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Otosclerosis

Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

Microtia

Connexin 26 (Cx26)

Presbycusis

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A: otosclerosis with the bony growth on the footplate of the stapes. B: a stapedectomy in which the stapes is replaced with a prosthetic.

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Abnormality in the form of a spongy, bone growth on the stapes, causing it to become fixed in the oval window

Either on the footplate of the stapes or at the junction of the incus and stapes

Mild, conductive progressive hearing loss

Inherited, acquired

Surgical treatment: cochlear implant or BAHA

Medical treatment: sodium fluoride, hearing aid

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Diagram demonstrating the effects of eustachian tube dysfunction on air pressure and fluid drainage in the middle ear.

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Tissue in the eustachian tube swells and is unable to open when one swallows, which results in negative pressure (vacuum) in the middle ear

Tympanic membrane can bulge inward, interfering with normal vibration of the TM and ossicles

Can result in fluid build up in the middle ear due to blocked tube, as well as otitis media

Sensations include muffled hearing, feeling of fullness, and pressure or pain in the ears

Acquired

Surgical treatment: Ear tubes

Medical treatment: Dilation via balloon, antihistamines

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The four grades of microtia from least to most severe.

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Malformation or complete absence of the pinna, which typically occurs during the first trimester of gestation (congenital)

Often accompanied by atresia, whereby the external auditory canal is either malformed or completely absent

Mild to profound conductive hearing loss

Can be inherited but is usually randomly occurring, congenital

Reconstruction surgery or prosthetics available for both cosmetic and audiological reasons

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Types of Hearing Loss

Conductive

abnormal AC and normal BC levels indicate issues in the middle and outer ear functioning

significant air-bone gaps

Sensorineural

abnormal AC and BC levels indicate issues in middle and/or outer ear and inner ear function

no significant air-bone gaps

Mixed

abnormal AC and BC levels indicate issues in middle and/or outer ear and inner ear function

significant air-bone gaps

Degrees of Hearing Loss

Note that slight hearing loss begins at 16dB HL (not 20dB HL) for children

May experience greater difficulty in language development skills and the ability to pay attention in the classroom

Early intervention is crucial to avoiding long-term issues

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1. Are there abnormalities in air conduction thresholds of either ear? If so, is this hearing loss unilateral? Could intramural attenuation/crossover a concern (AC threshold difference of 40dB HL between ears)?

2. Determine the degree of hearing loss according to air conduction thresholds. Is it symmetrical or is there a threshold difference of 15dB HL between ears?

3. Are there abnormalities in bone conduction thresholds of either ear?

4. Are there significant air-bone gaps of 15dB HL or greater? Determine whether the hearing is conductive, sensorineural, or mixed.

5. Calculate respective Pure Tone Averages and cross reference Speech Recognition Test if provided.

6. Review Word/Speech Recognition Score if provided.

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Moderate to moderately severe conductive hearing loss unilaterally (right ear).

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Asymmetrical, mild to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss bilaterally.

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Relatively symmetrical, mild to moderately severe mixed hearing loss bilaterally.

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The 6 sounds tested during daily listening checks for hearing aids.

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Represent sounds across the frequencies to ensure that all frequencies are adequately amplified by the listener's hearing aids.

Includes the 6 sounds listed above as well as no sound, and some additionally test for /p/, /f/, /k/.

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Not every hearing aid has volume control or an on/off switch.

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Ensuring that the listener's hearing aids function properly and allow them to detect and discriminate speech sounds; includes Ling 6 test, spondee list, and connected speech questions.

Use of stethoset, which attaches firmly to hearing aid ear mold, for a person with typical hearing to assess performance of devices.

Perform visual inspection, checking for gapping, cracking, or moisture

Cup in hand to ensure there is no feedback

Test battery life with battery tester

Maintenance

Leave battery door open at night

Brush microphone ports upside down

Clean ear molds daily with brush and dry loop

Clean hearing aid casing daily with a dry cloth

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Weak or dead (no sound)? Check for wax in tubing or tone hook, battery life and placement, and microphone

Distortion/Intermittence/Static? Receiver or circuit problems

Feedback? Tubing problems or ear mold poorly fit

Note: occurrence is normal when HA is off and cupped in hand, and when inserting/removing while still on.

Children need new ear molds every 4-6 months

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An Oticon Intent miniRITE hearing aid suitable for slight to profound hearing loss.

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A set of Phonak Vitro R Infinio hearing aids suitable for mild to profound hearing loss.

