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"Compasses differ according to purpose, complexity, materials and some solutions that were used to solve some problems that could appear during their use. They also changed during the history, from the moment they were invented."

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Traditional systems had used different letters of the alphabet to represent numbers or cumbersome Roman numerals, and the new system was far superior, for it allowed people to multiply and divide easily and check their work. The merchant Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa, who had learned about Arabic numerals in Tunis, wrote a treatise rejecting the abacus in favor of the Arab method of reckoning, and as a result, the system of Hindu-Arabic numeration caught on quickly in Central Italy. By the fourteenth century, Italian merchants and bankers had abandoned the abacus and were doing their calculations using pen and paper, in much the same way we do today."

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"An Islamic hospital was called a bimaristan, often contracted to maristan, from the Persian word bimar, `ill person', and stan, `place.' Some accounts associate the name of the early Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, who ruled from 705 to 715 (86-96 H), with the founding of a hospice, possibly a leprosarium, in Damascus. Other versions, however, suggest that he only arranged for guides to be supplied to the blind, servants to the crippled, and monetary assistance to lepers."

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"Probably the worst decision in human history was that of the Chinese Emperor Xuando (also known as Zhu Zhanji) in 1434. In that year he issued the Edict of Haijin that closed China off from the rest of the world. As a result, China, which at that time was beyond doubt the world’s most advanced country, gradually became what historians sometimes call an “arrested civilization.”

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The printing press was a large stamp with letters that could be moved. Ink was put on the letters and stamped onto paper. It was created in Germany in 1440.

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"A medical work in 30 parts. While much of the text was based on earlier authorities, especially the Epitomae of the 7th-century Byzantine physician Paul of Aegina, it contained many original observations, including the earliest known description of hemophilia. "

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"This invention was the most important advance to marine navigation in the three millenia that open-ocean mariners had been going to sea."

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" In a leap of logic, the person who noticed the connection tried to prevent the disease by inoculating themselves (or perhaps someone else) with a bit of infected matter."

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"He included details on inclined planes for raising boats—he did not favour locks—aqueducts for valley crossings, boats for specialized cargo, and bridge designs featuring bowstring beams to transmit only vertical loads to the piers."

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"He found that by uniformly heating sulfur- and lead-fortified rubber at a relatively low temperature, he could render the substance melt-proof and reliable. "

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"Gatling continued to make improvements to the gun’s design, but even the earliest version was able to fire some 200 rounds per minute. While the first Gatling gun used paper cartridges loaded with gunpowder and .58 caliber bullets, the introduction of brass cartridges made it possible for later versions to fire up to 400 rounds per minute."

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"generating electricity

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, the voltaic pile. Made of alternating discs of zinc and copper

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— interspersed with layers of cardboard soaked in salt water — the pile conducted electricity when a copper wire was connected at either end. "

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"The Maxim gun was recoil-operated and was cooled by a water jacket surrounding the barrel. The Maxim was in large part responsible for the epithet “the machine gun war” for World War I."

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"installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile. His innovation reduced the time it took to build a car from more than 12 hours to one hour and 33 minutes."