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Better education system --> higher literacy level --> good employable society --> elevated earning/spending capability --> discourages crimes --> no need to corrupt :)

Singapore's similar trait would be the compulsory primary education for all Singaporeans.

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- Strong laws to hold people accountable for corrupt practices and low tolerance for corruption
- The countries have been politically stable
- Better education leading the population to be better informed and not have corrupt practices
- Constantly engage in activities internationally to combat corrupt practices
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Nordic countries emphasised stricter enforcement policies to combat corruption. 

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Nordic countries emphasised stricter enforcement policies to combat corruption. 

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1) Norway- Norway’s National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime (Økokrim)
->investigates and prosecutes crimes of corruption.

2)Iceland- Iceland’s International Modern Media Institute ->promote whistleblower
protection as well as improved media legislation both domestically and internationally.

3) Denmark- Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)
->established procedures for reporting corruption, provided training on integrity issues and conducted corruption risk management.

-afiqah-

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-        Small, culturally homogenous population, less population

-        Strong social welfare system

-        Education

-        Life-long security net (eg. Provided by govt; healthcare, education)

-        Less dependency on other countries and their resource

-        Suffered a lot during the world wars, hence leaner, meaner civilization, evolved to trust their own citizen instead of doubting everyone

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-        High levels of market & political monopolization (complete control & prevents other people or companies having any share or influence), high levels of bureaucracy

-        Greed of money, desires

-        Weak civil participation

-        Low political transparency

-        Inefficient administrative structures

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Why are Nordic countries least corrupted

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Why are Nordic countries least corrupted

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- Scandinavian countries are transparent with their polices. This means that government information is easily accessible to the public, which makes it more difficult for corruption to go undetected.

- Usually Scandinavian countries have a culture of integrity, where people are generally honest and trustworthy. This culture is reinforced by strong social norms and values.

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- Poverty as majority of the population is poor, they would seek out other avenues to obtain more money.
- Political instability would allow corrupt practices to take place during the change of hands.
- Less transparent practices leading to lower accountability allowing for more corrupt practices
- Weak laws that do not prosecute corrupt practices

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- Southeast Asian countries governments are no transparent. As the government information is not easily accessible to the public, which makes it more difficult to detect and expose corruption.

- Poverty is a major problem in some Southeast Asian countries which could lead to corruption, as people may be more likely to engage in corrupt activities if they are struggling to make ends meet.

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Regulations & stricter laws that need to be complied with.

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Regulations & stricter laws that need to be complied with.

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1) Iceland
- Ban on donations from corporations
with government contracts or partial government ownership to political candidates
-There is a ban on vote buying

2)Norway
-Law Enforcement Fines
The penalty for fraud is fines or imprisonment
for up to three years.

-Any person who aids in
fraud is liable to the same penalty.

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Nordic countries are led with almost similar leadership styles (democratic - Norway, targeted leadership - Denmark, relationship orientation - Sweden, etc.)

South East Asian countries have differing leadership styles with the presence of monarchs, history of colonial influences and diverse cultures. Globalisation impedes the moral ethics of countries that depend on their neighbours for income or natural resources, forcing them to commit to some corruption for their citizens to survive. :(

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Lack of enforcements & a number of corrupted public officers the SEA countries faced 

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Lack of enforcements & a number of corrupted public officers the SEA countries faced 

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1. Southeast Asia -> Opium surge -> Golden Triangle
-> Organized crime -> corruption is extensive at all levels of government, police, military, and civil service -> Laws aimed at curbing corruption are rarely enforced -> additional factors governments face other problems, COVID-19 pandemic and the military coup in Myanmar.

2.
-For example, a Thai massage parlor was raided
-100 trafficked individuals from Myanmar, Laos, and China were found
-Documentation revealed more than 20 public officials had received services from the parlor
-In return for turning a blind eye to the trafficking of these women and children for sexual exploitation

Bangkok brothel raid sparks bribery, trafficking probe

https://www.france24.com/en/20180115-bangkok-brothel-raid-sparks-bribery-trafficking-probe

-Afiqah-

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Bangkok (AFP) -

Five Thai policemen and a human trafficking official are under investigation for allegedly receiving free services from a Bangkok massage parlour accused of coercing underage girls into the sex trade, authorities said Monday.

Acting on a tip-off, police raided the 'Victoria Secret' parlour last week in a Bangkok neighbourhood notorious for its gaudy and cavernous brothels where sex is illegal -- but openly sold.

They found more than 100 sex workers from Thailand, Myanmar, Laos and China, at least three of whom were under 18 and had been forced into the industry.

A ledger discovered during the raid and circulated by local media named more than 20 officials who had received free food, booze and even massages, with a superintendent among five local cops on the list.

An unnamed human trafficking official and a tax officer were also named among the recipients facing a probe by the anti-graft office.

Monthly receipts dated from March 2014 to October 2017 gave a detailed breakdown of each gratuity.

Interior Ministry official Kongrob Kratumnat confirmed the documents were "real", adding detectives were also examining a computer seized at the parlour.

"There is still a lot of information related to many government officials left on the computer which will take time to investigate," he told reporters.

Reports suggested the brothel was also linked to cross-border trafficking of women from poor Southeast Asian countries through Thailand and onto Malaysia.

Thailand is renowned for its laissez-faire attitude towards prostitution, which is illegal but widely tolerated.

Public officials are routinely implicated in kickback scandals allowing the sex industry to flourish, but police rarely face prosecution in a country where wealth and rank shields wrongdoers from the law.

The age and background of another 25 sex workers from the parlour is being checked in case they are also minors, an official from Thailand's Department of Special Investigation (DSI) told reporters on Monday.

"Eighty-five other women could be charged for illegally selling sex and deported," the official added, requesting anonymity.

in 2017 Thailand, which draws millions of migrant workers from poorer surrounding nations, remained on Tier 2 of a US watchlist for failing to meet "the minimum standards" to combat human trafficking.

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Bangkok brothel raid sparks bribery, trafficking probe - France 24

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Bangkok brothel raid sparks bribery, trafficking probe

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Weak governance from the country’s historical political parties and government. Also a weak rule of law where government and companies can exploit laws and legal obligations.

Guaranteed rights to the people and promises not fulfilled in action to with undue delays which crates low levels of trust from the people.

Low levels of democracy due to economic inequality where jobs positions are not fulfilled correctly or salaries are not met to expectations.
Zan

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1. Scandinavian countries have very strong social welfare systems. This helps to reduce social inequality among the population. The citizens know they are well taken care of.

2. These countries implement quality education and have a high literacy rate. This allows their population to think critically because they are able to understand their rights and government policies.

3. Some of these countries have strong institutions and laws. This makes people less prone to commit corruption.

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Poverty is a serious issue in the countries of Southeast Asia. High levels of income inequality can lead to corruption when individuals in positions of power and wealth use their positions for personal advantage. The poor are more prone to embrace corruption as a means of obtaining public services or advantages.

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1. Poor governance of the government, such as weak legal frameworks, lack of regulatory structure, and not being transparent, are common reasons for corruption. For example, even though Thailand has strict laws, former premier Thaksin lived in exile away from Thailand after being found corrupt and sought pardon from the King when he returned.

2. Their population struggle to make ends meet, as many live below the poverty line. For example, Myanmar has the highest population living below the poverty line. Thus, it is unsurprising that corruption is rife in Myanmar.