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revisão crítica da filmografia do Drácula

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revisão crítica da filmografia do Drácula

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Alternar o índice

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Lâmia (em grego: Λάμια), na mitologia grega, era uma rainha da Líbia que se tornou um demônio devorador de crianças. Chamavam-se também de lâmias certos tipos de monstros, bruxas ou espíritos femininos, que atacavam jovens ou viajantes e lhes sugavam o sangue.

Diversas histórias são contadas a respeito de Lâmia. Sua aparência também varia de lenda para lenda. Na maior parte das versões, contudo, seu corpo, abaixo da cintura, tem a forma de uma cauda de serpente. Esta versão popularizou-se especialmente a partir do poema Lamia, publicado pelo inglês John Keats em 1819. Diodoro Sículo, por sua vez, a descreve como uma mulher de rosto distorcido.

De acordo com a versão mais corrente, Lâmia era uma belíssima rainha da Líbia, filha de Posídon e amante de Zeus, de quem concebeu muitos filhos, dentre os quais a ninfa Líbia. Hera, mulher de Zeus, corroída pelos ciúmes, matava seus filhos ao nascer e, ao final, a transformou em um monstro (em outras versões Lâmia foi esconder-se em uma caverna isolada e o que a transformou em um monstro foi seu próprio desespero). Por fim, para torturá-la ainda mais, Lâmia foi condenada por Hera a não poder cerrar os olhos, para que ficasse para sempre obcecada com a imagem dos filhos mortos. Zeus, apiedado, deu-lhe o dom de poder extrair os olhos de vez em quando para descansar.

Segundo opinião bastante difundida, a Lâmia mitológica serviu de modelo para as lâmias ( Lâmiae em latim), ora descritas como bruxas, ora como espíritos e ora monstros, humanos da cintura para cima, mas com caudas de serpente. As lâmias atraíam os viajantes expondo os belos seios e emitindo um agradável cicio, para depois matá-los, sugar seu sangue e devorar seus corpos. Neste aspecto, as lâmias constituem um antecedente dos súcubos da Idade Média e das modernas vampiresas.

Com frequência a Lâmia é descrita nos bestiários de outras culturas como criaturas de natureza selvagem e maligna, com garras nas patas dianteiras, cascos nas patas traseiras, rosto e busto femininos e o corpo coberto de escamas. Também é associada à Lilith da mitologia hebraica. Nos folclores neo-helênico, basco e búlgaro podem ser encontradas lendas sobre Lâmias, herdeiras da tradição clássica.

Na mitologia basca, as lâmias são gênios com pés e garras de ave e cauda de peixe. Quase sempre femininos e de admirável beleza, moravam nos rios e fontes, onde costumavam pentear suas longas cabeleiras. São em geral amáveis, mas ficam enfurecidas se alguém rouba seus peixes. Às vezes se apaixonam por mortais e até têm filhos com eles, mas não podem se casar.

No folclore búlgaro, as lâmias são criaturas misteriosas, geralmente femininas, com muitas cabeças, que, se cortadas podem se regenerar (como a Hidra de Lerna). Vivem em cavernas ou no subsolo e atormentam os povoados, alimentando-se de sangue humano ou devorando mulheres jovens. Em algumas versões têm asas, em outras sua respiração é de fogo.

No livro de Isaías, na Vulgata latina se refere a lâmia uma única vez: et occurrent dæmonia onocentauris et pilosus clamabit alter ad alterum ibi cubavit lamia et invenit sibi requiem.

Referências

1. Keats, John, ↑ John Keats, the Complete Poems, Middlesex, Inglaterra: Penguin Books, p.414

2. ↑ "Keats, "Lamia"" (em ingles)

3. Diodoro Sículo, ↑ Biblioteca de História, xx.41.

4. ↑ Homero, Odisseia, 12.124 e scholia, Rio de Janeiro:Ed. Ediouro

5. ↑ Dicionario de la Mitologia Mundial, p.183, Ed. EDAF, Madri (em castelhano)

6. ↑ Vulgata Latina- Isaías 34:14.

