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Firstly, it is important to understand that despite Conflict Theory and Symbolic Interactionism both being social theories, their approaches to problems will be vastly different. This is because Conflict Theory is a macro-level theory focused on the structure and large-scale processes within society, whereas Symbolic Interactionism is a micro-level theory focused on the small-scale interactions between people within a society.

Conflict Theories believe that society is built on the basis of the inequality of resource distribution resulting in conflict between the group in possession of valued resources and the group who aims to increase their allocated resources. Conflict Theorists believe that society’s structural power is reliant on the maintenance of inequality and the opposing interests of social groups is the reason for continuous conflict within society.

A relevant Conflict Theory within this scenario is Feminism, as it is focused on ideas of gender inequality and how men tend to occupy positions of power and dominance, as well as other privileges that may come as a result. Feminists would argue that the teacher is promoting an unequal division of valuable resources, as the boys are given puzzles and spatial development toys which will aid the development their cognitive abilities; whereas the girls were given dolls and cooking games that would simply promote an interest in domestic activities. Feminists would state that the teacher’s actions were subconsciously replicating the gender norms of society that would place men in a superior position to their female counterparts. In this case, the boys in the class would have an added advantage to their learning abilities.

On the other hand, Symbolic Interactionism believes that individuals and societies are created by social interactions. Symbolic Interactionists believe people’s actions are the response to the personal significance of specific objects.

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The conflict theory could start from feminism. Feminism emphasis men dominate the world and have more privilege than women. In this scenario, they may highlight the boy can play some toys which is helpful to them to develop the ability to do or manage a work such as puzzles and spatial developmental toys but for the girls, they only can play toys which teach them how to become a good babysitter or wife such as dolls and cooking games. Girls lose the right to develop their ability, but boys can develop their ability just because the puzzles and spatial development toys seem more suitable for them. The situation make women cannot work well and lose the right to dominate and men become the ‘right person’ to dominate.

The symbolic interaction may highlight the stereotype because the most people will choose dolls give girls and choose car’s toys to boys. This seem that girls and boys are labeled by society, pink belongs to girls and blue belongs to boys. This situation due to people’s subconscious. People ignore the willing of children and decide the choose from their willing. The society ignore the meaning is not static it can change that boys can play dolls and it will not make them unhealth or something and girls can play puzzles and it is not affect them if can become a wife or good citizens.

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Conflict theory believes that inequality, oppression and the resulting interest conflicts as the explanation for the power structure , actions and changes in society. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the meanings attached to human interaction and states that communication through symbols is what makes our society work. Although these two theories have some similarities, there are more differences between them.

For this scenario, one of conflict theories - feminism is very relevant. Feminism concentrates on gender inequality and domination, where men occupy more positions of power and other privileges. And male’s occupation of sources and privileges are the reason for interest conflicts in society. In this case, boys are given puzzles while girls are given dolls and cooking. Feminism will explain that different choices for boys and girls reflects that the education system thinks that males will do technical work in society while females will focus more on domestic work in the future. And because of this kind of socialization, the education system teaches boys and girls in a different way at first. As a result, women will be hard to achieve independence, and men will have more high paid work and think they are naturally own the privileges. The actions of this teacher will strengthen the gender inequality in society.

For the perspective of symbolic interactionism, it will see the puzzles , toys, dolls and cooking games as symbols which represent something else. In this case, these toys and dolls are gendered, they represent different gender roles. The puzzles and toys are more complex and need logical skills.

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In our scenario, we discussed the injustice of a marginalized community being denied access to basic healthcare services. When evaluating the functionalist theory in light of this scenario, we can see that the theory falls short in addressing the underlying causes of social inequality and systemic oppression.

Firstly, the manifest function of the healthcare system is to provide medical services to the entire population. However, the latent function of the system is to benefit the more privileged members of society who have greater access to healthcare services due to their economic and social status. This perpetuates the existing social inequality and fails to promote social cohesion.

Furthermore, the functionalist theory fails to acknowledge the ways in which social structures and institutions can perpetuate and reinforce systemic oppression. It assumes that social inequality is functional for society and necessary for social order. However, this belief overlooks the negative impact that social inequality has on the well-being of marginalized communities.

In conclusion, the functionalist theory is inadequate in addressing the underlying causes of social inequality and systemic oppression in the healthcare system. It ignores the role of power dynamics and the ways in which social structures and institutions can perpetuate social injustice. Thus, we need to adopt a more critical perspective that recognizes the impact of power and privilege on social inequality and the importance of social justice in promoting social cohesion.

