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Firstly, to introduce the topics "Cidades e comunidades sustentáveis" and "Ação contra a mudança global do clima", by ODS (2015), the trailer to the movie "Wall-E" (2008) will be presented.

After the trailer, the following question will be asked: Have you ever watched this movie? What's it's main topics? How is it (the topics) related to sustentability? Are you familiar with it?

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WALL-E (2008) Trailer #1 | Movieclips Classic Trailers

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"Read the articles and discuss about the topics presented"
To further understand sustentability, we are working together with Geography. We're going to use Slides to show images and ask the students how they feel about them, have they seen or experienced something related to them or if they know some terms related to the topic, like "recycling", "global warming" and "ODS"?

To contribute to the complexity of the discussion, we're going to show four articles (parts of them): two about how global warming and sustentability we're presented in the 2000's, and how it is shown nowdays.

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A Shift in Stance on Global Warming Theory (Published 2000)

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International panel of climate scientists concludes that greenhouse gases produced mainly by burning of fossil fuels are altering atmosphere in ways that affect earth’s climate, and it is likely they have contributed to warming over last 50 years; this represents significant shift in tone for panel,…

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Long-Term Rise in Global Temperature Unabated

Temperature changes 2000-2009 relative to the 1951-1980 mean. Warmer areas in red, cooler blue. The largest increases occurred in the Arctic and part of the Antarctic. Image courtesy NASA. Click to Enlarge.

The decade 2000-2009 was the warmest since modern recordkeeping began, and 2009 was tied for the second warmest single year, a new analysis of global surface temperature shows. The analysis, conducted each year by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), an affiliate of the Earth Institute, also shows that in half the world--the Southern Hemisphere--2009 was the warmest year yet recorded.

"There's always an interest in the annual temperature numbers and on a given year's ranking, but usually that misses the point," said James Hansen, the director of GISS, which conducts a similar analysis each year. "There's substantial year-to-year variability of global temperature. But when we average temperature over five or ten years to minimize that variability, we find that global warming is continuing unabated."

2008 was the coolest year of the decade, due to strong cooling of the tropical Pacific Ocean, but 2009 saw a return to near-record global temperatures. The past year's temperatures were only barely surpassed by 2005, the warmest recorded year, and tied with a cluster of others - 1998, 2002, 2003, 2006 and 2007 - as second warmest. Through the last three decades, the GISS surface temperature record shows an upward trend of about 0.2°C (0.36°F) per decade. The greatest increases in 2000-2009 came in the Arctic and part of Antarctica. Except for a leveling off between the 1940s and 1970s, Earth's surface temperatures have increased steadily since 1880, when modern scientific instrumentation became available to monitor temperatures precisely. In total, average global temperatures have increased by about 0.8°C (1.5°F) since 1880.

At least in the United States, the near-record temperature of 2009 would seem to be all the more striking because it includes a notably frigid December in much of North America, with heavy snowstorms and freezing of crops in the south. High air pressures in the Arctic decreased the east-west flow of the jet stream, while also increasing its tendency to blow from north to south. This resulted in an unusual effect, in which cold air from the Arctic rushed into North America and warmer mid-latitude air shifted toward the north. Of course, the contiguous 48 states cover only 1.5 percent of the world area, so the U.S. temperature does not affect the global temperature much,' said Hansen.

Global annual surface temperatures 1880-2009. Long-term trends are most apparent when averaged over five-year periods (red line). Image courtesy NASA. Click to Enlarge.

The long-term rise since 1880 is "the important number to keep in mind," said Gavin Schmidt, another GISS climatologist. "In contrast, the difference between, say, the second and sixth warmest years is trivial since the known uncertainty, or noise, in the temperature measurement is larger than some of the differences between the warmest years."

Climate scientists agree that rising levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap incoming heat near the surface of the earth and are the key factors causing the rise in temperatures. However, these gases are not the only factors that can affect global temperatures. Other key factors--changes in the sun's irradiance, oscillations of tropical sea-surface temperature such as the El Niño-La Niña cycle, and changes in the levels of airborne particles - can also cause slight increases or decreases in the planet's temperature. But overall, the evidence suggests that these effects are not enough to account for the global warming observed since 1880.

