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2200 B.C.—Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)

2200 B.C. to 1600 A.D.

1607—Early settlement at Jamestown

1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.

2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.

3. Deep respect for nature and animals.

4. Cyclical worldview.

5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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Native American : Samson Occom (Mohegan)

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Native American : Samson Occom (Mohegan)

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His most famous work, "A Short Narrative of My Life,"

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The first native American literary texts were offered orally,

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A Brief History of Native American Written Literature Life Among the Piutes: Their wrongs and claims (1883) Old Indian Legends (1901) Co-ge-wea; the Half Blood (1927) Coyote Stories (1933)The Business of Fancydancing: Stories and Poems The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions (1986) Yes is Better Than No (c.

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they often wrote to other people by hieroglyphic and pictographic writings

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General characteristics

Folktales have been a part of the social and cultural life of Indigenous American peoples regardless of whether they were sedentary agriculturists or nomadic hunters. As they gathered around a fire at night, Native Americans could be transported to another world through the talent of a good storyteller. The effect was derived not only from the novelty of the tale itself but also from the imaginative skill of the narrator, who often added gestures and songs and occasionally adapted a particular tale to suit a certain culture.

One adaptation frequently used by the storyteller was the repetition of incidents. The description of an incident would be repeated a specific number of times. The number of repetitions usually corresponded to the number associated with the sacred by the culture; whereas in Christian traditions, for instance, the sacred is most often counted in threes (for the Trinity), in Native American traditions the sacred is most often associated with groups of four (representing the cardinal directions and the deities associated with each) or seven (the cardinal directions and deities plus those of skyward, earthward, and center). The hero would kill that number of monsters or that many brothers who had gone out on the same adventure. This type of repetition was very effective in oral communication, for it firmly inculcated the incident in the minds of the listeners-much in the same manner that repetition is used today in advertising. In addition, there was an aesthetic value to the rhythm gained from repetition and an even greater dramatic effect, for the listener knew that, when the right number of incidents had been told, some supernatural character would come to the aid of the hero, sometimes by singing to him. For this reason, oral literature is often difficult and boring to read. Oral literature also loses effect in transcription, because the reader, unlike the listener, is often unacquainted with the worldview, ethics, sociocultural setting, and personality traits of the people in whose culture the story was told and set.

Because the effect of the story depended so much on the narrator, there were many versions of every good tale. Each time a story was told, it varied only within the limits of the tradition established for that plot and according to the cultural background of the narrator and the listeners. While studies have been made of different versions of a tale occurring within the same group, there is still much to be discovered, for instance, in the telling of the same tale by the same narrator under different circumstances. These gaps in the study of folktales indicate not a lack of interest but rather the difficulty in setting up suitable situations for recordings.

The terms and folktale in Indigenous American oral literature are used interchangeably, because in the traditional Native American view the difference between the two is a matter of time rather than content. If the incidents related happened at a time when the world had not yet assumed its present form, the story may be regarded as a myth; however, even if the same characters appear in the "modern" present, it is considered a folktale. Whereas European fairy tales traditionally begin with the vague allusion "once upon a time," the Indigenous American myth often starts with "before the people came" or "when Coyote was a man." In traditional Inuit myth, it is insignificant whether an incident occurred yesterday or 50 years ago-it is past.

The mythology of Indigenous American groups can be divided into three major cultural regions: North American cultures (from the Inuit to the Native Americans along the Mexican border), Central and South American urban cultures, and Caribbean and South American hunting-and-gathering and farming cultures. Though each region exhibits a wide range of development, there are recurrent themes among the cultures, and within each culture the importance of mythology itself varies. In North America, for example, each tale can usually stand alone, although many stories share a cast of characters; in contrast, stories developed in the urban cultures of Central America and South America resemble the complicated mythologies of ancient Greece and are quite confusing with their many sexual liaisons, hybrid monsters, and giants. In North America many mythologies (such as " the Dreaming" of Aboriginal Australian groups) deal with a period in the distant past in which the world was different and people could not be distinguished from animals. These mythologies are related to the concept that all animals have souls or spirits that give them supernatural power. Because humans have subsequently been differentiated from the animals, the animals appear in visions, and in stories they help the hero out of trouble. When there are many tales involving a single character-such as Raven, Coyote, or Manabozho-the transcriptions are linked together today and called cycles ( see e.g., Raven cycle). The body of Indigenous American folklore does not include riddles as found in African folklore, for example, nor does it include proverbs, though there are tales with morals attached.

The importance of mythology within a culture is reflected in the status of storytellers, the time assigned to this activity, and the relevance of mythology to ceremonialism. Mythology consists primarily of animal tales and stories of personal and social relationships; the actors and characters involved in these stories are also an index to the beliefs and customs of the people. For example, the Navajo ceremonials, like the chants, are based entirely on the characters and incidents in the mythology. The dancers make masks under strict ceremonial control, and, when they wear them to represent the gods, they absorb spiritual strength. The Aztec ceremonials and sacrifices are believed to placate the gods who are the heroes of the mythology.