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Cochlear Implants and Bone Anchored Hearing Aids

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Cochlear Implants and Bone Anchored Hearing Aids

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Naída CI Marvel sound processor and HiRes Ultra 3D implant

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Nucleus 8 sound processor (paired with Nucleus Profile Plus implant).

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RONDO 3 wireless, rechargeable sound processor (paired with SYNCHRONY 2 implant).

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Baha 7 sound processor (paired with titanium Baha Implant).,

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SAMBA 2 sound processor and BONEBRIDGE bone conduction implant.

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When the cochlear implant is malfunctioning there is unlikely residual hearing; take the following troubleshooting steps:

Perform Ling 6 sound test

Check battery, on/off status, visual display/indicator lights, program and settings

Assess integrity and security of cables, cords

Use device-specific monitor earphones

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5: FM/Roger Hearing Assistive Technology

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5: FM/Roger Hearing Assistive Technology

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Phonak Roger Touchscreen wireless teacher microphone.

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EduMic is a wireless accessory designed for the classroom, attached on lapel or worn via lanyard.

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1. Attach audio shoe + receiver to hearing aid or attach receiver to cochlear implant

2. Speak into the Roger/FM microphone (Ling 6 sound, spondee words)

3. Listen for distortion, signal strength, and speech signal

4. Squeeze receiver to see if intermittent

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Various types of transmitters that are especially useful in the classroom.

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Close-range

Roger touchscreen

Pass-around mic (with stand)

Roger pen

Roger select (just released)

Farther-range

Roger DigiMaster 5000 and 7000

Roger Mylink

Receivers (and audio shoes) for cochlear aimplants and hearing aids

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Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center at Gallaudet University

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Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center at Gallaudet University

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Trains and informs parents and professionals to meet the needs of deaf and hard of hearing pediatrics 21 years of age and younger.

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Clerc Center | PK-12 & Outreach | Home | Gallaudet University

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Explore the Clerc Center at Gallaudet University, dedicated to improving education and resources for deaf and hard of hearing students. Learn more today!

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Hearing Loss Association of America (HLAA)

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Hearing Loss Association of America (HLAA)

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Provides resources and insight into how deaf people and their family members can adjust to living with hearing loss.http://www.hearingloss.org/

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Homepage - Hearing Loss Association of America

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The Nation’s Voice for People with Hearing Loss

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Runs the nation's leading research clinic on childhood deafness and hearing loss and created http://www.babyhearing.org/ to provide parents with resources regarding how to get their children screened and treated.

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Everything you need to know about parenting a child who is deaf or hard of hearing. Learn about newborn hearing tests and early childhood intervention from the experts at Boys Town National Research Hospital.

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A story about the students at River Valley School for the Deaf, which explores the impacts of political, medical, and familial pressures for how they should relate to their bodies.

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Follows the story of a deaf-mute man whose personable demeanor attracts a group of people who confide in him and, consequently, find their lives forever improved by his impact.

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A queer rom-com that provides a window into the romantic whirlwind that is finding love at a cosplay convention.

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"Findings show how resilience is heterogeneously promoted in the unique context of DHH individuals living in hearing environments. They also show interactions between the individual, family and wider society and the dynamics of coping resources across time. Findings indicate the important of considering DHH individuals' coping choices in their specific life context."

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Resilience from childhood to young adulthood: retrospective perspectives of deaf and hard of hearing people who studied in regular schools

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Resilience from childhood to young adulthood: retrospective perspectives of deaf and hard of hearing people who studied in regular schools

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Resilience from childhood to young adulthood: retrospective perspectives of deaf and hard of hearing people who studied in regular schools

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Most deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) youth grow up in hearing familial and educational environments, posing unique risks for their socio-emotional well-being. The study’s objective was to explore pr…

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A series of short films made by The Offshoot Foundation to portray some of the experiences that deaf youth often face, which include "the past and present of deaf education, being deaf at university, being deaf at work, the campaign for a BSL GCSE, top tips for hearing people, a BSL performance, and the evolution of hearing technology."

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These films were made as part of the project Deaf Perspectives: Past, Present, and Future, by students from King Edward VI School in Bury St Edmunds and Nort…

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Assists medical professionals with hearing loss to secure the resources they need and provide a space for networking with each other in the medical field.

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Association of Medical Professionals With Hearing Losses (AMPHL)

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Association of Medical Professionals With Hearing Losses (AMPHL)

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We provide information, promote advocacy and mentorship, and create a network for those with hearing loss interested in or working in healthcare.

