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I like this drawing because it shows an animal that is not alive today. People write want they saw and they saw this fish like animal and I love it. It gives us evidence to lost creature in time. It can help confirm its place it time and give us a look at what they looked like.

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Hall of Bulls, Lascaux, is one of the earliest paintings in human history. It shows to bulls staring each other down, as if they are going to fight. This drawn on a wall of a cave, as this was the only home and solid service they had the draw there paintings. They drew the bulls to show the what they saw and hunted, due to there hunter and gather lifestyle. This also is why it was a roughed and limited painting. https://artincontext.org/hall-of-bulls/

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The prehistoric carving is considered a masterpiece of Paleolithic art with significance in several key areas. Created by the Magdalenian culture in France around 15,000 BCE, its importance lies in its exceptional realism, its reflection of Ice Age life, and its fusion of artistic and functional purposes.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Madeleine_bison_licking_its_flank.jpg

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The print is from The Book of Days, witch was the Aztec calander and was a divinatory tool, as priests used it to interpret the destiny of newborns, determine auspicious times for events like planting and harvesting, and guide rituals. It was also crucial for maintaining the world's delicate cosmic balance, ensuring that actions were performed on the correct days to avoid disaster.

https://maya.nmai.si.edu/calendar/calendar-system

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This is one of the erilest examples of artwork in the now work, depiction relgoius fuigers, to show there importance in there lives. It also shows the unfication of Lower and Upper Egypt for the Old Kingdom.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/15774189486

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It served as a major ritual and ceremonial center with significant astronomical alignments, particularly for solstices, and was also used as a burial ground for elites, with evidence of its central role in a unifying ideology for different ancestral groups.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AStonehenge2007_07_30.jpg

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Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Sphinx, 2558 BCE

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Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Sphinx, 2558 BCE

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This is a representation of the pharaoh's power, divine connection, and the spiritual beliefs of the Old Kingdom. The pyramid served as a tomb and a stairway for the pharaoh's soul to ascend to the heavens, while the colossal Sphinx, a fusion of human and animal, embodied royal authority and was a guardian of the sacred burial complex

https://www.flickr.com/photos/jlascar/14802850772

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Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Sphinx, 2558 BCE

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King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490 BCE

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King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490 BCE

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Its depiction of divine royal power, artistic mastery, and the concept of the afterlife during Egypt's Old Kingdom. The statue symbolizes the enduring connection between the king and queen, serving as a vessel for their souls and ensuring their rebirth in the afterlife.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:King_Menkaura_and_queen-11.1738-IMG_4928-gradient.jpg

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King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490 BCE

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Its representation of the Neo-Sumerian Renaissance ruler Gudea, his commitment to rebuilding temples, his piety and authority, and its role as a powerful propaganda tool. Gudea symbolize the peace and prosperity of his reign, acting as eternal prayers and offerings in the temples he helped establish.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_de_Gudea_(Goud%C3%A9a).jpg

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The Code of Hammurabi is an early Babylonian legal code created by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, comprising 282 laws inscribed on a large basalt stele. The laws, reflecting Babylonian society's concerns like agriculture, family, and commerce, establish punishments and fines based on the "law of retaliation" (an eye for an eye), with punishments often varying based on social status.

https://www.worldhistory.org/Code_of_Hammurabi/

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Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis, 1550 BCE

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Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis, 1550 BCE

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It was a powerful religious and administrative capital of Egypt during the New Kingdom. Its role as a major religious and political center, demonstrating the apex of Egyptian power and culture, while its necropolis served to immortalize its pharaohs and elite in elaborately decorated tombs.

https://pixabay.com/users/loggawiggler-15/

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Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis, 1550 BCE

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House Altar depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Three of their Daughters, 1350 BCE

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House Altar depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Three of their Daughters, 1350 BCE

