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March 1946 - Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech

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March 1946 - Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech

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Former British prime minister, Winston Churchill, delivered a speech in Fulton, Missouri on March 5, 1946. Churchill delivered the speech because he hated the Soviet Union and wanted to cause problems for it. Following his speech, the tension between the US and Soviet Union significantly increased.

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On April 3, 1948, President Truman signed the Economic Recovery Act of 1948. It became known as the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was very effective in preventing the spread of communism in Western Europe and had created economically strong democratic allies for the US.

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The Berlin Blockade was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. Soviet forces blockaded all road, rail and water routes into Berlin's Allied-controlled areas.

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created on April 4, 1949. The purpose was to secure peace in Europe, to promote cooperation among its members, and to guard their freedom.

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The Communist Revolution in China began on August 1, 1927. China became a communist country after World War II because the Chinese Communist Party won the Chinese Civil War. On October 19, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People's Republic of China.

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The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea in an effort to unify the two countries. The UN and the United States soon intervened, hoping to halt the spread of Communism to the South. After securing the 38th parallel border, the US aimed to “liberate” North Korea from Communism rather than just allowing the countries to return to pre-war terms. US and UN forces were unsuccessful in unifying the countries under South Korean rule. The conflict ended on July 26, 1953, following two years of peace negotiations that left North and South Korea divided.

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It signaled the end of legalized racial segregation in the schools of the United States. In the case of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court struck down the Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” decision when it ruled that segregation of public school children based on race was unconstitutional.

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The Vietnam War (1955-1975) was fought between communist North Vietnam, backed by the Soviet Union and China, and South Vietnam, supported by the United States. The bloody conflict had its roots in French colonial rule and an independence movement driven by communist leader Ho Chi Minh. South Vietnam withdrew from the French Union Assembly and terminated many financial and economic agreements with France, thus severing nearly all its former colonial ties to France. The United States closed its embassy in Hanoi, thus ending formal diplomatic relations with North Vietnam.

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The Montgomery bus boycott began on December 6, 1955, prompted by the arrest five days earlier of Rosa Parks, who had refused to give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger. The boycotters, led by Martin Luther King Jr., walked and carpooled to protest segregation in public transportation. They faced harassment and violence from white police and residents. In November 1956, the Supreme Court ruled in Gayle et al. v. Browser that segregation of the city’s buses was unconstitutional. African Americans returned to Montgomery’s buses on December 21, 1956.

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The Suez Crisis was an invasion of Egypt in 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain control of the Suez Cartel for the Western powers and to remove the Egyptian president.

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1957 - Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

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1957 - Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

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The SCLC is a civil rights organization founded in 1957. It was best known for attempting to push the federal government to support civil rights initiatives. It was closely associated with Martin Luther King Jr.

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On October 4, 1957 the Sputnik was created by the Soviet Union, Sputnik I became the first satellite launched into space in October 1957. It was followed by Sputnik II a month later. The launch of the two satellites marked the beginning of the space race as a high stakes competition with national security implications between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviets’ success in launching the satellites also prompted the US to increase federal spending on education and technology advances.

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On april 17th of 1961 the Bay of Pigs invasion took place. In an invasion planned by the United States Central Intelligence Agency and approved by the Kennedy administration, US-backed Cuban anti-Castro forces landed at the Bay of Pigs but were overcome by Castro’s troops. More than 1100 men were captured in an embarrassing defeat. The prisoners were eventually ransomed back to the US in exchange for food and medicine.

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A group of African American and white activists left Washington, DC, for New Orleans in the first Freedom Ride. Freedom Riders intended to test the enforcement of the ban on segregation in interstate bus travel. The riders faced violent attacks and arrest. Local police forces did nothing to protect them from angry white mobs. Eventually the National Guard was called in for the riders’ protection. On May 29, Robert F. Kennedy petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the interstate travel segregation ban.

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On the day of August 13, 1961 the Berlin Wall was built. The official purpose of this Berlin Wall was to keep so-called Western “fascists” from entering East Germany and undermining the socialist state, but it primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections from East to West. Soviet and East German troops began building the Berlin Wall to close off the western part of city after shutting down interallied checkpoints.

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1962 - Creation of United Farm Workers (UFW)

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1962 - Creation of United Farm Workers (UFW)

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The UFW began in 1962 by Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Gilbert Padilla, and other early organizers. It was the nation's first enduring and largest farm workers union.

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On October 16, 1962, President Kennedy learned of Soviet plans for missile installation in Cuba and announced a blockade of Cuba to prevent more missiles from entering the country. In the following days, Kennedy and Khrushchev exchanged messages under mutual threat of nuclear war. On October 28, Khrushchev agreed to halt missile work in Cuba, and Kennedy promised to withdraw missiles from Turkey. The agreement put an end to the crisis and averted an escalation to major nuclear conflict.

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Publication of the Feminine Mystique 1963

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Publication of the Feminine Mystique 1963

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The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan, published on February 19, 1963, is considered one of the most influential non-fiction books of the 20th century, and was a major inspiration for the modern feminist movement in the United States. It was widely credited with sparking second-wave feminism throughout the United States.