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mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the americas

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Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas | Types, Creatures, Animals, Legends, Definition, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts | Britannica

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Indigenous folklore of the Americas is the traditional oral and written literatures and folklore traditions of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. These include ancient hieroglyphic and pictographic writings of Middle America as well as an extensive set of folktales, myths, and oral histories that were transmitted for centuries by storytellers.

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1492

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1595

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Puritanism and Early Settlement of First "American" colonies 

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Puritanism and Early Settlement of First "American" colonies 

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1600-1800

1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement of First "American" colonies 

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Puritanism and Early Settlement of First "American" colonies 

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William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies : fact one 

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies : fact one 

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the puritans came from 2 churches splitting in England

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that sought to "purify" the Church of England of remnants of the Roman Catholic "popery" that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Puritans became noted in the 17th century for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that informed their whole way of life, and they sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. Their efforts to transform the nation contributed both to civil war in England and to the founding of colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life.

Theology

Puritanism may be defined primarily by the intensity of the religious experience that it fostered. Puritans believed that it was necessary to be in a covenant relationship with God in order to be redeemed from one's sinful condition, that God had chosen to reveal salvation through preaching, and that the Holy Spirit was the energizing instrument of salvation. Calvinist theology and polity proved to be major influences in the formation of Puritan teachings. This naturally led to the rejection of much that was characteristic of Anglican ritual at the time, these being viewed as "popish idolatry." In its place the Puritans emphasized preaching that drew on images from scripture and from everyday experience. Still, because of the importance of preaching, the Puritans placed a premium on a learned ministry. The moral and religious earnestness that was characteristic of Puritans was combined with the doctrine of predestination inherited from Calvinism to produce a "covenant theology," a sense of themselves as the elect chosen by God to live godly lives both as individuals and as a community.

History of Puritanism

Origins and development in England

King Henry VIII separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534, and the cause of Protestantism advanced rapidly under Edward VI (reigned 1547-53). During the reign of Queen Mary (1553-58), however, England returned to Roman Catholicism, and many Protestants were forced into exile. Many of the exiles found their way to Geneva, where John Calvin's church provided a working model of a disciplined church. Out of this experience also came the two most popular books of Elizabethan England-the Geneva Bible and John Foxe's Book of Martyrs-which provided justification to English Protestants to view England as an elect nation chosen by God to complete the work of the Reformation. Thus, Elizabeth's accession in 1558 was enthusiastically welcomed by these Protestants; but her early actions while reestablishing Protestantism disappointed those who sought extensive reform, and this faction was unable to achieve its objectives in the Convocation, the primary governing body of the church.

Many of these Puritans-as they came to be known during a controversy over vestments in the 1560s-sought parliamentary support for an effort to institute a presbyterian form of polity for the Church of England. Other Puritans, concerned with the long delay in reform, decided upon a "reformation without tarrying for any." These "Separatists" repudiated the state church and formed voluntary congregations based on a covenant with God and among themselves. Both groups, but especially the Separatists, were repressed by the establishment. Denied the opportunity to reform the established church, English Puritanism turned to preaching, pamphlets, and a variety of experiments in religious expression and in social behaviour and organization. Its successful growth also owed much to patrons among the nobility and in Parliament and its control of colleges and professorships at Oxford and Cambridge.

Puritan hopes were again raised when the Calvinist James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth as James I of England in 1603. But at the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 he dismissed the Puritans' grievances with the phrase "no bishop, no king." Puritans remained under pressure. Some were deprived of their positions; others got by with minimal conformity; and still others, who could not accept compromise, fled England. The pressure for conformity increased under Charles I (1625-49) and his archbishop, William Laud. Nevertheless, the Puritan spirit continued to spread, and when civil war broke out between Parliament and Charles in the 1640s, Puritans seized the opportunity to urge Parliament and the nation to renew its covenant with God. Parliament called together a body of clergy to advise it on the government of the church, but this body-the Westminster Assembly-was so badly divided that it failed to achieve reform of church government and discipline. Meanwhile, the New Model Army, which had defeated the royalist forces, feared that the Assembly and Parliament would reach a compromise with King Charles that would destroy their gains for Puritanism, so it seized power and turned it over to its hero, Oliver Cromwell. The religious settlement under Cromwell's Commonwealth allowed for a limited pluralism that favoured the Puritans. A number of radical Puritan groups appeared, including the Levelers, the Diggers, the Fifth Monarchy Men, and the Quakers (the only one of lasting significance).

After Cromwell's death in 1658, conservative Puritans supported the restoration of King Charles II and a modified episcopal polity. However, they were outmaneuvered by those who reinstituted Laud's strict episcopal pattern. Thus, English Puritanism entered a period known as the Great Persecution. English Puritans made a final unsuccessful attempt to secure their ideal of a comprehensive church during the Glorious Revolution, but England's religious solution was defined in 1689 by the Toleration Act, which continued the established church as episcopal but also tolerated dissenting groups.