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Symbolic interaction theory and conflict theory respectively emphasise different aspects of society and analyse society from micro and macro levels.

The theory of symbolic interaction emphasizes the importance of symbols in social interaction. It holds that society is constructed by the communication and understanding of symbols, and meaning and symbols promote human interaction. In the view of symbolic interaction theory, the behaviour of providing different toys for boys and girls provides a representative "symbol" for the communication and interaction between people. Different toys and games are assigned different gender definitions.  “Puzzles and spatial developmental toys to boys, and dolls and cooking games to girls”, people regard these as symbols and use these symbols to distinguish, understand and define gender.

And from the conflict theory, gender is different groups in the social structure, and there are inevitable conflicts of interest between them. Treating men and women differently from early childhood will artificially give them stereotyped ideas and cognition. This stereotype serves the dominant group, creating an unequal distribution of power and resources in society.

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Emile Durkheim approached sociology from an evolutionary perspective. He believed that the division of labour had grown and developed as society transitioned from a traditional to a contemporary civilization.

According to Durkheim, society is an organism with various elements working together to maintain the orderly and efficient functioning of society and its evolution.

Because he believed that society is made up of structures that work together, Durkheim is sometimes referred to as a structural functionalist by scholars. In this perspective, he distinguished between structure and function.

Although Durkheim believed that individuals made up society, he did not view society as simply the culmination of all of the behaviours, activities, and thoughts of its members. Instead, Durkheim claimed that society has its own structure separate from the people that make up it.

Durkheim also believed that social structures and conventions as well as social facts, shared attitudes, and social currents might influence, restrain, and even coerce those within them (Lukes, 2015).

Durkheim was particularly interested in the topic of social order and issues like how contemporary societies can remain cohesive in light of the fact that they are made up of a large number of individuals who each act independently and with distinct, independent, and distinctive interests.

Ultimately, Durkheim concentrated on issues involving balancing morality and freedom (Adams & Sydie, 2001). The Division of Labor in Society, Durkheim's debut book, clarified the problem of the conflict between morality and freedom.

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Functionalism posits that society is more than the sum of its parts; rather, each aspect of it works for the stability of the whole. Durkheim envisioned society as an organism since each component plays a necessary role but can't function alone. When one part experiences a crisis, others must adapt to fill the void in some way.

In functionalist theory, the different parts of society are primarily composed of social institutions, each designed to fill different needs. Family, government, economy, media, education, and religion are important to understanding this theory and the core institutions that define sociology. According to functionalism, an institution only exists because it serves a vital role in the functioning of society. If it no longer serves a role, an institution will die away. When new needs evolve or emerge, new institutions will be created to meet them.
In many societies, the government provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes the state depends on to keep running. The family relies on the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens who support the state. From the functionalist perspective, if all goes well, the parts of society produce order, stability, and productivity. If all does not go well, the parts of society must adapt to produce new forms of order, stability, and productivity.

Functionalism emphasizes the consensus and order that exist in society, focusing on social stability and shared public values. From this perspective, disorganization in the system, such as deviant behavior, leads to change because societal components must adjust to achieve stability. When one part of the system is dysfunctional, it affects all other parts and creates social problems, prompting social change.

In many societies, the government provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes the state depends on to keep running. The family relies on the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens who support the state. From the functionalist perspective, if all goes well, the parts of society produce order, stability, and productivity. If all does not go well, the parts of society must adapt to produce new forms of order, stability, and productivity.

Functionalism emphasizes the consensus and order that exist in society, focusing on social stability and shared public values. From this perspective, disorganization in the system, such as deviant behavior, leads to change because societal components must adjust to achieve stability. When one part of the system is dysfunctional, it affects all other parts and creates social problems, prompting social change.

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Conflict theories focus on inequalities, oppression, which emphasize the importance of macro social structures. Feminism is a part of conflict theory, which focuses on gender inequality and domination. From the scenario, the teacher gave educational toys to boys while gave dolls and cooking games to girls according to stereotypical gender bias. These stereotypes show that woman

considered as the one associated with housework. When the teacher made the decision to choose different types of toys to different genders, boys were encouraged to develop skills in scientific learning while girls just learn how to do the housework.

Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on meanings attached to human interaction, both verbal and non-verbal, and to symbols. In the material, teacher offered boy with puzzles and spatial developmental toys to boys and offered girls with dolls and cooking games. From a symbolic interactionism perspective, the teacher’s action depends on the symbol of gender. In people traditional consciousness about gender, boys as considered to be the one who do well in logic and science and girls likely to play dolls and cook. It is the symbol of gender. In general idea, man as considered to make a living to support family and women need to do housework to run the household better. The teacher chose different toys to meet needs of the kids of different genders, depending on the gender roles.However, the teacher ignored what the kids really want.

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From the point of conflict theories, it’s an unequal distribution of resources.Conflict theories focus on inequality distribution of resources, it suggests the inequality causes conflict between the people who control the valuable resources and the people who want to get more resources. There is no doubt that giving girls cooking games and dolls is an act that leads them to become housewives and so develops their interest in cooking and caring for children in advance. But we all understand that housewifery is a high-effort, low-reward, low-recognition job. Or that these days, women need to juggle hard work with taking care of their families, whereas men are not generally expected to do so. So the teacher gave the boys toys like puzzles and spatial developmental toys to develop and expand their thinking skills. This is clearly a gender inequitable treatment, which leads to the possibility that women may tend to ake jobs that contribute less to society, earn less money but allow them to take care of their families, which limits their personal development. The gender inequitable treatment also leads to gender conflict.

From the view of symbolic interaction, Gendering toys as a symbol to classify gender can affect a child's perception of themselves, leaving them without more possibilities.  Symbolic interaction theory focus on human interaction and communication, and how social roles are shaped by other expectations. For example, girls are perceived to like wearing skirts, be more quiet and sensitive to other people’s feelings. In the text, the teacher gives girls cooking games and dolls, gives boys puzzles and spatial developmental toys also shows the different expectations. So in the view of symbolic interaction, conflict theories focus on gender inequality while ignoring the fact that such stereotypes are bad for both men and women, such as boys not being allowed to cry and be sensitive, which is equally oppressive to men by social rules. In the point of conflict theories, symbolic interaction  discusses details how people are affected by gender stereotypes and the impact of interactions between people, ignoring the conflicts between men and women that arise under gender inequality, Ignoring the gender stereotype that men are actually the ones who profit more and therefore have a lot to gain from being socially disciplined.

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While the overt function of institutions like the family and education system may be to socialize people into traditional gender roles and maintain gender inequality, the covert goal may be to provide people with the information and skills they need to succeed in life. Functionalism holds that these institutions contribute to social cohesion and integration by performing the critical task of maintaining social order and stability.
However, functionalism ignores the fact that families and education systems uphold gender stereotypes and traditional gender roles, thereby exacerbating gender inequality. For example, functionalism assumes that families provide emotional support and opportunities for socialization, but it ignores the ways in which families may uphold gender stereotypes by encouraging women to prioritize family responsibilities over career goals.
Similar to the functionalist assumption that education equipping people with the knowledge and abilities they need to succeed in life, the education system contributes to gender inequality by reinforcing gender-based stereotypes and discriminating against women in some areas.
This situation is neither fair nor right, given that gender disparities still exist and women are not given equal opportunities to thrive in life. This must change and society must take action to ensure that discrimination against women ends.
If we simply view society as a machine where any attempt at change is met with oppression, we risk ignoring the views and experiences of marginalized groups and perpetuating injustice. In this context, it is essential to take into account the views of traditionally marginalized and oppressed people.
Functionalist theories about how society works have the disadvantage of oversimplifying and ignoring the complexity of society. They ignore the ways in which particular social groups may be harmed by institutions because they assume that institutions always serve a beneficial purpose. Functionalism ignores the ways in which institutions such as families and the education system support traditional gender roles and promote gender-based discrimination in the context of gender differences. As a result, functionalism may fail to address structural inequality and social change.

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Conflict theory holds that persons or organisations with greater power and resources have the ability to influence others with less power and resources. In this situation, instructors could unintentionally be affected by gender norms and expectations that males should engage in more spatial and problem-solving activities while girls should play with dolls and engage in caring activities. This may cause instructors to unintentionally provide dolls and culinary games to girls and puzzles and toys that promote spatial development to boys.

On the other side, symbolic interaction theory sees this condition as tied to meaning and symbols tied to various toys and activities. The symbolic interaction theory asserts that people understand and produce meaning through their interactions with others and environmental objects.