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This artwork shows a rare, intimate glimpse into the private life of the royal family during Egypt's revolutionary Amarna Period, a time of radical religious and artistic change under Pharaoh Akhenaten. The altar depicts Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their daughters under the rays of the Aten, the supreme sun-god, highlighting the new religious order and a new, naturalistic artistic style. It also shows a unique emphasis on familial love and domesticity, which was unusual for ancient Egyptian art.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/7670423810

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House Altar depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Three of their Daughters, 1350 BCE

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This scuplure is a large portrait of rulers, representing the power, sophisticated organization, and artistic skill of the Olmec civilization, one of the earliest major cultures in Mesoamerica. They are also important for their unique features, which suggest individual identity, and because their creation and eventual burial or re-use reveal complex ideas about political authority, lineage, ancestor worship, and ritual.

https://smarthistory.org/olmec-colossal-heads/

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Shiva Nataraja, the Dancing Lord, 1100 BCE

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Shiva Nataraja, the Dancing Lord, 1100 BCE

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This sculpsure symbolizes the cosmic dance of creation, preservation, and destruction, representing the eternal cycles of the universe. This iconic form embodies a profound philosophy of balance between seemingly opposing forces like creation and destruction, life and death, and the finite and the infinite.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39328

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Shiva Nataraja, the Dancing Lord, 1100 BCE

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It was a magnificent ceremonial entrance to Babylon, symbolizing the power and glory of King Nebuchadnezzar II's empire, the grandeur of ancient Mesopotamian architecture, and the importance of religious and political symbolism through its intricate glazed brick reliefs. It was decorated with imagery of lions, dragons, and bulls, which represented the gods Ishtar, Marduk, and Adad, and was part of a sacred processional way used for religious festivals like the New Year's procession and shows the power of the empire. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg

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Exekias, Vase with Ajax and Achilles Playing Morra, 540 BCE

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Exekias, Vase with Ajax and Achilles Playing Morra, 540 BCE

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The vase is an innovative portrayal of a rare mythological narrative, its masterful psychological and compositional depth showing tension and camaraderie, and as an early example of a signed artwork that elevated the status of the artist. The scene is a powerful metaphor for fate and the tragic destinies of the heroes, who are depicted in a moment of tense, contemplative relaxation before their impending deaths at Troy. http://arthistoryresources.net/greek-art-archaeology-2016/archaic-BF-exekias-achilles.html

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King Prasenajit Visits the Buddha, 500 BCE

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King Prasenajit Visits the Buddha, 500 BCE

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This relif demonstrate the Buddha's appeal across all social strata, including royalty, and illustrate how the principles of Buddhism could be integrated into the life of a ruler responsible for governance and justice.

https://dakinitranslations.com/2021/09/18/origins-of-secret-mantra-day-12-shakyamuni-the-radical-revolutionary-and-feminist-when-royalty-bowed-to-lower-castes-and-women-became-sangha/

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King Prasenajit Visits the Buddha, 500 BCE

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This scupsure was crated in Kashmir, India and shows the importance of Buddhaism and tells a an impact of self improvment. It demonstrates that Vikings traded with and collected objects from distant cultures in South Asia, likely using it as a talisman due to the leather straps found around it. The statue is historically important for showing that Vikings were not only warriors but also merchants who connected Scandinavia to the East Aisa routes like the Silk Road.

https://brentnongbri.com/2023/05/05/the-helgo-buddha/

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Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer), 450 BCE

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Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer), 450 BCE

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This sculpsure is a high classical Greek sculpture, embodying the era's philosophical and artistic ideals through its use of a mathematical canon and the contrapposto pose. Though the bronze original is lost, its principles and innovations are known through numerous Roman marble copies.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/greece-etruria-rome/a/polykleitos-doryphoros-spear-bearer

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Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer), 450 BCE

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The Parthenon is a monument to Athenian power, a masterpiece of classical architecture, and a lasting symbol of ancient Greek civilization and democracy, showcasing perfect proportions and mythological narratives that still inspire modern culture.  https://smarthistory.org/the-parthenon-athens/