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Alternar o índice Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. Lâmia (em grego: Λάμια), na mitologia grega, era uma rainha da Líbia que se tornou um demônio devorador de crianças. Chamavam-se também de lâmias certos tipos de monstros, bruxas ou espíritos femininos, que atacavam jovens ou viajantes e lhes sugavam o sangue.

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se Elizabeta fosse uma voluntaria francesa no front...

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vem da Hungria sec. XV?

baixa Idade Media, Viking sec. XI?

alta idade média, rei Arthur, sec. VI?

faz Sorina em Lisboa, 1755

faz Michel em …….. 1812/13 - na Russia? ou no caminho?

Ela vai vivendo de quê? tráficos variados?

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contam que Carlos V, que desde muito menino teve de estudar uma porção de idiomas, por quantas e tantas terras e povos em que reinar, costumava dizer que: o espanhol era para falar com os reis, o italiano com a mulher amada, o francês com o amigo, o holandês com serviçais, o alemão com os soldados, o latim com Deus, o húngaro...com o diabo.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwitgrms8sj_AhWppZUCHd8EBAcQFnoECB8QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fseer.ufrgs.br%2Findex.php%2Fconexaoletras%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F55690%2F33844&usg=AOvVaw2e_OgnMoZqKqg9wTSJHbPB&opi=89978449

No prefácio de seu livro “Budapeste”, Chico Buarque escreve que “húngaro é a única língua do mundo que, segundo as más línguas, até o diabo respeita”.

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Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed ( Hungarian: Báthori Erzsébet, pronounced [ˈbaːtoriˈɛrʒeːbɛt]; Slovak: Alžbeta Bátoriová; 7 August 1560 - 21 August 1614) was a Hungarian noblewoman and alleged serial killer from the Báthory family, who owned land in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Slovakia). Báthory and four of her servants were accused of torturing and killing hundreds of girls and women from 1590 to 1610. Her servants were put on trial and convicted whereas Báthory was imprisoned within the Castle of Csejte (Čachtice), where she died under mysterious circumstances.

The charges leveled against Báthory have been described by several historians as a witch-hunt. Other writers, such as Michael Farin in 1989, have said that the accusations against Báthory were supported by testimony from more than 300 individuals, some of whom described physical evidence and the presence of mutilated dead, dying and imprisoned girls found at the time of her arrest. Recent sources claim that the accusations were a spectacle to destroy her family's influence in the region, which was considered a threat to the political interests of her neighbors, including the Habsburg empire.

Stories about Báthory quickly became part of national folklore. Legends describing her vampiric tendencies, such as the tale that she bathed in the blood of virgins to retain her youth, were generally recorded years after her death and are considered unreliable. Some insist she inspired Bram Stoker's (1897), although Stoker's notes on the novel provided no direct evidence to support this hypothesis. Nicknames and literary epithets attributed to her include Blood Countess and Countess Dracula.

Ecsed, the lake and the old castle

Elizabeth was born in 1560 on a family estate in Nyírbátor, Royal Hungary, and spent her childhood at Ecsed Castle. Her father was Baron George VI Báthory of the Ecsed branch of the family, brother of Andrew Bonaventura Báthory, who had been voivode of Transylvania. Her paternal great-grandparents were Anna Radziwiłł, a member of the influential Polish-Lithuanian Radziwiłł family, and Konrad the Red, Duke of Masovia and Warsaw, who was a member of the Piast dynasty. Her mother was Baroness Anna Báthory (1539-1570), daughter of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó. Through her mother, Elizabeth was the niece of Stephen Báthory (1533-1586), Prince of Transylvania, who became the ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. She had several siblings; her older brother Stephen (1555-1605) served as a Judge Royal of Hungary.

Báthory was raised a Calvinist Protestant, and learned Latin, German, Hungarian and Greek as a young woman. Born into a privileged noble family, she was endowed with wealth, education, and a prominent social rank. A proposal made by some sources in order to explain Báthory's cruelty later in her life is that she was trained by her family to be cruel.