In the American colonies

The Puritan ideal of realizing the Holy Commonwealth by the establishment of a covenanted community was carried to the American colony of Virginia by Thomas Dale, but the greatest opportunity came in New England. The original pattern of church organization in the Massachusetts Bay colony was a "middle way" between presbyterianism and Separatism, yet in 1648 four New England Puritan colonies jointly adopted the Cambridge Platform, establishing a congregational form of church government.

The New England Puritans fashioned the civil commonwealth according to the framework of the church. Only the elect could vote and rule. When this raised problems for second-generation residents, they adopted the Half-Way Covenant, which permitted baptized, moral, and orthodox persons to share the privileges of church membership. Other variations of the Puritan experiment were established in Rhode Island by Roger Williams, who was banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony, and in Pennsylvania by the Quaker William Penn.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Melissa Petruzzello.

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Puritanism | Definition, History, Beliefs, & Facts

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Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that was known for the intensity of the religious experience that it fostered. Puritans' efforts contributed to both civil war in England and the founding of colonies in America. Learn more about Puritanism, its history, and beliefs.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies : fact two

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies : fact two

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the puritans believed that they should take out all practices that were not directly from the bible

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One such faction was a group of separatist believers in the Yorkshire village of Scrooby, who, fearing for their safety, moved to Holland in 1608 and then, in 1620, to the place they called Plymouth in New England. We know them now as the Pilgrims of Plymouth Rock.

A decade later, a larger, better-financed group, mostly from East Anglia, migrated to Massachusetts Bay. There, they set up gathered churches on much the same model as the transplanted church at Plymouth (with deacons, preaching elders and, though not right away, a communion restricted to full church members, or "saints").

The main difference between the Pilgrims and the Puritans is that the Puritans did not consider themselves separatists. They called themselves "nonseparating congregationalists," by which they meant that they had not repudiated the Church of England as a false church. But in practice they acted-from the point of view of Episcopalians and even Presbyterians at home-exactly as the separatists were acting.

By the 1640s, their enterprise at Massachusetts Bay had grown to about 10,000 people. They soon outgrew the bounds of the original settlement and spread into what would become Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Maine, and eventually beyond the limits of New England.

The Puritan migration was overwhelmingly a migration of families (unlike other migrations to early America, which were composed largely of young unattached men). The literacy rate was high, and the intensity of devotional life, as recorded in the many surviving diaries, sermon notes, poems and letters, was seldom to be matched in American life.

The Puritans' ecclesiastical order was as intolerant as the one they had fled. Yet, as a loosely confederated collection of gathered churches, Puritanism contained within itself the seed of its own fragmentation. Following hard upon the arrival in New England, dissident groups within the Puritan sect began to proliferate- Quakers, Antinomians, Baptists-fierce believers who carried the essential Puritan idea of the aloneness of each believer with an inscrutable God so far that even the ministry became an obstruction to faith.

Puritanism gave Americans a sense of history as a progressive drama under the direction of God, in which they played a role akin to, if not prophetically aligned with, that of the Old Testament Jews as a new chosen people.

Perhaps most important, as Max Weber profoundly understood, was the strength of Puritanism as a way of coping with the contradictory requirements of Christian ethics in a world on the verge of modernity. It supplied ethics that somehow balanced charity and self-discipline. It counseled moderation within psychology that saw worldly prosperity as a sign of divine favor. Such ethics were particularly urgent in a New World where opportunity was rich, but the source of moral authority was obscure.

By the beginning of the 18th century, Puritanism had both declined and shown its tenacity. Though "the New England Way" evolved into a relatively minor system of organizing religious experience within the broader American scene, its central themes recur in the related religious communities of Quakers, Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists and a whole range of evangelical Protestants.

More recently, the word "Puritan" has once again become a pejorative epithet, meaning prudish, constricted and cold-as in H. L. Mencken's famous remark that a Puritan is one who suspects "somewhere someone is having a good time."

Puritanism, however, had a more significant persistence in American life than as the religion of black-frocked caricatures. It survived, perhaps most conspicuously, in the secular form of self-reliance, moral rigor and political localism that became, by the Age of Enlightenment, virtually the definition of Americanism.

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The Puritans - Definition, England & Beliefs | HISTORY

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The Puritans were members of a religious reform movement that arose in the late 16th century and held that the Church of England should eliminate ceremonies and practices not rooted in the Bible.

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Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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Salem Witch Trials

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Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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René Descartes, a French philosopher, is often considered the father of modern rationalism. His famous statement, "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), underscores the importance of reason

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Rationalism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes reason as the primary source of knowledge. Unlike empiricism, which relies on sensory experience, rational

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Rationalism summed up the implied metaphysical rationalism in the words "All is number".

