own fault.

Legally, McDonald was entitled to nothing. The Canal Commission eventually decided that he was likely to become a public charge without some sort of help, so they provided him with the limbs he requested, but they were also clear that his case was not to set a precedent.

Other men were not so lucky. Many were deported, and some ended up working on a charity farm attached to the insane asylum. A few of the old men in Foster's film wipe away tears, almost unable to believe that they survived at all.

Their blood and bodies paid mightily for the dream of moving profitable goods and military might through a reluctant landscape.

* Editor's Note, April 20, 2018: A previous version of this article wrongly stated that more than 3,530 cubic feet of dirt had to be moved for the Culebra Cut, when, in fact, it was more than 3.5 billion cubic feet that had to be excavated.

The Construction of the Panama Canal [1913-1914], 1937 (Reel 1-5 of 5)

This article was originally published on The Conversation.
Caroline Lieffers, PhD Candidate, Yale University

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How the Panama Canal Took a Huge Toll On the Contract Workers Who Built It

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The project was a tremendous American achievement, but the health costs to the mostly Caribbean contract workers were staggering

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Complete Assignments based on Email from Mrs. T

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Complete Assignments based on Email from Mrs. T

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For Americans, the Canal Zone (C.Z.) was a worker's paradise. The government-created, utilitarian townships met workers' basic needs and provided numerous activities for their leisure. To promote greater social cohesion, individual happiness, and high moral standards, Zone administrators encouraged employees to bring their families. As extra incentives, families received free housing and utility services.

Public services, too, were essential. Fire departments, utilities, and railroads had to be kept up-to-date and run efficiently. Government-subsidized commissaries provided food and dry goods at cost. Any other shopping had to be done outside the Canal Zone, in places like Panama City or Colon, where prices were much higher. Medical care was also available to Canal employees and their families at various hospitals, including Ancon Hospital, which was later renamed Gorgas Hospital.

The Canal Zone offered a variety of clubs, fraternal orders, hobbyist, and other specialized associations. The most popular of these being the Yong Men's Christian Association. Zone administrators invited the YMCA to the Canal to provide recreation for men and maintain high moral standards; though some thought the Y was too liberal for letting women in and allowing bowling on Sundays.

Group of men and women after a meal. Gelatin silver print. 2001.074.001.048 Panama Canal Museum Collection, George A. Smathers Libraries. Gift of Doris and Ken Tuley.

Canal Employees and Families on fishing excursion at Gatun Spillway. Gelatin silver print. 2001.074.001.043 Panama Canal Museum Collection, George A. Smathers Libraries. Gift of Doris and Ken Tuley.

Canal Zone Swim Team. 1921. Gelatin silver print. 2001.058.002 Panama Canal Museum Collection, George A. Smathers Libraries. Gift of Dona Helmerichs.

Arthur Luchesi and wife at Gatun Lock Construction. 1910. Gelatin silver print. 2008.024.003.001 Panama Canal Museum Collection, George A. Smathers Libraries. Gift of Joan Speiser.

Florence Neville Miller at an active construction site. Gelatin silver print. 3.5 in. x 5.25 in. 2014.49.1b Panama Canal Museum Collection, George A. Smathers Libraries. Gift of Malcolm Stone.

Bowling Alleys, Y.M.C.A. Culebra, C.Z.

Gelatin silver print. 5 in. x 7 in. 2001.95.002.001 Panama Canal Museum Collection, George A. Smathers Libraries. Gift of Sam Beckley.

This online exhibition is based on the Panama Canal Centennial exhibitions that were organized by the George A. Smathers Libraries to celebrate the centennial of the opening of the Panama Canal. The exhibitions were presented across the University of Florida campus, including the Fisher School of Accounting, Florida Museum of Natural History, Legal Information Center, Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art, and Smathers Libraries. All items are part of the Panama Canal Museum Collection, Special & Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida unless otherwise noted.

View the complete object lists from the centennial exhibitions

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ZONE LIFE | Panama Canal Centennial Online Exhibit

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For Americans, the Canal Zone (C.Z.) was a worker's paradise. The government-created, utilitarian townships met workers' basic needs and provided numerous activities for their leisure. To promote greater social cohesion, individual happiness, and high moral standards, Zone administrators encouraged employees to bring their families. As extra incentives, families received free housing and utility services.

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Kids learn about the Panama Canal including why it was built, the construction of the canal, who built it, the locks, Gatun Dam, the Culebra Cut, is it still used today, and interesting facts. Educational article for students, schools, and teachers.

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Panama Canal | Image Gallery

Early working conditions were so harsh that nearly all skilled American workers deserted within a year. As work on the canal progressed, however, the Isthmian Canal Commission improved facilities and provided incentives for workers to stay. This photo gallery provides a look into the everyday life of the people that lived and worked on the canal from 1904 to 1914.

