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Climatograph

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Himalayas - Alpine/Mountain Biome
Biotic Factors:
- The Himalayas are home to large mammals such as the snow leopard, bengal tiger, yak, and one-horned rhino.
- The alpine biome is characterized by short ground-cover plants that can survive the high winds, strong sunlight, low carbon dioxide, and low temperatures.
Abiotic Factors:
- The mountain range has varying topography and altitudes, which affects the climate across the biome.
- At high altitudes, the air is thin, dry, and has a low precipitation level.
Anthropogenic Disruptions:
- Poaching is the main threat to wildlife in the Himalayas. Poachers hunt tigers and rhinos because of their high value on the black market. People also hunt deer and fish for meat within protected areas.
Facts:
- The Himalayas span 380,292 square miles across India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, and China.
- The mountain range includes Mt. Everest, which has the highest altitude in the world at 29,029 ft.
Keystone Species:
- According to a paper published in the MDPI, the rhododendron plant is an important keystone species in the Himalayas. The rhododendron's nectar, pollen, flowers, and leaves are a food source for pollinating insects, birds, pikas, and other animals. They also have important uses to native people in the Himalayas. They have medicinal properties, their wood is used for timber, and they can be made into food products.

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Taiga Forests
Biotic Factors:
- The forests are made up of conifers, which have adapted to survive the long winters and short summers. There are few plants besides conifers that can survive the cold and few nutrients in the taiga soil.
- Mosses, lichens, and mushrooms are able to grow on the taiga floor because they have shallow roots.
- Some of the few carnivorous animals found in taigas are the Siberian tiger, bears, and lynx.
Abiotic Factors:
- The soil beneath the taiga contains a layer of permafrost or bedrock, which often prevents water from draining from the top layer of soil. This makes the ground become a wet and spongey bog called muskeg.

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Temperate Coniferous Forest
Biotic Factors:
- Coniferous Forests are mostly made up of conifers, trees like pines and firs with needles and cones instead of leaves and flowers. They are adaptive to cold and dry conditions and tend to stay green all year round.
- The forest is home to an abundance of animals like elk, bighorn sheep, moose, otters, mule deer, bats, and marmots.
Abiotic Factors:
- Some characteristic abiotic factors are the lakes, streams, and rivers that form from the Rocky Mountains' snow melt.
- Boulders direct the waterways.

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Western European Broadleaf Forests - Deciduous Forest
Biotic Factors:
- There are few large mammals in the Western European Broadleaf Forests. The Eurasian lynx, the largest predatory cat in Europe, was reintroduced to the forests to support the trophic balance. They feed on roe deer, chamois, red deer, otters, and beavers.
- The region is made up of beech forests, Norway Spruce forests, and relict Scots pine forests. The large trees have an array of smaller plants like oak forest woodrush, European blueberry, and eagle fern under their canopies.
Abiotic Factors:
- This region experiences high rainfall: 100 cm in the Jura Mountain valleys and 203 cm at higher elevations.

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Canadian Middle Arctic Tundra
Biotic Factors:
- The vegetation is sparsely compromised of lichens, herbs, and dwarf shrubs.
- Characteristic mammals include caribou, musk ox, polar bear, arctic wolf, and arctic hare.
Abiotic Factors:
- This ecoregion experiences short, cool summers and long, cold winters. Average summer temperatures range from 32°F to 40°F, and winter temperatures range from -22°F to -4°F across the region
- Annual precipitation ranges from only 10-20cm.

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Otago Tussock Grasslands - Temperate Grassland

Biotic Factors:
- This region is called a tussock grassland because it is made up of different types of drought-resistant tussock grasses: hard tussock, silver tussock, and Carex inopinata.
- The native plants have evolved to have spiny branches and leaves inside of thickets as a defense mechanism against the now-extinct ratites that fed on the vegetation.
Abiotic Factors:
- The Otago Tussock Grasslands are located in the rain shadow of the southern alps.
- The grassland has a braided river system that hosts waterbirds, mudfish, and moth species.

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Mediterranean Forest Biome
Biotic Factors:
- The vegetation is compromised of the dwarf scrub garigue, European olive, carob, and Phoenician juniper.
- The Paphos Forest is known for the Cyprus mouflon, a descendant of wild sheep. They are the biggest animal found in the forest.
Abiotic Factors:
- The Mediterranean/Chapparal biome is generally characterized by hot and dry summers and mild and rainy winters. Over the year, the temperature in the Paphos Forest ranges from 47°F to 87°F.

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Estuary
Biotic Factors:
- The estuary is home to animals such as seabirds, diamondback terrapins, horseshoe crabs, and clams.
- Wetlands grow in the estuary, which provide a habitat for fish and shellfish and allow them to spawn in a protected area.
Abiotic Factors:
- Freshwater from the rivers and saltwater from the ocean mix, creating brackish water in the estuary. The salinity of the water ranges from the north to south end; it increases as you move south.

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Kelp Forest
Biotic Factors
- Kelp serves as a habitat and food source for species like seals, sea lions, fish, and sea otters.
Abiotic Factors
- As water temperatures rise, kelp does not thrive as well, which leads to reduced ecosystem productivity. They do well in temperatures ranging from 42-72 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Sedimentation affects the turbidity of the water. Water clarity is important because kelp uses sunlight for photosynthesis, so they are less productive when the water is obscured.

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Desert
Biotic Factors:
- The Mojave Desert hosts a variety of reptiles like the desert iguana, banded gecko, and regal horned lizard. They are cold-blooded creatures, so they rely on the desert heat to regulate their body temperatures.
- To avoid drought periods, annual plants have shorter life cycles that span through the spring and winter periods.
Abiotic Factors:
- The Mojave Desert has the hottest recorded air and surface temperatures on earth. Depending on the season, temperatures range from 27-96 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Savanna
Biotic Factors:
- Savannas are characterized by flat grasslands.
- The Serengeti Savanna is home to many herd/pack animals like zebra, gazelle, and lions. Savanna animals tend to travel together as a form of protection.
Abiotic Factors
- Rivers provide a habitat for species like hippos and crocodiles.
- The Serengeti National Park is a volcanic savanna. The grasslands grow on volcanic deposits.

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Tropical Rainforest Biome
Biotic Factors:
- The forest is dense with vegetation. It is home to 150 fern species and 240 tree species.
Abiotic Factors:
- The forest's average temperature is 73 degrees Fahrenheit, suitable for tropical vegitation.
- In some areas, it receives up to 200 inches of rainfall.