As a child, Báthory had multiple seizures that may have been caused by epilepsy. At the time, symptoms relating to epilepsy were diagnosed as falling sickness and treatments included rubbing blood of a non-sufferer on the lips of an epileptic or giving the epileptic a mix of a non-sufferer's blood and piece of skull as their episode ended.

At the age of 13, before her first marriage, Báthory allegedly gave birth to a child. The child, said to have been fathered by a peasant boy, was supposedly given away to a local woman who was trusted by the Báthory family. The woman was paid for her actions, and the child was taken to Wallachia. Evidence of this pregnancy came up long after Elizabeth's death, through rumors spread by peasants; therefore, the validity of the rumor is often disputed.

Portraits of Nádasdy and Báthori from the Čachtice Museum

In 1573, Báthory was engaged to Count Ferenc Nádasdy, a member of the Nadasdy family. It was a political arrangement within the circles of the aristocracy. Nádasdy was the son of Baron Tamás Nádasdy de Nádasd et Fogarasföld and Orsolya Kanizsai.

On 8 May 1575, Báthory and Nádasdy were married at the palace of Varannó (today Vranov nad Topľou, Slovakia). The marriage resulted in combined land ownership in both Transylvania and the Kingdom of Hungary.

Nádasdy's wedding gift to Báthory was his household, Castle of Csejte (Čachtice), situated in the Little Carpathians near Vág-Ujhely and Trencsén (present-day Nové Mesto nad Váhom and Trenčín, Slovakia). The castle had been bought by his mother in 1569 and given to Nádasdy, who transferred it to Elizabeth during their nuptials, together with the Csejte country house and seventeen adjacent villages.

After the wedding, the couple lived in Nadasdy's castle at Sárvár.

In 1578, three years into their marriage, Nádasdy became the chief commander of Hungarian troops, leading them to war against the Ottomans. Báthory managed business affairs and the family's multiple estates during the war. This role usually included responsibility for the Hungarian and Slovak people, providing medical care during the Long War (1593-1606), and Báthory was charged with the defense of her husband's estates, which lay on the route to Vienna. The threat of attack was significant, for the village of Csejte had previously been plundered by the Ottomans while Sárvár, located near the border that divided Royal Hungary and Ottoman-occupied Hungary, was in even greater danger.

Báthory's daughter, Anna Nádasdy, was born in 1585 and was later to become the wife of Nikola VI Zrinski. Báthory's other known children include Orsolya (Orsika) Nádasdy (1590 - unknown) who would later become the wife of István II Benyó; Katalin (Kata or Katherina) Nádasdy (1594 - unknown); András Nádasdy (1596-1603); and Pál (Paul) Nádasdy (1598-1650), father of Franz III Nádasdy, who was one of the leaders of the Magnate conspiracy against Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. Some chronicles also indicate that the couple had another son, named Miklós Nádasdy, who married Zsuzsanna Zrinski. However, this cannot be confirmed, and it could be that he was simply a cousin or died young, as he is not named in Báthory's will from 1610. György Nádasdy is also supposedly the name of one of the deceased Nádasdy infants, but this cannot be confirmed. All of Elizabeth's children were cared for by governesses, as Báthory herself had been.

Ferenc Nádasdy died on 4 January 1604 at the age of 48. Although the exact nature of the illness which led to his death is unknown, it seems to have started in 1601, and initially caused debilitating pain in his legs. From that time, he never fully recovered, and in 1603 became permanently disabled. He had been married to Báthory for 29 years. Before dying, Nádasdy entrusted his heirs and widow to György Thurzó, who would eventually lead the investigation into Báthory's crimes.

Elizabeth Báthory from Zay artist. Probably a copy of the other painting which is at the Hungarian National Museum, in Budapest (also made by Zay). Mentioned in the Magyar Várak book, page 34.