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The Erechtheion is an asymmetrical Ionic temple on the Acropolis of Athens dedicated to both Athena and Poseidon, built to house sacred relics and reflect myths of the city's origins. Key features include its Porch of the Caryatids with female-figure columns, the east cella housing the olive wood statue of Athena Polias, and the west chamber containing the marks of Poseidon's trident and the famous well of salty water.

https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/other-monuments-periklean-building-programme/erechtheion

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This temple serve as a reliquary, housing sacred relics, and a monument for meditation and worship. Commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE to spread Buddhism, it is also a physical embodiment of Buddhist cosmology and teachings, with its circular design representing the universe and its gateways guiding practitioners toward Enlightenment.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/introduction-cultures-religions-apah/buddhism-apah/a/the-stupa

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This scuplsure is a Hellenistic marvel depicting the goddess of victory alighting on a ship's prow to commemorate a naval triumph. Its grandeur, dramatic dynamism, and skilled use of marble conveyed a powerful sense of movement and vitality. Placed on a high point in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on the island of Samothrace, it served as a majestic, visual declaration of military success to all who approached.

https://www.louvre.fr/en/explore/the-palace/a-stairway-to-victory

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This sculpsure is famous ancient Ohio artifact, Ohio's official state artifact, and one of the earliest three-dimensional sculptures of a human from the region, representing a key example of Adena culture artistry and possible ceremonial use. Its carving depicts a figure in ritualistic regalia, potentially in a dance or song performance, offering insights into the appearance, attire, and spiritual practices of ancient Americans in the Ohio Valley.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/641150

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Marble bust of a Man is a powerful artistic and historical object, symbolizing status, ancestry, and the individual's likeness in art. Historically, busts were used in Roman society to honor deceased ancestors by serving as genealogical displays in family homes. They also functioned as political propaganda, with imperial busts projecting authority, and as a testament to wealth and individual identity, with realism being a key characteristic.

https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/roman-portrait-sculpture-republican-through-constantinian

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The Pantheon in Rome is an enduring monument signifcant in its architectural innovations as the largest unrefored concrete dome, historical preservation of its imperial power, and transition from a pagan temple to a Christian church with thouands of years of cultural importance.

https://www.pantheonroma.com/pantheon-history/

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Central Hall of the Baths of Caracalla, 212 AC

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Central Hall of the Baths of Caracalla, 212 AC

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Central Hall served both as a marvel of Roman imperial architecture and as the primary social and architectural hub of the entire complex. It served as the central point from which bathers would navigate to different areas and featured soaring, vaulted ceilings that would influence later architectural styles like aquaducts and indoor plumming.

https://ancientromelive.org/thermae-antonianae-baths-of-caracalla/

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Central Hall of the Baths of Caracalla, 212 AD

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The Arch of Constantine marks a major turning point in Roman history, illustrating the end of the civil wars of the Tetrarchy, the rise of Christianity, and a shift in artistic style. It is the largest surviving Roman triumphal arch and is a masterpiece of imperial propaganda designed to legitimize Constantine's rule.

https://smarthistory.org/arch-of-constantine-rome/

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This church was created to serve as the centeal church of the western part of the Byzantine Empire, as it also served to reasert Justinians power in the west for a 1,000 years. It was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest in 1453 and served as a mosque for nearly 500 years. Its status as a museum in the 20th century and its reconversion to a mosque in 2020 continue to make it a powerful symbol of competing national, cultural, and religious narratives.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hagia-Sophia

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This mosaic symbolizes the unity of church and state, the divine authority of the emperor, and the wealth and power of the Byzantine Empire. The enphasis of Justinian, surrounded by clergy and soldiers, visually represents his role as the head of both religious and secular power. His halo and rich attire signify his divine right to rule, while the attendant figures and objects they carry, such as the Gospels and bread for the Eucharist, combinding imperial and religious authority.

https://smarthistory.org/san-vitale/

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Apse decorations from Sant' Apollinare in Classe. Ravenna, Italy, 549 AD

