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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPi1SXvV5Fo&feature=emb_title
youtube video

Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer, physicist, and mathematician, who had a huge impact on science as we know it today, he created the measurement of temperature called Celsius. He also built the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 1741, after finding out that the Earth is not a sphere but an ellipsoid. An ellipsoid is a quadratic surface that looks like a sphere. We should still learn about Anders Celsius because he is the reason why we have a stable universal method to measure the temperature of objects, people, and even Earth. This would end up evolving into the thermometer. Anders's invention of Celcius is the pinnacle invention of modern Weather forecasters and everyday needs for temperature.

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Check out this video: https://whttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMM8vx9vDiE

Galileo was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer,   and philosopher. He revolutionized astronomy and biology. Through his telescopic observations, he discovered the mountains on the moon, the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn. Galileo's discoveries and Theories laid the foundation for modern physics and astronomy. Many people consider him a "father" of modern science.

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He lost his nose in a duel with his third cousin (over a mathematical formula) so he then replaced it with brass.

He was a very accomplished astronomer who predicted accurate planetary motion, created new instruments to observe space, discovered a new star in the constellation Cassiopeia, (before the telescope was invented) and more.

The work of Tycho Brahe was used by his assistant, Johannes Kepler, to support and prove the heliocentric theory. Brahe radically changed the observation traditions of astronomy by observing the orbits of the planets and moon regularly rather than just during major time periods such as eclipses. His tools became inspiration for even better, more accurate ones.  We study him to know how our knowledge of outer space was able to be developed as far as it is, and where a lot of these tools and techniques came from.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QDvKzY4aqA
(A TEDed video about his life that is around 5 minutes long.)

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Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician who developed three fundamental laws of planetary motion, which are listed below:
1. The shape of the orbits of each planet in the solar system is an ellipse.
2. If a line were to be drawn between a planet and the Sun, that line would sweep out equal areas of the planet's elliptical orbit in equal amounts of time as the planet moves.
3. The orbital period for a planet is directly proportional to the size of its orbit.

Kepler also did important work in geometry and optics, and discovered that two eyes enable depth perception and that the refraction of light enables vision.

We should continue to learn about him because modern astronomy finds its foundation in Kepler's laws of planetary motion. While the heliocentric theory had already been developed by the time he began to work in astronomy, his work helped to correct it and create the model of the solar system that we know today.

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-Born on April 1, 1578, in Folkstone, England
-Wealthy Family
-College for science and medicine
-Two Schools
- Became a physician
-won recognition as the best physician in London
-was appointed as a physician to King James in 1618
-Wrote De Moto Cordis
-Anatomical Studies on the Motion of the Heart and Blood
in Animals
-corrected Claudius Galen’s mistakes about blood and circulation
- Showed there is a constant flow of blood to the heart

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Giordano Bruno was an Italian scientist and philosopher who is cited as being the first to suggest that the universe may be infinite and populated with many worlds. He thought that the universe was populated by an infinite number of solar systems just like ours. He was burned at the stake for thinking that these ideas were valid. We can thank Bruno for discovering that many other solar systems are out there and that the universe is infinite.

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Robert Hooke should be remembered for his book titled Micrographia. This book explains Robert Hooke's work on microbiology and quantum physics. Hooke's book explains all he knows about the topics and his theories behind his knowledge. Hooke also discovered the first known microorganisms in the form of microscopic fungi. This discovery was massive because it showed there are even more living organisms at our fingertips we just didn't know it yet. Hooke's ideas led scientists of the future to explore his thoughts and learn more about microbiology to understand our world even better. Robert Hooke was very important in the scientific discovery of microorganisms and led many future scientists to continue the work he had started and to improve and perfect his ideas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gtrkxtsQ2k

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Aristarchus was a Greek astronomer that influenced heliocentric theory.  Much of his work has not survived but he was cited as a source by many scientists such as Copernicus.  Copernicus then later took out his citing of Aristarchus and did not mention him in his published work.  Aristarchus came up with a geometric model to measure the distance and the size of the sun and moon.  His results were rather accurate for the moon but not the sun, and his measurements would be refined by future astronomers.

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Zacharias Janssen was credited for inventing the compound microscope. Most people believe that his father played a huge role in this creation. He was important because he invented something that we still use to this day and humans have discovered many new things using microscopes.