In this situation, gendered meanings and symbols associated with certain toys and activities may have an impact on educators. Although puzzles and toys for spatial development may be related to masculinity and problem-solving, dolls and cooking games may be associated with femininity and parenting. Due to its perceived significance and symbolism, this may result in teachers giving these items to the appropriate genders.

In conclusion, due to globalisation individuals have larger choice in in society and more freedom therefore they do not have to have to conform to social norms.

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Critical symbolic interaction theory is a sociological theory that asserts that symbolic interaction is central to social reality and that through the process of symbolic interaction, people build social meaning and reality. At the heart of this theory is the idea that people use symbols to communicate and understand each other, and that through symbolic interaction they establish meaning and roles for each other. Symbols can be language, gestures, gestures, signs, symbols and so on.

The theory suggests that social reality is co-constructed by people and is established through the process of symbolic interaction. People's actions and thoughts are influenced by the social environment and symbolic systems around them. In addition, critical symbolic interaction theory emphasises the role of power and control in symbolic interaction, arguing that social reality is built and maintained based on unequal social power relations.

In contrast, conflict theory argues that society is the result of conflict and struggle between groups of different interests and resources. This theory argues that social inequality results from the control of resources and power by certain groups who maintain their positions of power through coercion or deception. Conflict theory highlights the conflicts of interest and power between different social groups such as class, race, gender and age, and argues that these conflicts are the root cause of social inequality.

Open-ended questions could be: 'How can the differences between critical symbolic interaction theory and conflict theory be understood? What are they each concerned with, and how do they help us understand social reality?" Answers might include the following:

Critical symbolic interaction theory and conflict theory are both theories used to understand social reality. However, they have different emphases. Critical symbolic interaction theory emphasises the central role of symbolic interaction in the construction of social reality, while conflict theory focuses on the conflict of interests and power between different social groups. Both theories emphasise the importance of social inequalities and power relations in social reality, but they analyse and explain these issues from different perspectives.

Critical symbolic interaction theory emphasises the process of socialisation and social construction, arguing that social reality is established through symbolic interaction. It focuses on how people communicate and build meaning through symbols, and through this communication social reality is built. This theory argues that social reality is built on symbolic interaction.

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Conflict theory would look at this through a feminist perspective and argue that society is biased towards males since childhood and provides toys that aim to help them develop real life skills, increase intelligence, and improve motor skills. This, in turn, will help these boys find high paying jobs in the future which also ensures that they will be in more respected in society and be economically stable. On the other hand, the toys given to girls only focus on helping them develop domestic skills so that they can be well suited for caring and assisting men in both households and workplaces. By doing this, a patriarchal society is built and maintained, and women will continue to be inferior to men socially and economically.

Symbolic interaction will attempt to look at why and how these gender stereotypes were formed within society as opposed to how conflict theory would explain this interaction as a power struggle between males and females in society.

Symbolic interaction theorizes that displays of gender identity is a socially reinforced behaviour and that people are subconsciously made to believe certain attributes about gender through their parents and mass media. The teacher is subconsciously applying the gender roles that she has internalised through her upbringing onto her students due to the societal 'expectations' of boys and girls and their different roles in our society. Due to that, the teacher is handing the girls toys related to more domestic skills, for example cooking, and handing the boys toys that are more likely to help them develop real life skills. For example, puzzles improve children's intelligence and help them develop problem solving skills that be applied in their future.

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The stated or intended function of an institution is known as its explicit purpose, but the unstated or covert effects of its acts are known as its underlying function. As an illustration, while education's stated goal is to equip students with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life, some of its hidden purposes include socialization, the dissemination of cultural values, and the perpetuation of social inequity.

According to functionalism, institutions support social integration and cohesiveness by carrying out essential tasks that support social stability and order. For instance, whereas economies provide work and revenue, families offer emotional support and socialisation.

Functionalism frequently ignores the experiences and viewpoints of marginalised groups in favour of concentrating on the dominant or mainstream groups in society. For instance, it can ignore the ways that social structures like the family or the economy might support racial or gender inequality.

Fairness and justice concepts are arbitrary and subject to individual ideals and convictions. But the functionalist emphasis on stability and order can contribute to the persistence of unfair social conditions like racism, misogyny, and poverty. This is seen in functionalist views of institutions that may minimise the influence of conflict and power on society's development.

Any attempt to alter society may be perceived as weakening its ability to function as a well-oiled machine. This can result in the repression of dissent and upkeep of the status quo, even though it is unfair or detrimental to some social groups.