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Apse decorations from Sant' Apollinare in Classe. Ravenna, Italy, 549 AD

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This mosaic is symbolically depicting the Transfigureation of Christ and serving as an anti-Arian statement by affirming Christ's divine nature. They also glorify the church's founder and represent themes of divine glory, paradise, and the coming Kingdom. The mosaic is a major example of early Byzantine art in Ravenna, showing theological concepts through symbolic imagery rather than direct realism.

https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2025/10/a-closer-look-at-mosaics-of.html

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Apse decorations from Sant' Apollinare in Classe. Ravenna, Italy, 549 AD

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This relief carvings shows their representation of power, divinity, and status, showing queens as rulers with political and religious influence, while also highlighting evolving artistic styles. Haddresses connect the queen to goddesses like Hathor, and are an important historical source for understanding royal roles and Egyptian culture. The style of the carvings themselves can indicate specific time periods and artistic trends, like the move towards greater naturalism

https://smarthistory.org/maya-the-yaxchilan-lintels/

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Night-Shining White. Tang Dynasty, 750 AD

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Night-Shining White. Tang Dynasty, 750 AD

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This scroll painting shows the era's fascination with imported "heavenly steeds," which were symbols of imperial power, status, and strength. The painting's significance comes from its artistic merit, depicting the emperor's favorite horse with both physical accuracy and inner spirit, as well as its symbolic representation of Tang power and later interpretations of imperial decline.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39901

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This mosque is a masterpiece of Islamic architecture. It's a symbol of Cordoba's golden age under the Caliphate, and an example of cultural synthesis that blended Islamic, Moorish, and later Christian elements. Its unique architecture, with its distinctive red and white striped horseshoe arches, became a defining style of the era, and the mosque was greatly expanded in subsequent centuries, ultimately becoming one of the largest sacred buildings in the Islamic world.

https://smarthistory.org/the-great-mosque-of-cordoba/

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This is asignificant symbol of Buddhist faith, representing enlightenment, compassion, and inner peace. They serve as focal points for spiritual practice, inspire followers, and are often built to honor the Buddha's teachings and bring good fortune.

https://atworldsorigins.com/2024/06/05/the-leshan-giant-buddha-a-spiritual-statue-that-calmed-the-dangerous-leshan-river/

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The Water and Moon Guanyin Bodhisattva. Sung Dynasty, 960 AD

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The Water and Moon Guanyin Bodhisattva. Sung Dynasty, 960 AD

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This sculpure representing a peak in the Sinicization (localization) of Buddhist art and practice. This manifestation was among the most popular forms of the bodhisattva and was particularly favored by Chan Buddhist and literati painters.

https://collections.asianart.org/collection/guanyin/

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The Water and Moon Guanyin Bodhisattva. Sung Dynasty, 960 AD

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This cathedral is a major pilgrimage church on the route to Santiago de Compostela, a great exsample of Romanesque architecture, and a key site for relic veneration, housing the tomb of St. Saturnin and attracting pilgrims for centuries, influencing pilgrimage design with its innovative plan and vast scale.

https://smarthistory.org/saint-sernin/

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Christ in Majesty, San Clemente, 1123 AD

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Christ in Majesty, San Clemente, 1123 AD

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This mosaic dipicts Christ as the transcendent, eternal, and judging Lord, reigning from heaven over creation. The surrounding Four Evangelists representing the Gospels, and depicting themes of salvation, judgment, and the River of Life, offering a powerful vision of God's cosmic rule and the promise of eternal life through the Cross, contrasting with the earthly struggles below.

https://smarthistory.org/christ-in-majesty-sant-climent-taull/

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Christ in Majesty, San Clemente, 1123 AD

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This tympanum serves as a terrifying, didactic visual sermon for illiterate pilgrims about divine judgment, salvation, and damnation, showcasing Christ the Judge, the weighing of souls, and the horrors of hell to enforce moral behavior and faith at the church's entrance.

