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1859-1916

During his time in power, Yuan worked to modernize China's military and economy, and played a key role in establishing the country's first modern constitution. He sought to unify the country and restore stability after decades of conflict and foreign interference. However, his attempts to establish himself as emperor in 1915 led to widespread opposition, and he was eventually forced to step down from power.

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1814-1864

Hong Xiuquan did not have a direct impact on the modernization of China in the way that many other figures did during the late Qing dynasty and early Republican era. Instead, he was a religious leader and revolutionary who led the Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century. The rebellion, which lasted from 1850 to 1864, was one of the largest and bloodiest conflicts in Chinese history and resulted in the deaths of millions of people.

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1893-1981

Song Qingling, also known as Soong Ching-ling, was a prominent Chinese political figure who played a significant role in Chinese politics for many years. She was born in 1893, during China's late Qing dynasty, and was the second of three sisters. She married Sun Yat-sen, a founding father of the Republic of China, and became active in politics following his death in 1925. Qingling supported modernization efforts in China, particularly in the areas of women's rights and social justice. She was a strong advocate for education and played a key role in establishing modern schools in China. Qingling also played a significant role in the Chinese Communist Party, serving in a number of leadership positions, and was highly respected for her commitment to socialist ideals.

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1906-1967

Puyi, also known as the Xuantong Emperor, was the last emperor of China and the final monarch of the Qing dynasty. He was born in 1906, during a time when China was undergoing significant political and social change. Puyi's reign was short-lived, as he was forced to abdicate in 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution. Although Puyi did not play a significant role in the modernization of China during his reign, he did live through a time of significant modernization and change. After his abdication, he was made the head of the puppet state of Manchukuo by the Japanese, and during this time he supported some modernization efforts, including the construction of new roads and railways.

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1835-1908

Empress Dowager Cixi was one of the most powerful and influential women in Chinese history. She served as a regent to two emperors during the late Qing dynasty, and effectively ruled China from behind the scenes for several decades.Overall, Cixi's legacy in relation to modernization in China is complex and controversial. While she opposed some aspects of modernization, she also supported others, and her reign was marked by both political stability and foreign aggression.

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(1871-1908)

Emperor Guangxu was the ninth Emperor of the Qing dynasty in China, and reigned from 1875 to 1908. He came to the throne at the age of four, with Empress Dowager Cixi acting as his regent. Although he was initially interested in modernizing China and implementing reforms, his efforts were undermined by conservative officials who opposed change. Emperor Guangxu is best known for his role in the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898, during which he attempted to push for modernization and political reform. However, these reforms were ultimately quashed by Empress Dowager Cixi, who ordered the execution of reformist leaders and sent the emperor into house arrest. Despite his efforts to modernize China, Emperor Guangxu's reign was marked by political instability and foreign aggression, including the Boxer Rebellion of 1900.

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Sun Yat-Sun

(1866-1925)

Chad. “Sun Yat-Sen Biography & Facts - Leader of the Chinese Kuomintang.” Totally History, 29 June 2013,
https://totallyhistory.com/sun-yat-sen/.

Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese revolutionary and politician who played a key role in the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. He is considered to be the "father of modern China" for his efforts to modernize China and promote democracy. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People ("nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood") were the cornerstone of his political philosophy and inspired many revolutionaries and leaders in China's modern history. Additionally, Sun Yat-sen was a founding member and leader of the Kuomintang (KMT) political party, which played a major role in Chinese politics throughout much of the 20th century.