Between 1602 and 1604, after rumors of Báthory's atrocities had spread throughout the kingdom, Lutheran minister István Magyari made complaints against her, both publicly and at the court in Vienna. In 1610, Matthias II assigned György Thurzó, the Palatine of Hungary, to investigate. Thurzó ordered two notaries, András Keresztúry and Mózes Cziráky, to collect evidence in March 1610. By October 1610 they had collected 52 witness statements; by 1611, that number had risen to over 300.

Báthory is said to have begun killing daughters of the lesser gentry, who were sent to her gynaeceum by their parents to learn courtly etiquette. The use of needles was also mentioned by the collaborators in court. There were many suspected forms of torture carried out by Báthory.

Some witnesses named relatives who died while at the gynaeceum. Others reported having seen traces of torture on dead bodies, some of which were buried in graveyards, and others in unmarked locations.

On 13 December 1612, Nikola VI Zrinski confirmed the agreement with Thurzó about the imprisonment of Báthory and distribution of the estate. On New Year's Eve 1612, Thurzó went to Csejte Castle and arrested Báthory along with four of her servants, who were accused of being her accomplices: Dorotya Semtész, Ilona Jó, Katarína Benická and János Újváry ("Ibis" or Fickó). According to Thurzó's letter to his wife, his unannounced visit found one dead girl and another living "prey" girl in the castle, but there is no evidence that they asked her what had happened to her. Although it is commonly believed that Báthory was caught in the act of torture, she was having dinner. Initially, Thurzó made the declaration to Báthory's guests and villagers that he had caught her red-handed. However, she was arrested and detained prior to the discovery or presentation of the victims. It seems most likely that the claim of Thurzó's discovering Báthory covered in blood has been the embellishment of fictionalized accounts.

Thurzó debated further proceedings with Báthory's son Paul and two of her sons-in-law, Nikola VI Zrinski and György Drugeth. Her family, which ruled Transylvania, sought to avoid the loss of Báthory's property which was at risk of being seized by the crown following a public scandal. Thurzó, along with Paul and her two sons-in-law, originally planned for Báthory to be sent to a nunnery, but as accounts of her actions spread, they decided to keep her under strict house arrest.

Most of the witnesses testified that they had heard the accusations from others, but did not see it themselves. The servants confessed under torture, which is not credible in contemporary proceedings. They were the king's witnesses, but they were executed. Ilona Jó and Dorottya Szentes had their fingers torn out with a pair of red-hot pincers and were then burned alive. Due to his youth and the belief that he was less culpable, János Újváry was executed by a much less painful method: beheading. Afterwards, his body was burned on the same pyre as Jó and Szentes. Another servant, Erzsi Majorova, initially escaped capture, but was burned alive after being apprehended. Katarína Benická received a life sentence after evidence showed that she'd been abused by the other women.

The accusations of murder were based on rumors. There is no document to prove that anyone in the area complained about the Countess. In this time period, if someone was harmed, or someone even stole a chicken, a letter of complaint was written. Two trials were held in the wake of Báthory's arrest: the first was held on 2 January 1611, and the second on 7 January 1611.

The highest number of victims cited during the trial of Báthory's accomplices was 650, but this number comes from the claim by a servant girl named Susannah that Jakab Szilvássy, Báthory's court official, had seen the figure in one of Báthory's private books. The book was never revealed and Szilvássy never mentioned it in his testimony.

On 25 January 1611, Thurzó wrote a letter to King Matthias describing that they had captured and confined Báthory to her castle. The palatine also coordinated the steps of the investigation with the political struggle with the Prince of Transylvania. She was detained in the castle of Csejte for the remainder of her life, where she died at the age of 54. As György Thurzó wrote, Elizabeth Báthory was locked in a bricked room, but according to other sources (written documents from the visit of priests, July 1614), she was able to move freely and unhindered in the castle, more akin to house arrest.