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Rationalism is often revered as a great mathematician, mystic and scientist, but he is best known for the Pythagorean theorem, which bears his name, and for discovering the mathematical relationship between the length of strings on lute and the pitches of the notes.

FactSnippet No. 1,555,595

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10 Facts About Rationalism | FactSnippet

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Rationalism is often revered as a great mathematician, mystic and scientist, but he is best known for the Pythagorean theorem, which bears his name, and for discovering the mathematical relationship between the length of strings on lute and the pitches of the notes. 10 Facts About Rationalism | FactSnippet.

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

# data[].attributes.body
enjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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The American Revolutionary War “officially” started on April 19, 1775 at the battle of Concord and Lexington.

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Between 1765 to 1791, British America saw an intellectual and political upheaval known as the American Revolution. The Thirteen Colonies established independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

Winning independence from the British Crown and building the constitution that gave birth to the United States of America, the first modern constitutional liberal democracy.

Among the important outcomes of the war were American independence and the end of British mercantilism in America, which opened up global trade opportunities for the US, especially with Britain.

Approximately 60,000 Loyalists emigrated to other British colonies, mostly Canada, although the vast majority stayed in the United States.

Also Read: Important People in the American Revolution

The United States Constitution was quickly adopted, replacing the weak wartime Confederation and establishing a comparatively strong national government structured as a federal republic, with an elected executive, a national judiciary, and an elected bicameral Congress representing states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives.

It is the world's first federal democratic republic based on popular consent. Shortly after, as the first ten amendments, a Bill of Liberties was enacted, providing essential rights that were claimed as reason for the revolution.

Facts About the American Revolution

1. The American Revolutionary War "officially" started on April 19, 1775 at the battle of Concord and Lexington.

On April 19, 1775, the "shot heard round the world" started the official hostilities between American "rebels" and military forces fighting for the British monarchy that continued to assert its authority in and over the American colonies.

Also Read: Revolutionary War Battles

Prior to that time, American forces had engaged in behavior that would be deemed as either treasonous or patriotic depending on who wound up winning.

For example, they had already set up an alternate government, the Continental Congress.

2. The Continental Congress first met on September 9th, 1774.

On September 9th, 1774, representatives from each of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to discuss how best to resist the British Empire.

Delegates included key members of the rebellion who would later go on to hold important roles in the United States of America, such as future presidents: George Washington and John Adams.

It's worth noting that if discovered by the British, and if the rebellion had not succeeded, all known attendees of this Congress would likely have been executed as traitors.

Some of the Congressional attendees might argue that they were just getting together to discuss their grievances, but it is unlikely that the British government would have believed any of them. They were all putting their lives on the line at this point.

3. The Boston Tea Party took place on December 16th, 1773.

American hostility toward England had been a long time coming - and it had numerous reasons behind it, perhaps none so famous as the single issue of "taxation without representation." This simple phrase holds the key to a reality that continues to echo through anti-colonial movements to this day.

Also Read: Patriots of the American Revolution

It may be inevitable that - among other things - a remote colony will start to develop its own culture, perhaps alongside the natives already living there or perhaps not.

Regardless, it is only a matter of time before occupied territories begin to ask questions like: why do we have to send so much of our stuff to a place that does nothing for us?

To this day, issues of GDP, of unequal trade partnerships, continue to plague modern international discourse. Back then, it was insult on top of injury.

Not only did England want to continue to manipulate the American colonies and American culture, but they kept making Americans pay them to do it.

The Boston Tea Party, in which Bostonians literally threw tea into the harbor, was in part a protest against what they saw as an unreasonable tax. They dressed as native American s in an effort to hide their identities.

It was also their way of saying to the British - and we do not even want the tea to begin with.

If the relationship between America and England could be compared to a marriage, this would be the point at which America took off the wedding ring and threw it into the ocean.

4. On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met.

If the First Continental Congress was probably treasonous, the second one was not even pretending anymore.

In the wake of Lexington and Concord, fresh from the high of a small but emboldening military victory, the American rebel forces were now ready to declare themselves. And, they did, within a month of convening.

5. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress completed and signed the Declaration of Independence.

Viewed through the lens of history, it's important to note that it is an open act of insurrection to declare that one is now free from their current monarch, however true and justified that freedom might be.

The Declaration of Independence made it official: American leaders now declared it, that they had fully and undeniably severed ties with England. There would be no turning back for them.

6. The turning point of the Revolutionary War took place as a series of battles called the Saratoga campaign, fought in October of 1777.

The Revolutionary War started as a series of rebel skirmishes against the "true" authority, the British monarchy.

While both sides had won and lost battles up to this point, it took a decisive military victory before other nation states - even those, like France, who were already predisposed to dislike the British - began to take this coup attempt seriously.

Also Read: Loyalists of the American Revolution

In the course of the Saratoga campaign, the British had a very clear aim: to take control of the Hudson river, a key transportation link between Canada to the north and New York harbor to the south. (Saratoga lies north of New York City on the Hudson river.)