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This event took place on August 8, 1863. Martin Luther King Jr. and others led more than 200,000 civil rights supporters in a March on Washington. There, King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech, declaring that “we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.”

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Shortly after noon on November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he rode in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. He was shot in the head by Lee Harvey Oswald.

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President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII of the act banned discrimination based on sex, race, color, religion, or national origin. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing.

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited literacy tests as a requirement for voting and allowed federal election supervision of elections in places where African Americans had been prevented from voting.

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The Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War. It was important because it marked the peak of U.S. involvement in the war. It was a catastrophic military failure for communists after 50,000 troops died in effort to gain control of the southern part of the country.

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A riot broke out as a result of a police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City’s Greenwich Village. Members of the gay community clashed with police over the next few days. The protests over mistreatment and oppression sparked a wider movement for gay rights.

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1969 - "Red Power" occupation of Alcatraz

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1969 - "Red Power" occupation of Alcatraz

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The Occupation of Alcatraz was a 19-month long protest when 89 Native Americans and their supporters occupied Alcatraz Island. It awakened American Indian people to the possibilities of protest politics.

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1972 - Title IX of the Educational Amendments

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1972 - Title IX of the Educational Amendments

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Title IX of the Educational Amendments prohibited discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. By one year after it passed, scholarships at the larger schools were being provided, along with money for equipment and uniforms, and expanded travel schedules.

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The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's countless attempts to cover up their involvement in the burglary of the Democratic National Committee's office. The scandal led to Nixon's resignation.

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Roe vs Wade was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the court ruled that the Constitution of the United States would generally protect a pregnant woman's liberty to have an abortion. It allowed a person to choose have an abortion until the fetus becomes viable.

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August 9, 1974 Resignation of Richard Nixon

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August 9, 1974 Resignation of Richard Nixon

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On August 9 ,1974 Richard Nixon resigned from office. Rather than face impeachment for his role in the Watergate scandal, Richard Nixon resigned as president of the United States. His successor was Gerald Ford, whom Nixon had appointed vice president upon Spiro Agnew’s resignation.

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On March 27, 1980, a series of volcanic explosions began at Mount Saint Helens in Skamania County, Washington. On May 18, 1980, a major explosive eruption occurred resulting in 57 deaths.

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On the day of August 13, 1981, Ronald Reagan signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act, a major tax-reform bill based on “supply side economics,” cutting taxes and regulations. The act implemented an across-the-board tax cut for individuals, reduced the maximum income tax rate, lowered capital gains and estate taxes, and expanded individual retirement accounts.

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1986 - Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

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1986 - Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

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On January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew members aboard. The spacecraft disintegrated 46,000 feet above the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida.

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On August 2, 1990 the Persian Gulf War began. After Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded Kuwait in August 1990, President Bush headed a coalition to set a deadline for Iraqi withdrawal. When Iraq failed to leave Kuwait, on January 17, 1991, the US-led coalition began a series of air attacks on Iraq and Iraqi-controlled regions of Kuwait. A ground assault began on February 23, and Kuwait was liberated on February 28, with Iraq accepting the conditions of a UN resolution for a ceasefire.

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Four white police officers on trial in Los Angeles for the brutal videotaped beating of an African American man, Rodney King, received verdicts in the case. One was convicted of excessive force and the other three were cleared of all charges. The verdicts prompted three days of riots throughout Los Angeles, during which more than fifty people were killed, four thousand injured, and twelve thousand arrested.

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On February 26, 1993, the World Trade Center is bombed by Islamic terrorists when a van parked below the North Tower of the structure explodes. Six people are killed and over one thousand are injured.

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On June 17, 1994, OJ Simpson was arrested for murder after the bodies of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were found outside their home five days before. Later, the case was acquitted on October 3, 1995.

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The Monica Lewinsky scandal begins when U.S. President Bill Clinton denies his relationship with the White House intern in a televised interview. This denial would lead to the impeachment of the president.

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On Tuesday, September 11, 2001, terrorists executed a series of attacks masterminded by al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. At 8:46 a.m., a hijacked plane crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. A second plane crashed into the South Tower at 9:03 a.m. At 9:37 a.m., a third plane hit the Pentagon in Washington, DC. At 10:03 a.m., passengers on a fourth hijacked plane caused it to crash in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, before the hijackers could fly it to its intended target, likely Washington, DC. Nearly 3,000 people were killed, making the September 11 plot the deadliest attack ever perpetrated on American soil.

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The “Great Recession” in the United States lasted and the global recession that resulted from it lasted from December 2007 to June 2009. Among the contributing factors were, an "over-heated" housing market and huge losses on mortgage-backed securities. One of the largest corporate casualties was the investment firm Lehman Brothers, which declared bankruptcy in September 2008. Other major corporations failed as well, including Countrywide Financial, Bear Stearns, IndyMac, and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.