She wrote a will in September 1610, in which she left all current and future inheritance possession to her children. In the last month of 1610, she signed her arrangement, in which she distributed the estates, lands and possessions among her children. On the evening of 20 August 1614, Báthory complained to her bodyguard that her hands were cold, whereupon he replied "It's nothing, mistress. Just go lie down." She went to sleep and was found dead the following morning. She was buried in the church of Csejte on 25 November 1614, but according to some sources due to the villagers' uproar over having the Countess buried in their cemetery, her body was moved to her birth home at Ecsed, where it was interred at the Báthory family crypt. The location of her body today is unknown but believed to be buried deep in the church area of the castle. The Csejte church and the castle of Csejte do not bear any markings of her possible grave.

Several authors, such as László Nagy and Irma Szádeczky-Kardoss, have argued that Elizabeth Báthory was a victim of a conspiracy. Nagy argued that the proceedings against Báthory were largely politically motivated, possibly due to her extensive wealth and ownership of large areas of land in Hungary, which increased after the death of her husband. The theory is consistent with Hungarian history at that time, which included religious and political conflicts, especially relating to the wars with the Ottoman Empire, the spread of Protestantism and the extension of Habsburg power over Hungary. Moreover, Matthias owed a large debt to Báthory, which was cancelled after she was arrested.

There are counter-arguments made against this theory. The investigation into Báthory's crimes was sparked by complaints from a Lutheran minister, István Magyari. This does not contribute to the notion of a Catholic/Habsburg plot against the Protestant Báthory, although religious tension is still a possible source of conflict, as Báthory was raised Calvinist, not Lutheran. To support Báthory's innocence, the testimony of around 300 witnesses and the physical evidence collected by the investigators have to be addressed or disputed. That evidence included numerous bodies and dead and dying girls found when the castle was entered by Thurzó. Szádeczky-Kardoss argues that the physical evidence was exaggerated and Thurzó misrepresented dead and wounded patients as victims of Báthory, as disgracing her would greatly benefit his political state ambitions.

The case of Elizabeth Báthory inspired numerous stories during the 18th and 19th centuries. The most common motif of these works was that of the countess bathing in her virgin victims' blood to retain beauty or youth. This legend appeared in print for the first time in 1729, in the Jesuit scholar László Turóczi's Tragica Historia, the first written account of the Báthory case. The story came into question in 1817 when the witness accounts (which had surfaced in 1765) were published for the first time. They included no references to blood baths. In his book Hungary and Transylvania, published in 1850, John Paget describes the supposed origins of Báthory's blood-bathing, although his tale seems to be a fictionalized recitation of oral history from the area. It is difficult to know how accurate his account of events is. Sadistic pleasure is considered a far more plausible motive for Báthory's crimes.

Báthory has been labelled by Guinness World Records as the most prolific female murderer, though the number of her victims is debated.

Báthory was the great-great-granddaughter of Barbara Aleksandrówna and Bolesław IV of Warsaw, and Mikalojus Radvila the Old; the 3rd great-granddaughter of Bolesław Januszowic; the 4th great-granddaughter of Vladimir Olgerdovich; and the 5th great-granddaughter of Algirdas.

1. Pallardy, Richard. "Elizabeth Bathory | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015.

2. Ramsland, Katherine. "Lady of Blood: Countess Bathory". Crime Library. Turner Entertainment Networks Inc. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014.

3. ^ Irma Szádeczky-Kardoss: "The Bloody Countess? An Examination of the Life and Trial of Erzsébet Báthory", translated by Lujza Nehrebeczky, Hungarian original published in Élet és Tudomány , September 2005

4. Lengyel, Tünde; Várkonyi, Gábor (2011). Báthory Erzsébet, egy asszony élete [Erzsébet Báthory: The Life of a Woman]. Budapest: General Press. pp. 285-291. ISBN 9789636431686.

5. Lengyel Tünde, Várkonyi Gábor: Báthory Erzsébet - egy asszony élete / Life of a woman

6. ^ Bartosiewicz, Aleksandra (December 2018). "Elisabeth Báthory - a true story". Przegląd Nauk Historycznych. Lodz University Press, Poland. 17 (3): 103-122. doi:10.18778/1644-857X.17.03.04. hdl:11089/27178. S2CID 188107395.