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Parent-driven non-profit that provides support for families of children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

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A network of crisis support services available via text, call, or instant message for the deaf and hard of hearing, including veterans.

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National Disability Institute's Financial Resilience Center

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National Disability Institute's Financial Resilience Center

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Offers resources for financial literacy, tax filing, and public benefits enrollment in accessible formats to deaf or hard of hearing people.

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Deaf & Hard-of-Hearing | Financial Resources for People with Disabilities

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Financial Resilience Center -- The resources on this page are designed for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing community. Videos in American Sign Language (ASL)…COVID-19/Coronavirus Financial Resources.

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Almost completely deaf in her right ear due to domestic violence from a previous abusive partner, and has since become an advocate for victims of domestic violence.

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A procedure to correct a perforated tympanic membrane as a child left him with single-sided deafness.

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She wears hearing aids bilaterally as a result of damage from overly loud speakers at concerts and similar events, she has since become and advocate for the Starkey Hearing Foundation and urges youth to turn down the volume.

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Deaf-Hearing Communication Center's Definitions of Advocacy

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Deaf-Hearing Communication Center's Definitions of Advocacy

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Personal Advocacy

Individual level

Securing of services within legal right (e.g., ASL interpreter at doctor's office or at a job that receives federal funding)

Ensuring of equal communication access

Systemic Advocacy

System-level changes that improve access to services

Result in updates to policy and services in the name of human rights

Requires legislation efforts and responses, joining deaf and hard of hearing consumer groups, and participating as a member in organizations that serve the

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There are two types of advocacy – Personal Advocacy and Systemic Advocacy.

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What does it mean for spoken communication to be accessible?

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What does it mean for spoken communication to be accessible?

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Access in its truest form encompasses the provision of assistive technology or certain accommodations, and an environment that facilitates more meaningful and less effortful communication.

Interpreters

Speech-to-text

Closed captions

Note taking

Hearing Assistive Technology

Academic Accomodation

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Interpreters facilitate communication between a deaf and hearing person. This can be done in a number of modalities identified by the deaf person including:

Visit the Interpreting page for more information.

Speech to Text Services (STTS)

Speech-to-text services (STTS) is an umbrella term used to describe an accommodation where spoken communication, as well as other auditory information, is translated into text in real-time. A service provider types what is heard, and the text appears on a screen for the consumer to read. There are three main types of STTS:

Visit the Speech-to-Text Services page for more information.

Assistive Listening Systems

Assistive listening systems are designed to enhance the understanding of speech for deaf individuals who want to access information through their residual hearing and/or personal device (e.g., hearing aid or cochlear implant). There are different types of assistive listening systems that have their pros and cons and can support communication in a wide variety of settings.

There are three main systems used:

Visit the Assistive Listening Systems topic page for more information.

Note taking is an accommodation that captures important pieces of information in a systematic way. While most commonly used in the classroom, it can be used in any situation requiring learning, including job sites and internships. Deaf students benefit from receiving notes from a trained note taker as they already split their attention between other simultaneous accommodations (e.g. speech-to-text services, interpreting and captioned media), the instructor, group discussions and/or other information presented.

For more information, review our resource Note Taking: An Introduction.

Captioning media is the process of making pre-recorded videos accessible. Captions represent all of the audio content including spoken dialogue, sound effects, and speaker identification. Video captions benefit everyone including deaf students, emerging readers, visual learners, non-native English speakers, and many others.

Visit the Captioned Media Services page for more information.

Test accommodations should allow deaf students to demonstrate content knowledge by reducing barriers due to testing design, wording and format. While accommodations are individualized, some commonly used accommodations include:

Assistive listening devices

Captioned media

Extended time

Glossaries or dictionaries

Individual administration

Frequent breaks

Sign language interpreters

Scribes to record signed or dictated responses

Visit the Testing page for more information.

Deaf students enrolling in colleges across the country are on the rise and securing access services can be difficult for institutions. Remote interpreting and speech-to-text services are viable options for institutions experiencing shortages of qualified providers, specific interpreting or captioning needs for a course, or last-minute requests for urgent situations. Remote services can be a beneficial supplement or a mainstay way of providing access for students in a variety of situations. Institutions must have the knowledge necessary to evaluate requests, resources to arrange services, and the infrastructure to maintain quality and effective services.

Visit the Remote Services page for more information.

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Accommodations are provided by a school, employer, or other institution to ensure deaf people are able to fully access all the experiences and activities offered. There are many different types of accommodations, ranging from interpreters to extra time for testing. In order to ensure equitable opportunities and effective communication for all students, Section 504 of [...]