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Mortimer Adler and Robert M. Hutchins both known leading philosophers of perennialism.

Theoretical Orientation:

>Aims to develop student's intellectual moral qualities( teaching academy N.D)

>Rational and Critical Thinkers

Educational Value:

>importance of mastery of the content and development of reasoning skills

Teacher role:

>figure authority in the classroom

>focuses on the value associated with reason

Student Role:

> students are going to learn the truth as taught by the teacher

Educational Process:

>Recommend schools spend more time teaching about concepts meaningful to students

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John Dewey known as father of progressivism advocated of social learning( Slaughter, 2009)

Theoretical Orientation:

>Human condition through social reform learning by doing, engaging activities and hand on projects

Educational value:

> Integrity, Objectives, excellence and profit

>values central to culture

Teacher role:

>Facilitator in the classroom

>help students understand importance of learning

Student Role:

>teaches lifelong learners can think critically and solve problems

Educational Process

>systematic, sequenced and planned course on order the students achieve the outcomes teaching and learning

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Behaviorism: Mind Conditioning with Environment

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Behaviorism: Mind Conditioning with Environment

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John Broadus Watson

was an American psychologist who is considered the father of the psychological school of behaviorism.

theoretical Orientation:

>importance of external stimuli in shaping observable behavior.

Educational Value:

>Promotes structured learning where instructions is systematic

>repetition and practice

Teacher Role:

> Act as a facilitator of learning through reinforcement and structured guidance

Student Role:

>respond to the stimuli and reward

Educational Process:

>Views observable changes in behavior through systematic reinforcement and conditioning

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focused on the growth potential of healthy individuals(Kathy D& William J,2015)

Theoretical Orientation:

>create enriching environment

>supports holistic, personal and intrinsic motivation

Educational Value:

>human values and individual dignity

>support development of essential skills

Teacher Role:

>Guide the students critical thinking and self-awareness

>deep appreciation of human values and ethics

Student Role:

>active participants in learning process

>engage in critical ideas

Educational Process:

seeks to create nurturing and inclusive environment that value each students unique contribution and supports development thoughtful and compassionate individuals.

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lev Vygotsky      Jean Piaget        Ernst von Glaserfeld

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Constructivism: Active citizen in the society

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Constructivism: Active citizen in the society

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Theoretical Orientation:

>learner construct their own understanding through experiences and reflection.

>social change- critical reflection - interdisciplinary and active learning.

Educational values:

> it supports active and life long learning skills

Teacher Role:

>facilitator of critical inquiry

>promoter of social responsibility

>encourage of reflection

Student role:

>active participants

>Reflective practitioners and change agents

Educational Process:

>dynamic learning that links academic content and experience with societal relevance.

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each individual—not reason, society, or religious orthodoxy—is solely tasked with giving meaning to life and living it sincerely, or "authentically".( Wikipedia.org .August 2024)

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Theoretical Orientation:

> focuses on individual experiences and emphasis on choice and freedom

>personal responsibility and authenticity

Educational Value:

>it aims to develop well-rounded individual and promoting self discovery, fostering critical thinking and meaningful learning

Teacher Role:

>aims to nurture students personal growth and self directed learning.

Student Role:

>engage in self-exploration and make personal choice.

>seek meaning and act authenticity to their own personal and educational development.

Educational Process:

> seeks to help student understand themselves and their place in the world, fostering as deeper connection between learning and personal meaning.

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theory that children are progressively taught basic or essential skills that are needed for life after school.(Gillispie,JK 2024)

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Theoretical Orientation:

>core body of knowledge and skills necessary for students to become productive members of society.

>it also emphasis student-centered learning and active inquiry.

Educational Value:

>it is structured and disciplined approach to learning and it prioritizes the core knowledge and academic that aims students responsibilities practical life experience.

Teacher Role:

>authoritative figure who imparts core knowledge, enforces discipline, and directs the learning process, ensuring students acquire essential skills and values for societal contribution.

Student Role:

>expected to be disciplined, receptive learners who absorb foundational knowledge and skills, follow teacher guidance, and work diligently to meet academic and behavioral standards.

Educational Process:

>it is structured, teacher-centered, and focused on delivering a core curriculum that emphasizes foundational knowledge, disciplined study, and moral development to prepare students for responsible adulthood.

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American scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism(Wiess,P.2023)

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Educational Orientation:

>student-centered, emphasizing experiential learning, problem-solving, and the application of knowledge to real-world situations, with a focus on adaptability and continuous growth through inquiry and experimentation.

Educational Value:

>practical, experiential learning

>critical thinking, problem-solving and preparing students in real world situations.

Teacher Role:

>facilitator and guide while supporting students in discovering knowledge through inquiry and real-world experiences.

Student Role:

>active role as explorers and problem-solvers, engaging in hands-on experiences, critical thinking, and collaboration to construct their own understanding and apply knowledge to real-life situations.

Educational Process:

>dynamic and interactive, centered around student inquiry, real-world problem-solving, and experiential learning, with a focus on applying knowledge to practical situations and adapting to new challenges.