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Working on the Panama Canal | American Experience | PBS

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Life for workers in the Canal Zone was filled with hardships: constant rain, backbreaking work, racial tension, and the constant fear of yellow fever or malaria

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For almost 100 years, thousands of Americans lived a life of luxury in secluded tropical communities close to the Bay of Panama. Known as "Zonians", they maintained one of the world's great engineering feats - the Panama Canal.

Established in 1903, the Panama Canal Zone constituted a home away from home for the Americans who built and maintained the Panama Canal and the workers who supported them.

The zone was an area of 533 square miles that ran the course of the canal and was controlled by the US. Families were given generous benefits, including subsidised housing, ample holiday time, well-stocked commissaries and attentive staff.

Its residents enjoyed the beautiful weather and more relaxed lifestyle of Panama, while also living in comfortable American-style housing, experiencing a top-notch American education and enjoying all the perks of US citizenship.

"It was a strange kind of artificial place," says Michael Donoghue, author of Borderland on the Isthmus: Race, Culture, and the Struggle for the Canal Zone. His father travelled through the zone during World War Two, and compared it to "a small southern town transplanted into the middle of Central America".

"They had a joke - how many Zonians does it take to change your light bulb?" says Jill Bany, who grew up in the Zone. "Two. One to call housing and the others to mix your drink."

During the Korean War, as many as 100,000 Americans lived in the Zone, about one-tenth of the country's population. In more peaceful times the numbers were half that.

English was predominantly spoken and even life-long Zonians could get away with not learning Spanish.

"They were pretty much set apart from the general Panamanian population by their own decision," says Alonzo Delaguardia, vice rector for university relations at Florida State University's Panama campus. The school was established in 1957 at the request of the US Department of Defense to provide education for Zonians.

"They had everything here. There was no need to go to Panama City," he said. "It was a bit of a contained area."

Indeed, Zonians had their own social clubs and sports teams. They had cinemas that played American releases and shops that carried US staples.

Students at Balboa and Cordova high schools joined scuba club as well as chorus and studied marine biology along with maths.

"There were parrots and monkeys in your back yard - you go outside and step into to the jungle," says Bany, who adds that there was no fear for your children playing in the street. "It was secure."

It wasn't all idyllic - for a long time, the zone was segregated between American and Caribbean workers, with everything from shops to latrines designated as "gold" (for Americans) and "silver" (for West Indian and Caribbean workers).

During construction on the earlier Panama Railroad in the middle of the 19th Century, Americans were paid higher wages in gold and West Indians received lower salaries in silver.

School desegregation and the enforcement of the Civil Rights Act did not come until the 1970s, almost 20 years after being implemented in the US.

"I was born in the same hospital as John McCain, but he walked out an American and I walked out a Panamanian," says Yvette Modestin.

McCain, the prominent senator and former presidential candidate, spent his first five years in Panama as a son of a navy admiral. Modestin grew up within the Zone, but was raised in a culture that drew from her Panamanian and Caribbean roots.

She didn't come into contact with white Zonians until the schools were desegregated.

Her upbringing didn't suffer because of it, she says.

"I saw black nurses, black doctors, black firemen, black teachers, so I knew I could be all of these things," she says. "We knew we didn't have what the white community had, but we didn't want it."

Though Modestin was aware of the more brutal racism suffered by her parents and grandparents, she still took pride in the work her family and community did to build the canal.

Both Modestin and Bany remember participating in the annual cayuco race, where Zonians paddled the length of the canal for three days.

But outside the zone, tensions were high.

"Most Zonians were unaware of how much resentment they began to provoke in the Panamanians," says Donoghue. While Americans lived in privilege, individual Panamanians "couldn't cross their own country at times without having to answer to a foreign police", he says. These officers spoke a different language and enforced a different law code, and even sent some law violators to a US-run prison in the zone.

When the US signed on to finish the canal in 1903, the government of Panama granted them the rights "as if sovereign" to the Canal Zone "in perpetuity".

Violent protests in 1964 against the Zone resulted in the death of 21 Panamanians and four US soldiers. In 1977, Jimmy Carter signed a treaty signalling the beginning of the end for US involvement in Panama, and committed the US to leaving by the year 2000. Sixty per cent of the Zone itself was returned immediately to Panama in 1979 (meaning US children born after that date weren't officially Zonians).

In 1999 the final transfer of the canal to Panama was concluded, Almost overnight, most of the Americans returned to the US.

"I went from having a normal childhood with neighbourhood friends in a nice suburban neighbourhood with mowed lawns, and all of the sudden everyone is gone," says Zach Kunkel, who was born in 1976. "From one day to the next, it was clear that everything had changed and there was no going back."

Marquez, whose family also stayed in Panama, says that of the 180 students in her high school class, 160 left.

As a resident of the Zone, her family was given first chance to buy one of the identical white duplexes that lined the residential areas. They sold the house and moved to the city.

Now, the homes have been painted bright colours and customised - some with additions, some with porches, all a far cry from the uniformity that reigned during the days of the Canal Zone.

And Panama has also left its mark on the Zonians who have returned to the US. Every year hundreds travel to Tampa for a reunion.