Also Read: Facts About Valley Forge

The Americans had two aims: to stop the British from achieving their objective, and to show the world that they could. Defeating the British had immediate tactical advantages, but the long-term advantages would be in the allies they would gain.

For this reason, many historians view this decisive military defeat as a turning point in the war.

7. French assistance helped America to win the war.

On February 6, 1778, France signed two key documents: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance.

Prior to this time, France had been not-so-secretly helping the fledgling states with supplies. With these two treaties, France took the further step of recognizing the United States as the legitimate government of the thirteen former colonies of Great Britain and of providing military aid to that government, which they then did.

As historians will note, France shared ideological points of agreement with the Americans, and they also shared a common animosity due to Great Britain previously stealing many of France's colonies from them.

In addition to accepting France's assistance, America further agreed to support - or at least not hinder - France in their ongoing war with Great Britain to regain some of those colonies.

8. On October 19,1781, the British formerly surrendered at Yorktown.

The Revolutionary War ended following devastating defeats at Yorktown in the fall of 1981.

With the formal surrender of the remaining British troops, the war was effectively over.

On October 19th, 1781, America met its ultimate objective when it achieved its independence from the British Empire.

9. Slavery was a subject of considerable controversy before, during, and after the Revolutionary War.

Many early revolutionaries appreciated the irony of fighting for freedom while continuing to hold human beings as slaves.

However, the fledgling democracy decided it could not afford to alienate slaveholders - especially wealthy slaveholders in the plantation-based economies of the south. For this reason, the United States continued to legalize slavery until the Civil War.

Controversy about slaves and slave ownership would continue long after the United States became a recognized global power.

10. There were several points at which America might have "lost" the war.

Although it's impossible to say with certainty, certain key moments stand out as those times when America might not have broken off successfully from the United Kingdom. For example, if England had responded to American grievances more gently, the rebel uprising might never have gotten underway - or it might have taken longer to do so.

If France had not agreed to assist, American forces might not have been able to hold out as long as they did and might have been overwhelmed before they could form a lasting government.

These days, it is difficult to imagine a world without a United States of America. And yet, just a few centuries ago, there was no United States, only thirteen colonies of England on the East coast of the North American continent.

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10 Facts About the American Revolution - Have Fun With History

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Between 1765 to 1791, British America saw an intellectual and political upheaval known as the American Revolution. The Thirteen Colonies established independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) Winning independence from the British Crown and building the constitution that gave birth to the United States of America, the first modern ...

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The Continental Congress first met on September 9th, 1774

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Between 1765 to 1791, British America saw an intellectual and political upheaval known as the American Revolution. The Thirteen Colonies established independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

Winning independence from the British Crown and building the constitution that gave birth to the United States of America, the first modern constitutional liberal democracy.

Among the important outcomes of the war were American independence and the end of British mercantilism in America, which opened up global trade opportunities for the US, especially with Britain.

Approximately 60,000 Loyalists emigrated to other British colonies, mostly Canada, although the vast majority stayed in the United States.

Also Read: Important People in the American Revolution

The United States Constitution was quickly adopted, replacing the weak wartime Confederation and establishing a comparatively strong national government structured as a federal republic, with an elected executive, a national judiciary, and an elected bicameral Congress representing states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives.

It is the world's first federal democratic republic based on popular consent. Shortly after, as the first ten amendments, a Bill of Liberties was enacted, providing essential rights that were claimed as reason for the revolution.

Facts About the American Revolution

1. The American Revolutionary War "officially" started on April 19, 1775 at the battle of Concord and Lexington.

On April 19, 1775, the "shot heard round the world" started the official hostilities between American "rebels" and military forces fighting for the British monarchy that continued to assert its authority in and over the American colonies.

Also Read: Revolutionary War Battles

Prior to that time, American forces had engaged in behavior that would be deemed as either treasonous or patriotic depending on who wound up winning.

For example, they had already set up an alternate government, the Continental Congress.

2. The Continental Congress first met on September 9th, 1774.

On September 9th, 1774, representatives from each of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to discuss how best to resist the British Empire.

Delegates included key members of the rebellion who would later go on to hold important roles in the United States of America, such as future presidents: George Washington and John Adams.

It's worth noting that if discovered by the British, and if the rebellion had not succeeded, all known attendees of this Congress would likely have been executed as traitors.

Some of the Congressional attendees might argue that they were just getting together to discuss their grievances, but it is unlikely that the British government would have believed any of them. They were all putting their lives on the line at this point.

3. The Boston Tea Party took place on December 16th, 1773.

American hostility toward England had been a long time coming - and it had numerous reasons behind it, perhaps none so famous as the single issue of "taxation without representation." This simple phrase holds the key to a reality that continues to echo through anti-colonial movements to this day.

Also Read: Patriots of the American Revolution

It may be inevitable that - among other things - a remote colony will start to develop its own culture, perhaps alongside the natives already living there or perhaps not.