Functionalist theories of society's operation are frequently oversimplified and fail to take into account how complicated social life is. It disregards the ways in which some social groups could be harmed by institutions because it thinks that they always serve a beneficial purpose. Additionally, it minimises the influence of conflict and power in forming social ties, which tends to normalise current social hierarchies. Functionalism may not be sufficient to comprehend social development and alleviate structural inequity as a result.

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Functionalism is often criticised for its deterministic view of human behaviour. The theory works under the assumption that members of society do not possess free will, rather all actions carried out are the product the social system they are a part of.

Another criticism of Functionalism is in regard to value consensus, which are the agreed upon shared social values within society which help to unite society. The problem is that Functionalism never provides evidence of value consensus’ existence, rather it is an assumption the theory is reliant on.

Functionalism utilises ideas such as stratification, a natural division of labour within society, to make inequality a desirable trait within society as the usage of skill is based on hierarchy. This hierarchal nature allows for certain groups that possess a more dominant position within society to structure society in their favour, and they can do this through ideals such as social order. Functionalism allows for this abuse of power and resulting exploitation of the powerless to be ignored.

Additionally, Functionalism gets criticised for using words like 'stability' that hide injustice in society. This is because by making stability of the society the goal, the theory provides an incentive for people to conform regardless of how unjust their situation is.

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The functionalist theory posits that society is made up of interconnected parts that work together to maintain social stability and order. It asserts that institutions and social structures serve specific functions in society, and any change in one part of the system will affect the entire system. However, when we apply this theory to the scenario of injustice, we can see that it falls short in addressing the underlying causes of social inequality and systemic oppression.

The functionalist theory ignores the role of power dynamics in shaping society. It assumes that social structures and institutions are neutral and serve to benefit all members of society equally. However, in reality, power imbalances exist, with dominant groups using their power to maintain their privileged position in society at the expense of marginalized communities. The functionalist theory fails to acknowledge the ways in which social structures and institutions can perpetuate and reinforce systemic oppression.

In conclusion, while the functionalist theory may provide insights into the functioning of society, it falls short in addressing the underlying causes of social inequality and systemic oppression. It fails to account for power dynamics and the ways in which social structures and institutions can perpetuate social injustice.

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According to Emile Durkhiem, the functionalist theory is built on the idea that there needs to be a value consensus in order for society to be functional. Society is similar to a human body; it's built up of parts that work together in order to make society functional.

Dealing with society as a whole, the functionalist explanation of crime a limited amount of crime is inevitable and even necessary. Crime has positive functions. A certain amount of crime contributes to the well-being of a society. On the other hand, too much crime is bad for society and can help bring about its collapse, hence, institutions of social control are necessary to keep the amount of crime in check.

However, the functionalist theory fails to highlight the injustices in society. Society is not homogeneous. According to feminists, society is patriarchal, so it favours men as compared to women. According to Talcot Parsons, in the family, women act as a ‘warm bath.’ This means that women take the submissive role while men take the breadwinner role; women act as a scapegoat for men as the husband uses his wife to release stress from work or life. Therefore, this highlights how women are scapegoated in the family. Functionalists may argue that this serves a functional role in creating stability, but this can prove to be unfair for women.

Moreover, functionalists claim that social stratification is useful because it assigns people to roles according to their strengths and functional significance. Marxists believe that social stratification is built on an inequity system that is detrimental to the working class because of economic exploitation and the fight between both the ruling class and the working class.

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Case study: Education system
What is the agency's apparent purpose? What are its potential functions?
The obvious purpose of the education system is to provide knowledge and skills to help students develop into useful adults. Its potential functions include providing economic competitiveness and cohesion for society. The education system increases a country's economic competitiveness by providing vocational training and skills training that equip students for future jobs. In addition, the education system helps foster a sense of citizenship and values, and strengthens social cohesion.
How does it promote social cohesion or integration?
The way the education system promotes social cohesion or integration is through the teaching of shared values and ideas, the socialization process brought about by education, so that students learn how to get along with people, interact with and integrate with society. In addition, public schools can eliminate some socioeconomic disparities and promote social equity and justice.
Who is this institution or society, and who is not included in it?
In the education system, students and faculty are the core of the institution, and families and the government also play important roles. The education system includes schools and universities, but some people are not included in the education system, such as newspapers, media and other extracurricular activities. In addition, in some countries, due to race, class, gender and other factors, some people may be less served by the education system, leading to gaps in society.
Is the situation just/fair? Do you think that needs to change? Can you think of a similar situation in society?
There are some injustices and inequities in the education system. For example, students from poor families are restricted from receiving the same educational opportunities as students from wealthy families. Some of the more disadvantaged groups in society do not have equal opportunities, such as women and some ethnic minorities may face unequal starting a

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Functionalism sees society as an organism composed of different parts with the aim of achieving social stability. Another function of it is to maintain the existing social order and structure and protect the interests of some groups.