https://smarthistory.org/last-judgment-tympanum-cathedral-of-st-lazare-autun-france/

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Portrait of a Queen (Ife, Nigeria), 1200 AD

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Portrait of a Queen (Ife, Nigeria), 1200 AD

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This sculpure head is renowned for its naturalistic style high end craftsmanship. Its primary significance lies in its role as a symbol of royal power and spiritual authority within the ancient Ife kingdom, challenging early Western misconceptions about African artistic capabilities.

https://smarthistory.org/kingdom-of-ife-sculptures-from-west-africa/

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Portrait of a Queen (Ife, Nigeria). 1200 AD

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This scroll repersents warding off disaster, illness, and evil. He is a peaceful wisdom king who symbolizes the power to transmute poisons into beauty, much like the peacock that eats poisonous creatures. His significance also extends to spiritual protection and growth, helping devotees overcome suffering and attain enlightenment.

https://art.nelson-atkins.org/objects/10843/kujaku-myoo#:~:text=Kujaku%20My%C5%8D%C5%8D%20(Sanskrit:%20Mahamayuri),F78%2D9

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The Burning of the Sanjo Palace, 1250 AD

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The Burning of the Sanjo Palace, 1250 AD

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This scroll signifiys a pivotal event in the 1159 Hiji Rebellion, signifies a moment of political upheaval and the violent shift of power in Japan's late Heian period. It became a powerful symbol of the era's chaos, which was vividly captured in a famous handscroll painting created later to document the event. The event and the subsequent scroll illustrate the brutal nature of civil war, the vulnerability of the imperial court, and the rise of military power over aristocratic rule.

https://smarthistory.org/night-attack-on-the-sanjo-palace/

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This scroll painting is a legendary story illustrating how Qian Xuan found inspiration for his legendary calligraphy by observing the graceful, fluid movements of geese. The story has been a recurring theme in Chinese art, symbolizing the connection between nature and artistry.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/40081

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Mihrab of mosque in Isfahan, Iran, 1350 CE

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Mihrab of mosque in Isfahan, Iran, 1350 CE

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This mosaic is an early and well crafted example of mosaic tilework. Its a key religious and artistic element in Islamic architecture. It served a practical purpose by indicating the direction of Mecca for prayer and functioned as an architectural and artistic focal point. It's decorated with complex geometric patterns and religious inscriptions from the Qur'an and Hadith.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/449537

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Mihrab of mosque in Isfahan, Iran, 1350 CE

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These vases show a symbol of Chinese cultural identity, social status, and economic prosperity, reflecting advancements in ceramic technology and artistic innovation during that period. They represent a "golden age" for Chinese ceramics, with many pieces being prized exports and some being imperial commissions marked with reign names.

https://gotheborg.com/qa/ming_porcelain.shtml

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This scuplsure shows the a role in the Aztec ritual a which symbolized the renewal of life and the cyclical nature of existence. These individuals, often chosen captives, would wear the flayed skins of sacrificed victims to embody the god, the "Flayed Lord" associated with spring, fertility, and agriculture. The act was a metaphor for a seed shedding its outer husk to sprout new life, linking death and sacrifice to regeneration and the promise of a new agricultural cycle.

https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/gods/ixiptla-deity-impersonator

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This cascle is one of Spain's best-preserved medieval fortresses, a symbol of the powerful Mendoza family, and a rare example of a fortress that was also a luxurious Renaissance palace. It was strategically built to control trade routes and has been restored to house a museum, showcasing both its military and residential architecture.

https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/manzanares-el-real-castle

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This necklese is a symbol of political power, spiritual authority, and wealth for the Asante people. Worn by the king and other royal figures, the elaborate gold jewelry is not only a display of immense wealth but also represents the king's role as a political leader and spiritual guardian of the nation. It embodies the historical and cultural identity of the Asante kingdom.