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Marie Lavoisier was considered the first female scientist. She was a French chemist and noblewoman. She worked with her husband and was his laboratory assistant, and she helped make the scientific method a standard across the country, then and now. It’s important to remember her, because we still use the scientific method today during science classes. We even have whole units on it.
https://youtu.be/-uFZhbM4NnM

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Newton was born in Lincolnshire, England in early 1643. He died in London, England in early 1727 at age 84. He died peacefully in his sleep.

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Biography: Born Jan. 2, 1561, in England - Died Apr. 9, 1626, in England from a heart attack

- He was a lawyer, scientist, reformer, philosopher, etc. But most importantly he was the former Lord Chancellor of England. (resigned amid charges of corruption)

Check out this video on Sir Francis Bacon:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eOQm9yZN3c

Why Should we still learn about him:
To this day, Francis Bacon is known for his treatises on empiricist natural philosophy. Better known as (the advancement of learning, Novum Organum Scientiarum, or a new way of learning.) Additionally, Francis Bacon was known for his idea of a modern research institute. His essays are also very important because they stress the importance of studying and how it provides you with knowledge. That ultimately grows your better understanding of past or present-day events.

Accomplishments / discoveries:
Francis Bacon was best known for his discovery of the scientific method, and the way he popularized it. This was done through the use of analyzing data from experiments and observations. Rather than the use of logic-based reasoning.

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Link to Youtube Vid: https://youtu.be/105ebQ8VSsE

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQ9T0WZAaJs

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Copernicus is very important in the identification of the Heliocentric theory of the solar system. As we study this we can give him credit for the common knowledge we believe today. Copernicus is also known as the father of modern astronomy. In his early life, Copernicus studied at two different universities, one from which he earned his doctorate where he pursed his work as a church leader and doctor in Poland.

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Copernicus - Astronomer | Mini Bio | BIO

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Copernicus unfortunately died the year his work was published in 1543, however, it saved him from the definite hardships of the church. Yet, his work was officially seen and studied until the 17th century, by Galileo, who got in much trouble for publishing Copernicus' works of the Heliocentric Theory otherwise known as the Copernican system. He is an important Astronomer who is vital to study today because of his works in the Scientific Revolution that have carried into our modern knowledge. He went against what the people said, and while he didn't get to first hand experience his work to the public, others realized that Copernicus was right in his theories.

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Isaac Newton believed in the heliocentric model. He stayed close to the Church so he could stay close to his deity. He was a physisist.

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Rene Descartes was a philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, who primarily focused on mathematics. He was known for connecting geometry and algebra into analytic geometry, creating a system that uses letters as mathematical variables, and created a foundation for calculus in math; resolving the problem of personal existence by saying "I think, therefore I exist", and learned to question everything in philosophy; and made the scientific method in science.

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Edward Jenner is known as being the father of vaccines. He helped fight the devastating disease known as smallpox that was spreading around europe in the late 1700s- early 1800s. He grew up wanting to study in science and nature. He had spent time with a dairymaid and learned that she had never gotten smallpox before because she instead got another disease from a cow. (cowpox) This cowpox was known for having humans be immune to smallpox. So to counteract the disease Jenner began injecting the disease into humans and it worked. His first patient was an eight year old boy and after nine days the boy was feeling much better. He even opened up a small hut in his yard to treat smallpox patients.

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Cartesian Skepticism - Neo, Meet Rene: Crash Course Philosophy #5

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Newton made three laws of motion.
1. Force and Inertia - “an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force” This is telling us that an object won't move (or stop moving) unless another thing forces it to. If a ball was rolling down a hill, that ball would not stop until it hits something, whether that is a rock, or if there is more friction added to the ground, for example, if the ground was sandy.
2. Force, Mass, and Acceleration - “The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.”  This law tells us that the speed, or growth of speed, of an object, depends on the force applied and how much the object weighs.
3. Action and Reaction - “Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite on the first.” If you put force onto something else, it will push just as much force back at you. Say you push onto the ground with 125 lbs of force, the ground is pushing back up to you with 125 lbs of force.

