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Earth formed from a mixture of gases and solids with almost no atmosphere 4.6 billion years ago. Volcanic gases produced an atmosphere with significant amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide as the Earth cooled. The planet finally cooled down after half a billion years, allowing water to condense on the solidified surface.

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During the Archean Eon, Earth had no oxygen gas, and the atmosphere was shrouded in a global haze of methane droplets. Complex reactions in the young oceans led to the formation of simple living cells that did not need oxygen. Cyanobacteria then emerged, producing gaseous oxygen through photosynthesis and eventually raising its levels in the atmosphere.

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Tiny photosynthetic organisms gradually produced enough oxygen to transform the methane in the atmosphere, turning the sky blue about two billion years ago. After 300 million years of oxygen production, vast expanses of redbeds formed from oxidized iron in rocks and soil.

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During the Carboniferous Period, about 350 million years ago, plants on land increased oxygen in the atmosphere to today's levels. Great forests and swamps also grew, which led to dead plants being buried and converted into coal through heat and pressure. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere and contributes to global warming.

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For the past 290 million years, Earth's climate was much warmer than it is today. During the Eocene Epoch, which was the warmest period in the last 65 million years, palm trees grew in Canada and forests covered Ellesmere Island near the North Pole. Alligator relatives swam in swamps, and mammals related to flying lemurs climbed in trees. The atmosphere and climate during this period offer clues for scientists to understand the evolution of life on Earth.