https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/asante-gold-regalia

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This woodblock painting is a representation of the power of nature against humanity, a possible commentary on Japan's relationship with the outside world, and its status as a symbol of impermanence and resilience. The print is a dynamic blend of Japanese and European art techniques, famously incorporating the new Prussian blue pigment to create a vibrant and contrasting image that has influenced artists worldwide.

https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/hokusai-great-wave

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Water Jar (Santo Domingo Pueblo), 1835 AD

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Water Jar (Santo Domingo Pueblo), 1835 AD

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This water jar or clay pot signifies a dual role as vital, functional vessels for storing water and as powerful artistic expressions of cultural and spiritual beliefs, particularly concerning water's life-giving importance. They are adorned with symbols like rain clouds and floral motifs, which represent the community's deep connection to the environment, water conservation, and the cyclical nature of life

https://www.tfaoi.org/aa/8aa/8aa108.htm

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This sculpure is a strong spiritual and judicial figure in Kongo culture, used to resolve disputes, punish wrongdoers, heal illnesses, and protect communities. Its features, such as inserted nails and blades, serve to activate its power, while a mirror on the abdomen holds potent medicinal and spiritual substances. The act of inserting a nail is a ritual to activate the spirit for a specific purpose, like affirming an oath or hunting down a criminal.

https://smarthistory.org/nkisi-nkondi-kongo-people/

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Inuit Engraved Tobacco Pipestem, 1890 AD

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Inuit Engraved Tobacco Pipestem, 1890 AD

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This ivory walrus tusk served as important personal items, trade commodities, and status symbols. Unlike many Native American tribes who used pipes primarily for sacred, spiritual ceremonies, tobacco use was not a traditional Inuit practice and was only introduced about a century ago through contact with American whalers and Asians. It also showed how the lifestyle of the Inuit people was fouced around hunting, as well as gathering.

https://tobyherbst.com/pipes-sculpture-gallery#:~:text=Pipes%20/%20Sculpture&text=The%20most%20commonly%20produced%20sculptures,denoting%20ceremonial%20beliefs%20and%20affiliation.

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Elkhide painted with design of Sun Dance Ceremony, 1895 AD

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Elkhide painted with design of Sun Dance Ceremony, 1895 AD

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This painted hide signifies the resilience of the Great Plains cultures, the cultural and religious importance of the Sun Dance, and the history of confinement and oppression faced by Indigenous peoples. A high statuse man of these tribes would where this hide to keep themsleves from harm and to show there high statuse.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/indigenous-americas-apah/north-america-apah/a/eastern-shoshone-hide-painting-of-the-sun-dance-attributed-to-cotsiogo-cadzi-cody

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Elkhide painted with design of Sun Dance Ceremony

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this mask embodies Dwo, the son of the creator god, representing the power of the wild and nature. They are used in major life events like initiations and agricultural ceremonies to maintain social and spiritual balance, restore the land, and allow for communication with the spiritual realm. These masks, considered more ancient than the wooden ones, are also thought to represent the spirits of nature.

https://smarthistory.org/mask-nwantantay/

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This mask is a powerful symbols of spiritual and social transformation, representing ancestral and supernatural spirits that can be temporarily embodied through dance and performance. They signify a wearer's initiation into a society and are unique to specific families, passed down through generations. The masks allow the wearer to lose their previous identity and assume a new, spiritual one, embodying a specific spirit or ancestor through movement, dance, and song, as it repesnts the animlas witch they hunted or seen. https://www.mpm.edu/research-collections/artifacts/kwakiutl/kwakiutl-masks

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Veranda Post of Enthroned King (Opo Ogoga), 1912 AD

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Veranda Post of Enthroned King (Opo Ogoga), 1912 AD

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This sculpure shows the king's authority and his dependence on his community, symbolizing the intertwined spiritual and political power of the ruler, and representing the important role of his senior wife. The sculpture is as both a functional architectural element, and a powerful symbolic work of art that conveys complex cultural beliefs about rulership, spiritual power, and community support.

https://smarthistory.org/olowe-ise-veranda-post-king-senior-wife/