Regardless, it is only a matter of time before occupied territories begin to ask questions like: why do we have to send so much of our stuff to a place that does nothing for us?

To this day, issues of GDP, of unequal trade partnerships, continue to plague modern international discourse. Back then, it was insult on top of injury.

Not only did England want to continue to manipulate the American colonies and American culture, but they kept making Americans pay them to do it.

The Boston Tea Party, in which Bostonians literally threw tea into the harbor, was in part a protest against what they saw as an unreasonable tax. They dressed as native American s in an effort to hide their identities.

It was also their way of saying to the British - and we do not even want the tea to begin with.

If the relationship between America and England could be compared to a marriage, this would be the point at which America took off the wedding ring and threw it into the ocean.

4. On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met.

If the First Continental Congress was probably treasonous, the second one was not even pretending anymore.

In the wake of Lexington and Concord, fresh from the high of a small but emboldening military victory, the American rebel forces were now ready to declare themselves. And, they did, within a month of convening.

5. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress completed and signed the Declaration of Independence.

Viewed through the lens of history, it's important to note that it is an open act of insurrection to declare that one is now free from their current monarch, however true and justified that freedom might be.

The Declaration of Independence made it official: American leaders now declared it, that they had fully and undeniably severed ties with England. There would be no turning back for them.

6. The turning point of the Revolutionary War took place as a series of battles called the Saratoga campaign, fought in October of 1777.

The Revolutionary War started as a series of rebel skirmishes against the "true" authority, the British monarchy.

While both sides had won and lost battles up to this point, it took a decisive military victory before other nation states - even those, like France, who were already predisposed to dislike the British - began to take this coup attempt seriously.

Also Read: Loyalists of the American Revolution

In the course of the Saratoga campaign, the British had a very clear aim: to take control of the Hudson river, a key transportation link between Canada to the north and New York harbor to the south. (Saratoga lies north of New York City on the Hudson river.)

Also Read: Facts About Valley Forge

The Americans had two aims: to stop the British from achieving their objective, and to show the world that they could. Defeating the British had immediate tactical advantages, but the long-term advantages would be in the allies they would gain.

For this reason, many historians view this decisive military defeat as a turning point in the war.

7. French assistance helped America to win the war.

On February 6, 1778, France signed two key documents: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance.

Prior to this time, France had been not-so-secretly helping the fledgling states with supplies. With these two treaties, France took the further step of recognizing the United States as the legitimate government of the thirteen former colonies of Great Britain and of providing military aid to that government, which they then did.

As historians will note, France shared ideological points of agreement with the Americans, and they also shared a common animosity due to Great Britain previously stealing many of France's colonies from them.

In addition to accepting France's assistance, America further agreed to support - or at least not hinder - France in their ongoing war with Great Britain to regain some of those colonies.

8. On October 19,1781, the British formerly surrendered at Yorktown.

The Revolutionary War ended following devastating defeats at Yorktown in the fall of 1981.

With the formal surrender of the remaining British troops, the war was effectively over.

On October 19th, 1781, America met its ultimate objective when it achieved its independence from the British Empire.

9. Slavery was a subject of considerable controversy before, during, and after the Revolutionary War.

Many early revolutionaries appreciated the irony of fighting for freedom while continuing to hold human beings as slaves.

However, the fledgling democracy decided it could not afford to alienate slaveholders - especially wealthy slaveholders in the plantation-based economies of the south. For this reason, the United States continued to legalize slavery until the Civil War.

Controversy about slaves and slave ownership would continue long after the United States became a recognized global power.

10. There were several points at which America might have "lost" the war.

Although it's impossible to say with certainty, certain key moments stand out as those times when America might not have broken off successfully from the United Kingdom. For example, if England had responded to American grievances more gently, the rebel uprising might never have gotten underway - or it might have taken longer to do so.

If France had not agreed to assist, American forces might not have been able to hold out as long as they did and might have been overwhelmed before they could form a lasting government.

These days, it is difficult to imagine a world without a United States of America. And yet, just a few centuries ago, there was no United States, only thirteen colonies of England on the East coast of the North American continent.

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10 Facts About the American Revolution - Have Fun With History

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Between 1765 to 1791, British America saw an intellectual and political upheaval known as the American Revolution. The Thirteen Colonies established independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) Winning independence from the British Crown and building the constitution that gave birth to the United States of America, the first modern ...

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

—Nature

—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau

—Walden

—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott

—Little Women

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Transcendentalism began in the 1830s as a reaction against the intellectualism and materialism of the time.

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Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 19th century, primarily in the United States. It emphasizes the inherent goodness of peo

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The movement was heavily influenced by Romanticism, especially the works of German and British writers.

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Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 19th century, primarily in the United States. It emphasizes the inherent goodness of peo

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Transcendentalism

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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Romanticism emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience

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What is Romanticism?

Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that began in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. It emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature, often as a reaction against the Industrial Revolution and the scientific rationalization of nature.