Functionalism believes that each institution has its own role, and various institutions cooperate with each other to maintain social stability and order. For example, banks are financial institutions, governments are rule-making institutions, and courts and police are responsible for enforcing government regulations

Functionalism emphasizes the whole of society rather than the parts, which can lead to some unfairness in society, such as ethnic minorities, women and the poor, may be excluded by social institutions

Functionalism emphasizes maintaining the existing social order and power structure rather than solving social problems and social inequality. For example, women and minorities in some countries may face unequal treatment in schools and workplaces while treating society as a machine, which can hinder progress and innovation. One problem with functionalism is that it sees society as a whole, with all its components working together to maintain stability, which ignores social differences, as well as the need for innovation. Therefore, functionalist theory cannot adequately describe the complexity and dynamics of society

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According to functionalism, it can be demonstrated that society is a complex system consisting of different parts that work together to maintain social order and stability. These parts consist of various institutions and organisations such as schools, government, police, courts, businesses, banks, churches, etc. Each of these institutions has a specific role to play and contributes to the smooth development of society as a whole.

In the 'functionalist' view, social facts, values and norms are necessary for the maintenance of society. Social facts are observable social phenomena that exist independently of individual actors, such as language, money and law. Values are beliefs and attitudes that members of society share as important, such as respect for authority or the value of hard work. Norms are unwritten rules of behaviour that every member of society is expected to follow, such as respect for the property of others.

The key idea of functionalism is that 'society is a complete system' and that each part of society performs some function and helps to maintain social order and stability. On the one hand functionalists believe that society is like a living organism and that the various parts of the organism work together to ensure its survival. On the other hand, functionalists argue that change in society is gradual, as institutions adapt to new circumstances and new roles emerge to meet changing needs.
The basic assumption of functionalism is that mental and cognitive processes can be understood as responses to stimuli that come from both the external environment and the internal needs of the individual. Functionalism assumes that human mental processes are the product of evolution, have adaptive functions, and can help people adapt to complex and changing environments. Functionalism therefore emphasises the study of the actual functions of behaviour and cognition, rather than focusing solely on their structure or internal mechanisms.

In functionalist theory, behaviour and cognition are seen as adaptive responses that can help individuals achieve specific goals. For example, through learning and memory, individuals can adapt to changes in their environment, and through emotion and motivation, individuals can better cope with challenges and stress.

In summary, functionalism is a psychological theory that views human mental and cognitive processes as adaptive responses, which emphasises the actual functions of behaviour and cognition and sees them as products of evolution designed to help individuals adapt to their environment and achieve their goals.
One of the main criticisms of functionalism, however, is that it does not take into account the power relations in society. Functionalism assumes that all parts of society are equally important and contribute equally to the maintenance of social order. In reality, then, some institutions and individuals have more power than others, and this power can be used to maintain or challenge the social order. Another criticism is that functionalism does not explain social change and conflict. Functionalists assume that society is always in equilibrium, but this is not always the case. Societies are often characterised by conflict and struggle between different groups, and this conflict leads to social change.

Functionalism is a social theory that describes society as a complex system of different parts and that these parts work together to maintain social order and stability. The basic assumption of functionalism is that mental and cognitive processes can be understood as responses to stimuli that come from both the external environment and the internal needs of the individual. Functionalism assumes that human mental processes are the product of evolution, have adaptive functions and can help people adapt to complex and changing environments. Functionalism therefore emphasises the study of the actual functions of behaviour and cognition, rather than focusing solely on their structure or internal mechanisms.

In functionalist theory, behaviour and cognition are seen as adaptive responses that can help individuals achieve specific goals. For example, through learning and memory, individuals can adapt to changes in their environment, and through emotion and motivation, individuals can better cope with challenges and stress.