7. ^ "The Plain Story". Elizabethbathory.net. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013.

8. ^ Joshi, S. T. (2011). Encyclopedia of the Vampire: The Living Dead in Myth, Legend, and Popular Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 6. ISBN 9780313378331.

9. ^ Stoker, Bram; Eighteen-Bisang, Robert; Miller, Elizabeth (2008). Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 131. ISBN 9780786477302.

10. ^ Thorne, Tony (2012). Countess Dracula: The Life and Times of Elisabeth Bathory, the Blood Countess. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781408833650.

11. The most notorious serial killers : ruthless, twisted murderers whose crimes chilled the nation. United Kingdom: TI Incorporated Books. 2017. ISBN 9781683300274. OCLC 982117998.

12. Bathory-Kitsz, Dennis (4 June 2009). "Báthory Erzsébet - Báthory Erzsébet: Short FAQ". Bathory.org.[self-published source ]

13. ^ Leslie, Carroll (2014). Royal Pains: A Rogues' Gallery of Brats, Brutes, and Bad Seeds. New York City: New American Library. pp. 160-161. ISBN 9781101478776. OCLC 883306686.

14. ^ Holmes, Gregory L. (January 1995). "The falling sickness. A history of epilepsy from the Greeks to the beginnings of modern neurology". Journal of Epilepsy. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 8 (1): 214-215. doi:10.1016/s0896-6974(95)90017-9. ISSN 0896-6974. PMC .

15. A letter from 12 December 1610 by Elizabeth's son-in-law Zrínyi to ^ Thurzó refers to an agreement made earlier. See

16. ^ "No Blood in the Water: The Legal and GenderConspiracies Against Countess Elizabeth Bathory in Historical Context".

17. ^ Bledsaw, Rachael (20 February 2014). No Blood in the Water: The Legal and Gender Conspiracies Against Countess Elizabeth Bathory in Historical Context (MS thesis). Illinois State University. doi:10.30707/ETD2014.Bledsaw.R.

18. ^ Szádeczky-Kardoss Irma - Báthory Erzsébet igazsága / The truth of Elizabeth Báthory (10 years of research using contemporary correspondence)

19. Infamous Lady the true story of Countess Erzsebet Bathory Kimberly L. Craft 2009 p.298

20. ^ Szakály, Ferenc (1994). "The Early Ottoman Period, Including Royal Hungary, 1526-1606". In Sugar, Peter F. (ed.). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. pp. 83-99. ISBN 978-0-253-20867-5.

21. in ^ Ungaria suis *** regibus compendia data, Typis Academicis Soc. Jesu per Fridericum Gall. Anno MCCCXXIX. Mense Sepembri Die 8. p 188-193, quoted by Farin

22. ^ Paget, John (1850). Hungary and Transylvania; with remarks on their condition, Social, Political and Economical. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. pp. 50-51.

23. Alois Freyherr von Mednyansky: ^ Elisabeth Báthory, in Hesperus, Prague, October 1812, vol. 2, No. 59, pp. 470-472, quoted by

24. ^ "Most prolific female murderer". Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records Limited. The most prolific female murderer and the most prolific murderer of the western world, was Elizabeth Báthory, who practised vampirism on girls and young women. Described as the most vicious female serial killer of all time, the facts and fiction on the events that occurred behind the deaths of these young girls are blurred. Throughout the 15th century, she is alleged to have killed more than 600 virgins.

25. ^ Markó, László (2000). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon [Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian). Magyar Könyvklub. p. 256. ISBN 978-963-547-085-3.

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Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed ( Hungarian: Báthori Erzsébet, pronounced [ˈbaːtoriˈɛrʒeːbɛt]; Slovak: Alžbeta Bátoriová; 7 August 1560 - 21 August 1614) was a Hungarian noblewoman and alleged serial killer from the Báthory family, who owned land in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Slovakia).