"If I had been older, I would have never left Panama," says Bany, who moved with her family to Tulsa. "It was a perfect place."

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For almost 100 years, a tiny enclave of Americans lived the island life while maintaining one of the world's great engineering feats.

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A leading independent science research library, the Linda Hall Library brings science, engineering, and technology to life in new and relevant ways that help others better understand the world.

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In 1904, the Isthmian Canal Commission, accompanied by Col. W. C. Gorgas, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, John W. Ross, Medical Director, U. S. Navy, Capt. C. E. Gillette, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and Maj. Louis A. LaGarde, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, as experts on sanitation inspected the potential site of construction. These experts prepared a plan for the sanitation of the Canal Zone and the cities of Panama and Colon. On June 30, 1904, the Sanitary Department was formed with Colonel Gorgas as its head.

The Isthmus of Panama was an ideal environment for mosquitoes. The high temperature varies little during the year. The rainy season lasts for nine months and the interior of the Isthmus is tropical jungle, ideal for mosquito breeding. The Panama Canal extends diagonally across the Isthmus of Panama from south-east to north-west, a distance of 42 miles from shore to shore. At Panama, the antimalarial work was principally rural, located for 47 miles along the line of the railroad between Panama and Colon. The population was about 80,000 living within half a mile of the railroad and occupying some 30 villages and camps or isolated houses. Malaria was so abundant that in Colon, it was estimated that one-sixth of the population was suffering from malarial attacks during each week.

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History of malaria control during the cunstruction of the Panama Canal.

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American canal construction - Autoridad del Canal de Panamá

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Please complete the linked assignment on Formative

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Semana Cultural Assignment Asynch 12:30pm and 2:00pm

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Semana Cultural Assignment Asynch 12:30pm and 2:00pm

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Based on the topic you chose in this morning's class, begin researching more about your topic. Focus on how it relates to the Panama Canal.

Follow this link to create an idea board for what you think we should include in our museum about the topic you chose.

When you are finished with your board, attach the link to the assignment posted on Teams.

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TEAMS links for Specialists: ​

​​

Mr Alex: Mr A's ART Meeting Link  ID: 293 023 819 53.  Passcode: RJpX6j​

Mr Castillo: Mr Castillo's MUSIC meeting link  ID: 229 191 121 964  Passcode: az3PCi​

Coach Eric: Coach Eric's Swimming Link

Ms Danixa: Ms Danixa's PE Link  ID: 233 895 365 932 code: EBqYMn​

Ms Katherine Rivera: Ms Rivera's SAL Link   Meeting ID: 217 304 939 009 Passcode: fkQuas​

Ms Odette: Ms Odette's DRAMA meeting link  ID: 213 743 580 948  Passcode: DM4mez​

Ms Celia: Ms Celia's SPANISH Link  ID: 236 038 775 266 Passcode: TKmxaw​

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Complete the Math pages I gave you on Tuesday.

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5A VIRTUAL Homeroom ES Class Schedule Monday Nov 20

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Asynch Task: 2:00pm Independent Reading Choice Board

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Asynch Task: 2:00pm Independent Reading Choice Board

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Instructions: There are nine project options below for your independent reading. Choose the one that appeals most to you. Any of these choices can be completed digitally using Powerpoint, Microsoft Word, Canva, or any other program of your choice. You can also complete one of these assignments using traditional pen and paper. Attach the link or a copy of your project to the Teams assignment before you turn it in.

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1. Complete the Base 10 - At Your Level assignment on Freckle. Show your thinking in your math journal.

2. Complete the Base 10 - Operations on Decimals assignment on Freckle. Show your thinking in your math journal.

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1. Make sure you have copied "What makes a GOOD summary" notes in the STRATEGY section of your reader's notebook.

2. Find the assignment information called "Practicing Summaries" on TEAMS.

3. Watch this video that explains the assignment. (I double-checked the sound. Please let me know if it still doesn't work for you).

4. Complete the assignment and TURN IN.

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General Overview of world gov types:

https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=a4712b8499994842a6a34a8c8803e62c

North Korea

North Korea Food Crisis

https://www.english-tutor.at/news/2023/10/26/north-korea-food-crisis/

Info about country

https://kids.kiddle.co/North_Korea#Politics_and_Government

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ6nN4azuuE

Book on Epic

Iceland

Prime minister and women go on Strike

https://breakingnewsenglish.com/2310/231026-womens-day-off.html

Iceland Ends Whaling

https://youngzine.org/news/policies-actions/iceland-end-whaling-2024

info about country

https://kids.kiddle.co/President_of_Iceland#Powers_and_duties

Mexico

Companies in Mexico need more electricity

https://www.newsinlevels.com/products/companies-in-mexico-need-more-electricity-level-2/

Info about country

https://kids.kiddle.co/Andrés_Manuel_López_Obrador

UK

Animal Testing on cosmetics to resume

https://breakingnewsenglish.com/2305/230511-cosmetics-testing-on-animals.html

Info about country

https://kids.kiddle.co/United_Kingdom#Government_and_politics