Functionalism is a psychological theory that views human psychological and cognitive processes as adaptive responses, which emphasises the actual functions of behaviour and cognition and sees them as products of evolution designed to help individuals adapt to their environment and achieve their goals. The basic assumption of functionalism is that mental and cognitive processes can be understood as responses to stimuli that come from both the external environment and the individual's internal needs. Functionalism assumes that human mental processes are the product of evolution, have adaptive functions, and can help people adapt to complex and changing environments. Functionalism therefore emphasises the study of the actual functions of behaviour and cognition, rather than focusing solely on their structure or internal mechanisms.

In functionalist theory, behaviour and cognition are seen as adaptive responses that can help individuals achieve specific goals. For example, through learning and memory, individuals can adapt to changes in their environment, and through emotions and motivation, individuals can better cope with challenges and stress.

Functionalism is therefore a psychological theory that considers human mental and cognitive processes to be adaptive responses, which emphasises the actual functions of behaviour and cognition and sees them as products of evolution designed to help individuals adapt to their environment and achieve their goals.

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Functionalism is a part of social theories, which talks about society as a whole, and different social institutions work together like human body, such as head, heart, arms. A stable and healthy society depends on every institutions work together closely to meet the needs of society. In additions to social institutions, it also need rules, norms and values, which makes the society running well.

There are some key concepts of functionalism. Functionalism assume that value consensus can set good norms in minds. With the guidance, different social parts will be integrated. Social order is a key element of the concepts. It argues that a certain amount of stability is need for social systems to run. Social institutions including family, education, economy and government is a persistent structure. It help organise society by running together. Social cohesion is a way to keep all the members have a sense of being in society, organising by same attitudes and beliefs. From the scenario, we can see dysfunction plays a bad role in society, which means that society can't maintain stable and healthy and there is something wrong with social order and structure. Anomie shows that society can't work with a weak and broken values and norms.

Key criticisms also play important roles in the concepts of functionalism. First, it's not a good way to overemphasis stability, which will ignore individual needs of interests. From this perspectives, overemphasising stability will lead society to work on a extreme way. Second, functionalism has a

deterministic view of human action. It argues that human should make actions according to the social needs instead of individual preference. Third,there are some problems of value consensus and social order. As consensus is a definition given by people, and it does not have influence on social order while producing the negative effects.

Above all, functionalism have advantages and shortcomings. We should keep a balance between them and get benefits from it.

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Functionalism is a theory about making social institute work together in order to strengthen the social cohesion.

Functionalism emphasis the cohesion but it is also a double-side sword because there are two effects, manifest and latent, for example when we set out joining a religion group we hope can find the dependent of belief and the group also hope give the support to our confident and belief, this is manifest effect but as the time goes by, the religion group maybe start forcing people to do something and brainwash them to do something that is harmful to society or the individuals are too depend on religion to live be themselves so they may get into trouble again, this is latent effect. When the latent effect happens, the religion loses the positive effect that as a part of society to make it work like a whole and now the functionalism loses the effect because this theory emphasis society like a human body and each social institutes like organs, they must work well together the body can work well. There is the negative because functionalism only highlight the prefect cohesion in society but ignore it is impossible to work well, so when latent effect happen the functionalism cannot stand well.

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Functionalism is a theory about the nature of mental states. According to functionalism, mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of. This can be understood by thinking about artifacts like mousetraps and keys. In particular, the original motivation for functionalism comes from the helpful comparison of minds with computers. But that is only an analogy. The main arguments for functionalism depend on showing that it is superior to its primary competitors: identity theory and behaviorism. Contrasted with behaviorism, functionalism retains the traditional idea that mental states are internal states of thinking creatures. Contrasted with identity theory, functionalism introduces the idea that mental states are multiply realized.

Objectors to functionalism generally charge that it classifies too many things as having mental states, or at least more states than psychologists usually accept. The effectiveness of the arguments for and against functionalism depends in part on the particular variety in question, and whether it is a stronger or weaker version of the theory. This article explains the core ideas behind functionalism and surveys the primary arguments for and against functionalism.

In one version or another, functionalism remains the most widely accepted theory of the nature of mental states among contemporary theorists. Nevertheless, in view of the difficulties of working out the details of functionalist theories, some philosophers have been inclined to offer supervenience theories of mental states as alternatives to functionalism.

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Functionalist theory looks at society as a unit where every person and institution fulfills a role that is essential to societal cohesion. Durkheim, who was the first to theorize about funtionalism, referred to society as a human body and institutions and people were the organs that were vital to it running smoothly.