El Niño and La Niña are prime examples of how the oceans can affect global temperatures. These terms describe abnormally warm or cool sea surface temperatures in the South Pacific, caused by changing ocean currents. Global temperatures tend to decrease in the wake of La Niña, which occurs when upwelling cold water off the coast of Peru spreads westward in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. La Niña lingered during the early months of 2009 and gave way to the beginning of an El Niño phase in October that is expected to continue in 2010. An especially powerful El Niño cycle in 1998 is thought to have contributed to the unusually high temperatures that year, and Hansen's group estimates that there is a good chance 2010 will be the warmest year on record if the current El Niño persists. At most, scientists estimate that El Niño and La Niña can cause global temperatures to deviate by about 0.2°C (0.36°F).

Northern hemisphere (red line) and Southern hemisphere, 1880-2009. Last year was the hottest ever recorded in the south. Click to Enlarge.

Warmer surface temperatures also tend to occur during particularly active parts of the solar cycle, known as solar maximums, while slightly cooler temperatures occur during lulls in activity, called minimums. A deep solar minimum has made sunspots a rarity in the last few years. Such lulls in solar activity, which can cause the total amount of energy given off by the sun to decrease by about a tenth of a percent, typically spur surface temperature to dip slightly. Overall, solar minimums and maximums are thought to produce no more than 0.1°C (0.18°F) of cooling or warming.

"In 2009, it was clear that even the deepest solar minimum in the period of satellite data hasn't stopped global warming from continuing," said Hansen.

Small particles in the atmosphere, called aerosols, can also affect the climate. Volcanoes are powerful sources of sulfate aerosols that counteract global warming by reflecting incoming solar radiation back into space. In recent years, large eruptions at Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines and El Chichón in Mexico have caused global dips in surface temperature of as much as 0.3°C (0.54°F). But volcanic eruptions in 2009 did not have a significant impact. Meanwhile, other types of aerosols, often produced by burning fossil fuels, can change surface temperatures by either reflecting or absorbing incoming sunlight. Hansen's group estimates that aerosols probably counteract about half of the warming produced by manmade greenhouse gases, but he cautions that better measurements of these elusive particles are needed.

To conduct its analysis, GISS uses publicly available information from three sources: weather data from more than 1,000 meteorological stations around the world; satellite observations of sea-surface temperatures; and Antarctic research station measurements. These three data sets are loaded into a computer program (available for public download from the GISS website). The program calculates trends in temperature anomalies - not absolute temperatures, but rather changes relative to the average temperature for the same month during the period of 1951-1980. Other research groups also track global temperature trends, but use different analysis techniques. The Met Office Hadley Centre, based in the United Kingdom, uses similar input measurements as GISS, for example, but omits large areas of the Arctic and Antarctic, where monitoring stations are sparse. Although the two methods produce slightly different results in the annual rankings, the decade-long trends in the two records are essentially identical. Previously, the World Meteorological Organization issued a similar report in December 2009, saying that 2000-2009 would rank as the warmest decade on record, and 2009 would probably be among the warmest years.

"There's a contradiction between the results shown here and popular perceptions about climate trends," Hansen said. "In the last decade, global warming has not stopped."

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Temperature changes 2000-2009 relative to the 1951-1980 mean. Warmer areas in red, cooler blue. The largest increases occurred in the Arctic and part of the Antarctic. Image courtesy NASA. Click to Enlarge. The decade 2000-2009 was the warmest since modern recordkeeping began, and 2009 was tied for the second warmest single year, a new analysis of global surface temperature shows.

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2023 is likely to be the hottest year in human history, and global temperatures during the Northern Hemisphere summer were the warmest on record, the EU climate monitor said on Wednesday.

Heatwaves, droughts and wildfires struck Asia, Africa, Europe and North America over the last three months, with dramatic impact on economies, ecosystems and human health.

The average global temperature in June, July and August was 16.77 degrees Celsius (62.19 degrees Fahrenheit), smashing the previous 2019 record of 16.48C, the European Union's Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) said in a report.

"The three months that we've just had are the warmest in approximately 120,000 years, so effectively human history," C3S deputy director Samantha Burgess told AFP.

Last month was the hottest August on record and warmer than all other months except July 2023.

"Climate breakdown has begun," said UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres.

"Scientists have long warned what our fossil fuel addiction will unleash," he added. "Our climate is imploding faster than we can cope, with extreme weather events hitting every corner of the planet."

