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First surgery conducted was amputation, without any painkillers.

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Shoes were first invented, shown in cave paintings. Used to protect feet during hunting and rough ground. Made out of fur. Covered feet and up to the knee.

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Fermentation used to preserve food. Natural process that occurs within organisms when there is a lack of oxygen. Sugar converts into alcohol.

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Shoes made from sagebrush and bark, found in a warmer climate. Only covered feet and not calves. Made form plants so not as durable. Seen as a sign of royalty or higher ranked people. Started to be used more for comfort than practicality.

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Trepanation, drilling into the brains, was used to try and cure mental illness or migraines, or to release spirits.

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First evidence of slippers in China. Made from woven cotton and leather. Seen as symbols of power because you were able to work indoors.

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Kohl was used by Egyptians and was put on the eyelids. Perfume was also used during religious ceremonies.

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Laces started being used on shoes, they were made of lime bark and bearskin. Made in the Middle East. New way to fasten footwear so it could stay on feet better and be most customization for each person.

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First recorded cancer treatment was written on the Edwin Smith Papyrus, where a tool called the fire drill was used to remove breast cancer tumors on 8 different occasions. The drill cauterized the skin around in to prevent the spread of infection.

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Cross breeding of corn in Mexico. Used different soils and nutrients for different flavors.

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Caupa leg was First discovery of a partial prosthetic limb. Was very durable and made of plastic.

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Nail polish was invented in ancient China, and the color showed the person's status.

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Silk was first discovered by a Chinese Empress, who learned how to raise silkworms and mulberry trees.

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Henna was used in the Indus Valley for religious ceremonies, with symbols relating to their social status. Also helped as a painkiller for small cuts.

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Pickling foods, which also enhances the flavor. Food placed in salty or acidic solution which lowers the pH of the food, which stops harmful bacteria to form.

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Silk trade expanded to other cultures, but China had strict rules about the trade that needed to be followed.

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Cauterization was first used to seal wounds with hot sticks.

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Greek women wanted a lighter complexion, and used white lead to fit the beauty standard. Also used beeswax to make lip balm.

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Prosthetic toe was discovered in Egypt, because a big toe was necessary when wearing sandals for cultural reasons.

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The Turkish finally broke China's monopoly on silk trade.

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Romans used olive oil on their skin to make them look younger. Would also use vinegar to brush their hair to darken it.

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Bloodletting tried to use this surgery to figure out how blood flowed around the body.

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Artemisinin, which is extracted from a plant, was found in plants.

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First found evidence of socks, made out of fabric or leather. Started in Egypt but was spread around to Europe. Protected against cold better.

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Tetracycline found in bone samples. It can treat a variety of things, including acne and Chlamydia. Proved that antibiotics had been used for much longer than was previously thought.

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Ped leg was the first full leg made, used by many civilizations. Made out of wood or leather.

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Hand hooks, first used in Spain before adopted by pirates.

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Silk trade with Europe started, and demand in the Roman Empire was very high.

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Silk trade made China very wealthy. A Roman Emperor sent spies to figure out how they could make silk for themselves, and the spies returned with silkworms/mulberry seeds.

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Medieval cancer treatments were not very effective. While the rich could afford painkillers, everyone else had to make do with herbal remedies and poultices.

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Although multiple European countries including England, Spain, and France started producing silk but the climate isn't very well suited for them.

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First sabotons were used, primarily by knights to protect their feet during wars. They were made of flexible metal

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Metal prosthetics started being used, which increased their durability, but started to rust when exposed to rain.

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French surgeon started finding new ways to connect the prosthetic.

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Makeup products had a lot of toxins, but they were still used because they wanted to fit beauty standards.

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Confit: cooking meat in its own fat, which forms a barrier around the meat, preventing harmful bacteria from developing.

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First cleats were invented, which are primarily used for sports to quickly change direction without slipping.

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Many Frenchmen were working in leather factories and didn't bathe often, so they would use perfume to cover the odor.

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Lady Mary Wortley came up with a vaccine for smallpox in England by infecting her daughter to bring attention to it.

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A man named Nathaniel Aspinwall started making silk in Connecticut and grew the industry a lot. However it eventually went bankrupt.

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A way of immunizing people to smallpox was discovered which used cowpox to infect them first.

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Cheesingmaking, which acidifying milk and creating lactic acid. Shows how using enzymes can change the food significantly.

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The first use of anesthetics used in surgery, which significantly decreases the pain the patient experiences.

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Starting sanitizing and making sure all surgery tools were sterile, which made surgeries much safer.

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Sewing machines started being used for shoe manufacturing, which made production more efficient and costs for leather shoes dropped, increasing their popularity.

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The theory that microorganisms caused some diseases was proposed. Vaccines including rabies, anthrax, and cholera were made.

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First antibiotic use in hospitals, but was unreliable to use because it couldn't be isolated properly. Now discontinued because it's harmful over the long run.

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Immunotherapy works to boost the immune system to be able to fight cancer better. Was discovered by a doctor when he saw that his bone cancer patients went into remission after developing a skin infection.

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First open heart surgery, but didn't have as many tools as we have now. Was successful and the patient lived 20 more years.