Functionalism also states that institutions in society have a role in instilling social norms within people. That is called a latent function. Without societal norms, people will slowly cease to fulfill their roles in society which will cause chaos (anomie) to ensue. This will lead to the collapse of society.

functionalist theory can be praised for providing explanations as to how and why people in a society feel compelled to follow greater social norms and how institutions aid in the creation of societal structures and normalized behaviors.

On the other hand, there are criticisms that can be made about functionalism. Functionalism fails to consider individual agency and the independence of people in a society. Due to the fact that functionalism also assumes that every individual is fulfilling a function essential to society by existing in the way that they do, it overlooks societal injustices such as racism or sexism in society.

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Functionalism believes that society is a system composed of different interrelated parts, each of which has its own special function to maintain social stability and balance. The theory is that society is like an organic whole, like the organs of the human body. In the human body, each organ has a special function. For example, the lungs are responsible for breathing, and the stomach is responsible for getting nutrients from food. These organs work together to keep the body functioning properly. In society, different components also have their own functions. Social institutions that do not perform their functions lead to social instability. Therefore, all members of society should contribute to maintaining the stable operation of society.

Functionalism has been criticized for oversimplifying social complexity and only emphasizing social stability while ignoring social inequity. Conflict theory is one of the major challenges to functionalism. Conflict theory holds that society consists of conflicts between different interest groups or classes, and that there are irreconcilable contradictions between these components. As in capitalist societies, there is a conflict of interest between the capitalist class and the working class. The capitalist class owns the means of production, while the working class cannot get the corresponding return for their labor.

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There are criticisms of functionalism theory, because functionalism theory has many shortcomings and explanation loss. And as the time changed, functionalism was out of time. Firstly, functionalism theory ignores conflicts between different institutions, it emphasises that society is macro whole. It is easy to lead people afraid to show their own thoughts to society, they will tend to think or work the same like other people to make sure they are common. And functionalism also ignores some groups in society that may have their personal interest.

Secondly, stability and value consensus cannot keep society together, even make the society be pieces, which is not the same as functionalists think. Actually, the absence of value consensus makes society more stable.

Thirdly, functionalism theory sees humans as products of society. It ignores human’s creativity and personal value.

Lastly, functionalism theory offers that different levels of people have a different type of work, it is easy to make inequalities. It is different to Marxism, functionalism theory offered different level(education level) of people have different type of work, it can make the capitalism control material production more than before. It is difficult for people to change their class, increase their income and have a better life for themselves. Marxism is a part of conflict theory, the main idea of Marxism is the inequalities in different classes. One side like capitalism controls the material production and has the most wealthy of society. Other sides like workers are producing the production but cannot get enough material(economic) for their work. But it is not aware of functionalism theory.

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Functionalism looks at how the various social organisations that make up society—including the media, family, economy, education, and religious institutions—all have a function and have an impact on its constituents.

The functionalism approach was first developed by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim, who wrote towards the end of the 19th century, and was inspired by American sociology from about the 1930s through the 1960s.

Functionalism has received harsh criticism from many schools of thought, but American sociologists began to update it in the 1970s. Functionalist theories primarily contend that social occurrences and problems serve society in some way, as opposed to being symptoms of a societal ill.

Functionalism is a structural theory that contends that social institutions and societal structure have an impact on how society functions and how people behave.

The "grand" theory of sociology developed by Talcott Parsons built on Durkheim's notion of society serving as a moral policeman to account for all human conduct in relation to institutions.

Functionalism originated in British anthropology. In particular, the Polish-British anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1943) proposed functional analysis as a solution for sociologists to interpret social situations through intuition rather than observation.

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Functionalism is a theory that appeared in 19th century, and Durkheim was one of the key figures who contributed in the creation of it.

Functionalism see society as a complex system, similar to the human body with a variety of interconnected organs, where every independent part have it own role, but all work together to maintain the common goal, such as social stability and order.

Social institutions, for instance government, religion, family play the role of these different organs in our society. Every social institution is aerated by human being and provide every individual with basic needs.

Theory argues that behaviour of individuals within society is structured by the rules, to navigate how individuals should behave on the society to contribute on the creation of social stability.

One of the key criticisms of functionalism theory is social cohesion, which provides human-beings with a sense of belonging to the society and opportunity to feel the same emotions and have the experiences as the others in the society.

Theory, also, discuss that social inequality is necessary in the society, as it gives the motivation to work harder to have more privileges. Functionalism argues tat every individual have a role in the society depending on their ability.