Record-high global sea surface temperatures played a major role in stoking heat throughout the summer, with marine heatwaves hitting the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea.

"Looking at the additional heat we have in the surface ocean, the probability is that 2023 will end up being the warmest year on record," Burgess said.

The average global temperature through the first eight months of 2023 is the second-warmest on record, only 0.01C below the benchmark 2016 level, the report added.

If the Northern Hemisphere has a "normal" winter, "we can almost virtually say that 2023 will be the warmest year that humanity has experienced," Burgess said.

Warming oceans

Oceans have absorbed 90 percent of the excess heat produced by human activity since the dawn of the industrial age, according to scientists.

This excess heat continues to accumulate as greenhouse gases -- mainly from burning oil, gas and coal -- build up in the Earth's atmosphere.

Excluding the polar regions, global average sea surface temperatures exceeded the previous March 2016 record every day this summer from July 31 to August 31.

The average ocean temperature has been topping seasonal heat records on a regular basis since April.

Warmer oceans are also less capable of absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2), exacerbating the vicious cycle of global warming as well as disrupting fragile ecosystems.

Antarctic sea ice remained at a record low for the time of year with a monthly value 12 percent below average, "by far the largest negative anomaly for August since satellite observations began" in the 1970s, C3S said.

Higher temperatures are likely to come: the El Nino weather phenomenon -- which warms waters in the southern Pacific and beyond -- has only just begun.

Scientists expect the worst effects of the current El Nino to be felt at the end of 2023 and into next year.

At the 2015 Paris climate summit, countries agreed to keep global temperature increases to "well below" 2C above pre-industrial levels, with an aspirational target of 1.5C.

A report by UN experts due this week will assess the world's progress in meeting the goal and will inform leaders ahead of a high-stakes climate summit in Dubai starting on November 30.

The so-called "Global Stocktake" is expected to show that countries are well behind meeting their commitments.

"Surging temperatures demand a surge in action. Leaders must turn up the heat now for climate solutions," said Guterres.

The C3S findings came from computer-generated analyses using billions of measurements from satellites, ships, aircraft and weather stations around the world.

Proxy data such as tree rings and ice cores allow scientists to compare modern temperatures with figures before records began in the mid-19th century.

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'Climate breakdown': 2023 likely to be hottest year humanity has experienced

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2023 is likely to be the hottest year in human history, and global temperatures during the Northern Hemisphere summer were the warmest on record, the EU climate monitor said on Wednesday.

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Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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Editor's Note: This release has been updated to add additional graphics, captions, and to spell out the words degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius.

According to scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York, July 2023 was hotter than any other month in the global temperature record.

"Since day one, President Biden has treated the climate crisis as the existential threat of our time," said Ali Zaidi, White House National Climate Advisor. Against the backdrop of record high temperatures, wildfires, and floods, NASA's analysis puts into context the urgency of President Biden's unprecedented climate leadership. From securing the Inflation Reduction Act, the largest climate investment in history, to invoking the Defense Production Act to supercharge domestic clean energy manufacturing, to strengthening climate resilience in communities nationwide, President Biden is delivering on the most ambitious climate agenda in history."

Overall, July 2023 was 0.43 degrees Fahrenheit (F) (0.24 degrees Celsius (C)) warmer than any other July in NASA's record, and it was 2.1 F (1.18 C) warmer than the average July between 1951 and 1980. The primary focus of the GISS analysis are long-term temperature changes over many decades and centuries, and a fixed base period yields anomalies that are consistent over time. Temperature "normals" are defined by several decades or more - typically 30 years.

"NASA data confirms what billions around the world literally felt: temperatures in July 2023 made it the hottest month on record. In every corner of the country, Americans are right now experiencing firsthand the effects of the climate crisis, underscoring the urgency of President Biden's historic climate agenda," said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson. "The science is clear. We must act now to protect our communities and planet; it's the only one we have."

This chart shows global temperature anomalies for every July since the 1880s, based on NASA's GISTEMP analysis. Anomalies reflect how much the global temperature was above or below the 1951-1980 norm for July. Credit: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies / NASA's Earth Observatory

Parts of South America, North Africa, North America, and the Antarctic Peninsula were especially hot, experiencing temperatures increases around 7.2 F (4 C) above average. Overall, extreme heat this summer put tens of millions of people under heat warnings and was linked to hundreds of heat-related illnesses and deaths. The record-breaking July continues a long-term trend of human-driven warming driven primarily by greenhouse gas emissions that has become evident over the past four decades. According to NASA data, the five hottest Julys since 1880 have all happened in the past five years.