1. Romanticism originated in the late 18th century, primarily in Europe.

2. It was a reaction against the Industrial Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment.

3. Romanticism emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience.

4. Nature, especially its wild and untamed aspects, was a central theme in Romantic art and literature.

5. Romanticism valued individualism and personal freedom over societal norms and conventions.

Key Figures in Romanticism

Several influential artists, writers, and thinkers shaped the Romantic movement. Their works continue to inspire and influence modern culture.

1. William Wordsworth, an English poet, is considered one of the founders of Romantic poetry.

2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, another English poet, collaborated with Wordsworth on "Lyrical Ballads," a seminal work in Romantic literature.

3. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a German writer, was a key figure in the Sturm und Drang movement, which preceded Romanticism.

4. Lord Byron, an English poet, became famous for his passionate and rebellious works.

5. Mary Shelley, author of "Frankenstein," is often associated with Romanticism due to her exploration of emotion and nature.

Romanticism in Literature

Romantic literature often focused on the individual's experience and emotions, exploring themes of nature, beauty, and the sublime.

1. "Lyrical Ballads" by Wordsworth and Coleridge is considered the starting point of English Romanticism.

2. "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley is a prime example of Romantic literature's fascination with the sublime and the grotesque.

3. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Coleridge explores themes of nature, guilt, and redemption.

4. "Don Juan" by Lord Byron is a satirical poem that critiques societal norms and celebrates individualism.

5. "Ode to a Nightingale" by John Keats reflects the Romantic fascination with nature and beauty.

Read also: 37 Facts About Animal Rights

Romanticism in Art

Romantic artists sought to capture the sublime beauty of nature and the intensity of human emotion in their works.

1. Caspar David Friedrich, a German painter, is known for his landscapes that evoke a sense of awe and mystery.

2. Francisco Goya, a Spanish artist, created works that reflect the darker aspects of the human experience.

3. J.M.W. Turner, an English painter, is famous for his dramatic seascapes and use of light.

4. Eugène Delacroix, a French artist, is known for his vibrant and emotive paintings.

5. John Constable, an English painter, focused on capturing the beauty of the English countryside.

Romanticism in Music

Romantic composers sought to express deep emotions and create dramatic, evocative music that moved their audiences.

1. Ludwig van Beethoven, a German composer, is often considered a bridge between the Classical and Romantic eras.

2. Franz Schubert, an Austrian composer, is known for his lieder (songs) that convey deep emotion.

3. Hector Berlioz, a French composer, created dramatic and innovative orchestral works.

4. Frédéric Chopin, a Polish composer, is famous for his expressive piano music.

5. Richard Wagner, a German composer, revolutionized opera with his complex and emotive compositions.

Romanticism's Influence on Modern Culture

The impact of Romanticism can still be seen in various aspects of contemporary culture, from literature and art to music and film.

1. The Gothic genre in literature and film has roots in Romanticism's fascination with the supernatural and the sublime.

2. Modern environmentalism can trace its origins to Romanticism's reverence for nature.

3. The emphasis on individualism in contemporary culture reflects Romantic ideals.

4. Romanticism's focus on emotion and personal experience continues to influence modern art and literature.

5. The Romantic hero archetype, characterized by a brooding and rebellious nature, remains popular in literature and film.

Romanticism's Global Reach

While Romanticism began in Europe, its influence spread worldwide, impacting various cultures and artistic traditions.

1. In America, the Transcendentalist movement, led by figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, was heavily influenced by Romanticism.

2. Russian literature, with authors like Alexander Pushkin and Fyodor Dostoevsky, was shaped by Romantic ideals.

3. In Latin America, Romanticism influenced the development of national literatures and the celebration of indigenous cultures.

4. Japanese literature and art in the late 19th century saw the incorporation of Romantic themes and styles.

5. Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and nature can be seen in the works of Indian poets like Rabindranath Tagore.

Criticisms of Romanticism

Despite its many contributions to art and culture, Romanticism has faced criticism for various reasons.

1. Some critics argue that Romanticism's focus on emotion and individualism can lead to narcissism and self-indulgence.

2. The idealization of nature in Romantic art and literature has been criticized for ignoring the harsh realities of the natural world.

3. Romanticism's rejection of reason and rationality has been seen as a step backward in the progress of human thought.

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What is Romanticism? Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that began in the late 18th century. It emphasized emotion, individualism,

# data[].attributes.body
Nature, especially its wild and untamed aspects, was a central theme in Romantic art and literature.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What is Romanticism?

Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that began in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. It emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature, often as a reaction against the Industrial Revolution and the scientific rationalization of nature.

1. Romanticism originated in the late 18th century, primarily in Europe.

2. It was a reaction against the Industrial Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment.

3. Romanticism emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience.

4. Nature, especially its wild and untamed aspects, was a central theme in Romantic art and literature.

5. Romanticism valued individualism and personal freedom over societal norms and conventions.

Key Figures in Romanticism

Several influential artists, writers, and thinkers shaped the Romantic movement. Their works continue to inspire and influence modern culture.