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Radiotherapy uses x-ray radiation to kill cancer

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Western silk industry continues to shrink, as most silk is being produced in India and China where the labor costs are much lower.

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Soles started to be added to shoes, which increased traction and durability. This was made possible by sewing rubber soles to the fabric of the rest of the shoe.

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Brachytherapy was originally used for cervical cancer, but now can be used for a broader range. A capsule containing a radiation source is inserted near the tumor.

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Modern era of antibiotics. It targeted the bacterial infection without harming the rest of the body.

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Food bio preservation started to be used to extend shelf life. It uses properties of microbiota and antimicrobial compounds. Some of the things used are lactic acid and yeast. Because of this, chemical preservatives have been used less.

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A famous skincare brand, L'Oreal, was founded by a chemist. These products are healthy for your skin and mass-produced, which was a first.

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Discovery of Penicillin: mold had grown and was able to stop the growth of bacteria around it.

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Chemical pesticides used to protect crops from animal pests. Inexpensive to produce and allowed many more crops to be used.

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Antibiotics started being used to make animals more healthy, in order to benefit the food industry and allow production to be faster.

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Radiation was used to change the DNA of plants. Didn't know how it would change the plants, but did it randomly to try and accidentally make something that was desirable.

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Huge demand for artificial limbs following WW2. Arms called Bowden cables were arms that were less bulky but uncomfortable if worn too long.

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Pulsed Electric Fields are used to heat, can, or sterilize foods which allows processing to be much faster.

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Polio vaccine was created, ending an epidemic. This vaccine used dead samples of the virus.

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Antibiotics can kill bacteria, so they put it in foods to make them last longer. If the meat is cooked properly, the antibiotic dies and can be eaten safely.

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Endoskeletal prosthesis have tube-like structures inside that are covered with foam to look more natural. They are also much lighter than alternatives, and able to fit the person's body more specifically.

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First invented DNA modification in bacteria and realized they could change genes to make whatever they wanted with food.

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The first effective use of T-Cell Therapy was through a bone marrow transplant. Now it has evolved into CAR T-Cell therapy where doctors take the patient's immune cells, grow more of them, and put them back near the cancer.

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Nanotechnology has 3 different uses in cancer treatment: diagnosing cancer sooner, bringing the drug directly to the cancer to lessen negative side effects, and making the cancer more susceptible to radiotherapy.

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Cold plasma is used to sanitize foods used electricity. It has revolutionized agricultural health.

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At first was similar to immunotherapy because foreign genes were injected into immune cells to make them stronger. Now, the genes are injected in or around the cancer itself.

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The FDA decided to add regulations on GMO to make sure the food was safe for consumers. New regulations continue to be added over time.

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Made corn sweeter and larger, which caused a lot of people to start genetically modifying a variety of fruits and vegetable.

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Monoclonal Antibodies were first used for leukemia patients, which is a kind of blood cancer. The antibodies are created in a lab before being injected into the blood stream.

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First hand transplant. An amputee had a new hand sewn on, and was very successful as he could read braille.

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Prosthetics started being 3D printed, which lowered the cost and made them more able to fit the person.

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Started looking for new organisms they could find antibiotics from. Looked mostly in fungi and microorganisms.

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GMO guidelines changed, which gave the rights of GMO products over their plants instead of the scientists who created the seeds.

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Antibiotic arms race began: since bacteria can evolve to be resistant to antibiotics, scientists have to be able to make new ones faster than the bacteria can evolve or else they won't be effective anymore.

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FDA risk assessment ruled that cloned animals and plants were safe for food production.

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People start becoming much more concerned about "clean beauty", which marked the end of products with lots of chemically active materials. They also became more concerned about organic and sustainable materials.

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A new, less invasive, way of testing for cancer is liquid biopsies.

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Neurological brain chip uses electrical signals to control technology.

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GMO apples were being sold, which stopped apples from turning brown and decomposing so they would be fresher for a longer time.

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First plant genome was edited so that soy beans had no trans fat. Allowed genes to be added and subtracted as wanted.

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Antibiotic resistance was declared a crisis, because antibiotics are being prescribed too easily which speeds up how quickly bacteria can evolve.

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Pink pineapple was invented, which is more sweet than the normal ones.

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A way to use mRNA in vaccines was discovered, and first implemented in the COVID19 vaccine which has saved millions of lives and ended a pandemic.

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Because of COVID, virtual try-on technology would allow people to find makeup that would fit them online.

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Lab grown meat approved, which is ethically made using cultivated animal cells. Cruelty free and biologically identical to natural meats.

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Surgery called AMI reduces pain for people with prosthetics.

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Genome editing still happening, can be seen in purple tomatoes and star-shaped papayas. Using genome editing to prevent allergic reactions from foods.

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One treatment that is still being worked on is cancer vaccines, which people could get before they ever developed cancer so their immune system would be more ready to fight it from the beginning.

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Using robotic hands or machines to be better able to conduct surgeries. Has been shown to have faster recovery times than a normal surgery.

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Shoes started being crafted to be able to absorb and release energy from the ground, which especially assists runners to make it more comfortable. It also ensures they lose less energy to the ground.