"Climate change is impacting people and ecosystems around the world, and we expect many of these impacts to escalate with continued warming," said Katherine Calvin, chief scientist and senior climate advisor at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "Our agency observes climate change, its impacts, and its drivers, like greenhouse gases, and we are committed providing this information to help people plan for the future."

NASA assembles its temperature record from surface air temperature data from tens of thousands of metrological stations, as well as sea surface temperature data acquired by ship- and buoy-based instruments. This raw data is analyzed using methods that account for the varied spacing of temperature stations around the globe and for urban heating effects that could skew the calculations.

"This July was not just warmer than any previous July - it was the warmest month in our record, which goes back to 1880," said GISS Director Gavin Schmidt. "The science is clear this isn't normal. Alarming warming around the world is driven primarily by human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. And that rise in average temperatures is fueling dangerous extreme heat that people are experiencing here at home and worldwide."

High sea surface temperatures contributed to July's record warmth. NASA's analysis shows especially warm ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific, evidence of the El Niño that began developing in May 2023. Phenomena such as El Niño or La Niña, which warm or cool the tropical Pacific Ocean, can contribute a small amount of year-to-year variability in global temperatures. But these contributions are not typically felt when El Niño starts developing in Northern Hemisphere summer. NASA expects to see the biggest impacts of El Niño in February, March, and April 2024.

For more information on NASA's global temperature record, visit:
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/2023/climate-media-resources
News Media Contacts

Jackie McGuinness / Katherine Rohloff
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600
jackie.mcguinness@nasa.gov / katherine.a.rohloff@nasa.gov

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national aeronautics and space administration

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NASA Clocks July 2023 as Hottest Month on Record Ever Since 1880 - Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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According to scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York, July 2023 was hotter than any other month in the global temperature record.

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Língua inglesa
(EF09LI10) Propor potenciais argumentos para expor e defender ponto de vista em texto escrito, refletindo sobre o tema proposto e pesquisando dados, evidências e exemplos para sustentar os argumentos, organizando-os em sequência lógica.

(EF09LI11) Utilizar recursos verbais e não verbais para construção da persuasão em textos da esfera publicitária, de forma adequada ao contexto de circulação (produção e compreensão).

Geografia
(EF07GE12) Comparar unidades de conservação existentes no Município de residência e em outras localidades brasileiras, com base na organização do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC).

(EF06GE13) Analisar consequências, vantagens e desvantagens das práticas humanas na dinâmica climática (ilha de calor etc.).

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For and activity, the students will write an essay about how they imagine the movie "Wall-E" continues, as the humans come back to a destroyed Earth, based on the guide questions: Will the humans be more sustainable? How will they be more sustainable? Will the Earth heal from teh destruction caused by pollution, trashing and global warming? How do you imagine a sustainable community? How will humanity and robots/tecnology work together? Do you think tecnology would help with sustentability?

They will also make a "Arranjo multimodal" with 4 images of how the students envision a sustentable city.

After the productions, they will share their texts, "arranjos", and experiences making the activities with each other.

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Game idea: complete the sentences.

Objective: promote the exchange of ideas about sustentability and the environment with a game about completing quotes quickly. Also, it will serve as a form of review about what was studied before.

Application: in a big circle, the teachers will ask the students randomly to say a number from x to y, and they will get a random question to be completed with their thoughts on the subject. Then, another students will be chosen and the questions go on. Here are some examples:

When I think about the environment future, I see ...

What makes me most sad about the environment is...

I feel integrated with nature when...

When someone wastes water, I...

When they talk about pollution, I...

For me, recycling is...

I collaborate with nature when...

Avaliation: during the activity, the students will be avaliated by their opinions and thoughts during the game, since they are a reflection of what was discussed and studied in the classes.

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"Watch the movie and ponder, focus on the topics presented earlier"
Next, we're going to watch the full movie to later discuss and do some activities.

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WALL E 2008 Full Movie   Animation Movies 2022 Full Movies English   Kids movies   Cartoon Disney