1. William Wordsworth, an English poet, is considered one of the founders of Romantic poetry.

2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, another English poet, collaborated with Wordsworth on "Lyrical Ballads," a seminal work in Romantic literature.

3. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a German writer, was a key figure in the Sturm und Drang movement, which preceded Romanticism.

4. Lord Byron, an English poet, became famous for his passionate and rebellious works.

5. Mary Shelley, author of "Frankenstein," is often associated with Romanticism due to her exploration of emotion and nature.

Romanticism in Literature

Romantic literature often focused on the individual's experience and emotions, exploring themes of nature, beauty, and the sublime.

1. "Lyrical Ballads" by Wordsworth and Coleridge is considered the starting point of English Romanticism.

2. "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley is a prime example of Romantic literature's fascination with the sublime and the grotesque.

3. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Coleridge explores themes of nature, guilt, and redemption.

4. "Don Juan" by Lord Byron is a satirical poem that critiques societal norms and celebrates individualism.

5. "Ode to a Nightingale" by John Keats reflects the Romantic fascination with nature and beauty.

Read also: 37 Facts About Animal Rights

Romanticism in Art

Romantic artists sought to capture the sublime beauty of nature and the intensity of human emotion in their works.

1. Caspar David Friedrich, a German painter, is known for his landscapes that evoke a sense of awe and mystery.

2. Francisco Goya, a Spanish artist, created works that reflect the darker aspects of the human experience.

3. J.M.W. Turner, an English painter, is famous for his dramatic seascapes and use of light.

4. Eugène Delacroix, a French artist, is known for his vibrant and emotive paintings.

5. John Constable, an English painter, focused on capturing the beauty of the English countryside.

Romanticism in Music

Romantic composers sought to express deep emotions and create dramatic, evocative music that moved their audiences.

1. Ludwig van Beethoven, a German composer, is often considered a bridge between the Classical and Romantic eras.

2. Franz Schubert, an Austrian composer, is known for his lieder (songs) that convey deep emotion.

3. Hector Berlioz, a French composer, created dramatic and innovative orchestral works.

4. Frédéric Chopin, a Polish composer, is famous for his expressive piano music.

5. Richard Wagner, a German composer, revolutionized opera with his complex and emotive compositions.

Romanticism's Influence on Modern Culture

The impact of Romanticism can still be seen in various aspects of contemporary culture, from literature and art to music and film.

1. The Gothic genre in literature and film has roots in Romanticism's fascination with the supernatural and the sublime.

2. Modern environmentalism can trace its origins to Romanticism's reverence for nature.

3. The emphasis on individualism in contemporary culture reflects Romantic ideals.

4. Romanticism's focus on emotion and personal experience continues to influence modern art and literature.

5. The Romantic hero archetype, characterized by a brooding and rebellious nature, remains popular in literature and film.

Romanticism's Global Reach

While Romanticism began in Europe, its influence spread worldwide, impacting various cultures and artistic traditions.

1. In America, the Transcendentalist movement, led by figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, was heavily influenced by Romanticism.

2. Russian literature, with authors like Alexander Pushkin and Fyodor Dostoevsky, was shaped by Romantic ideals.

3. In Latin America, Romanticism influenced the development of national literatures and the celebration of indigenous cultures.

4. Japanese literature and art in the late 19th century saw the incorporation of Romantic themes and styles.

5. Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and nature can be seen in the works of Indian poets like Rabindranath Tagore.

Criticisms of Romanticism

Despite its many contributions to art and culture, Romanticism has faced criticism for various reasons.

1. Some critics argue that Romanticism's focus on emotion and individualism can lead to narcissism and self-indulgence.

2. The idealization of nature in Romantic art and literature has been criticized for ignoring the harsh realities of the natural world.

3. Romanticism's rejection of reason and rationality has been seen as a step backward in the progress of human thought.

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What is Romanticism? Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that began in the late 18th century. It emphasized emotion, individualism,

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1812-1815

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1848

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fact #1 about the renaissance literature 

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fact #1 about the renaissance literature 

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As this era was marked as a time of war, other issues such as ignorance, famine, and the Black Death pandemic added to the period’s dreary title.

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Renaissance Facts - A Brief Overview of Renaissance History

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An Introduction to the Renaissance ✔ Interesting Facts About the Renaissance ✔ Frequently Asked Questions About the Renaissance ✔

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Fact #2 about the renaissance literature 

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Fact #2 about the renaissance literature 

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In addition to being seen as one of the most significant periods in world history, the Renaissance is also regarded as one of the first influential turning points that occurred.

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Renaissance Facts - A Brief Overview of Renaissance History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An Introduction to the Renaissance ✔ Interesting Facts About the Renaissance ✔ Frequently Asked Questions About the Renaissance ✔