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Robert Boyle was an Irish philosopher and writer, he lived from January 25, 1627, until December 31st, 1691. He is best well-known for his philosophy and work in chemistry. His work did not stop there, it also covered hydro statistics, physics, medicine, earth sciences, natural history, and alchemy. He was also a Christian. He was the fourteenth child of one of the wealthiest families in Britain. He was educated at Eton college. In 1639 he and his brother toured Europe together with their mentor Isaac Marcombes. He didn't return home until 1644 when he lived in Dorset. After returning home he got into writing and in 1649 he started studying nature and started working with experimentation. He later joined a group of philosophers and social reformers known as the Hartlib Circle. In 1654 he was invited to Oxford where he helped form the Experimental Philosophy Club. He worked on the invention of the air pump with Robert Hooke. Their discoveries led to the discovery of air pressure and the invention of vacuums. He discovered airs role in combustion, respiration, and sound travel. He also created Boyles law which is the relationship between pressure and volume. of gas.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdgwYvxpQSA

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VsW1XSheWo

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Robert Boyle - Man of Science, Man of Faith

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Andeas Vesalius was a 16th Century anatomist, Physician. He is one of the first "physicians to accurately record and illustrate human anatomy based on his findings from autopsies and dissections". He was also the author of one of the most dominant books on human anatomy called "De humani corporis fabrica" published in 1543. It gave a better understanding of the human body and modern medicine.

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Antoine Lavoisier was a French Chemist and nobleman who discovered the elements oxygen and hydrogen, and also found that oxygen was the element responsible for combustion. He laid the groundwork for other chemists and changed the perspective of how fire works.

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Joesph Priestley was born in 1733 and died in 1804 and was widely known in philosophy. He was a political theorist and Physical scientist and worked to contribute to the advance of liberal political and religious thought in experimental chemistry. Between 1772-1790 he would release six volumes of experiments and observations of different types of (air) or what we know now as gases. Priestley was mostly known as the man who discovered Oxygen, which he did on August 1st 1774. He ran experiments that showed that plants produced oxygen and that living things also needed oxygen to survive (the mouse experiment). He is also known for identifying a dozen chemical compounds. A British pneumatic chemist had identified three types of gases, which would be carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen which Priestley would incorporate the explanation of the chemistry of the gases into phlogiston theory ( hypothetical principle of fire) later in the future.

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The Man Who Discovered Oxygen - mysimpleshow.com

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Evangelista Torricelli was a 17th century Italian physicist and mathematician, as well as one of the many movers and shakers of the Scientific Revolution that has made an impact on science as we know it. Torricelli is most known for inventing the mercury barometer, one of the first devices to accurately measure the height of Earth's atmosphere. Alongside this, Torricelli was known for his mathematic discovery of Gabriel's Horn, a geometrical figure shaped like a horn with finite volume, and infinite length and surface area. Torricelli had also been the first to correctly describe why and how the wind blows. We study Torricelli today because of his contributions to the Scientific Revolution and how much value these once substantial discoveries have made in our everyday lives.

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was raised in Delft, Dutch republic and worked as a draper in his youth. Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in the field of microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. He universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology. He discovered blood cells, and was the first to see living sperm cells of animals. Leeuwenhoek's discovery took place when he was using a microscope and examined pond water in 1674, observing dozens of protists. With Leeuwenhoek discovering this and his extensive research on the growth of small animals helped disprove the theory of spontaneous generation of life. This was the hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. Leeuwenhoek suffered from a rare disease, an uncontrolled movement of the midriff now named the van Leeuwenhoek's disease after him. Dying at the age of 90 and buried four days later in the Oude Kerk in Delft.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_BiLl2v6OE

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-He discovered gravity, he wondered why things fell to the ground, and through his experiments, he found that gravity is utilized in many different ways including the rotation of our planets and how the planets stay together in our galaxy.
-Three laws of motion
-provided a synthesis of his predecessors, explained why planets move in an ellipsis
-one universal law that is mathematically proven
---Consequences: the world is seen in mechanistic terms
God is everywhere
God is seen as a clockmaker who created the universe and set it to a function of his own "God is the great clockmaker"

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Paracelsus was a physician that contributed to the rise of modern medicine. He was a pioneer using treatments with new chemicals, such as iron, sulfur, mercury, and more. He was given credit for the invention of laudanum, understanding that it was more soluble in alcohol. Laudanum was a major part of the pharmacopeia in the 20th century. He was also known for being the first to connect goitre with minerals, especially lead in drinking water. He helped invent modern medicine and how it could help and that's why we still study him today.