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What is meant by the term former Yugoslavia is the territory that was up to 25 June 1991 known as The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Specifically, the six republics that made up the federation - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia (including the regions of Kosovo and Vojvodina) and Slovenia. Yugoslavia was a mix of ethnic groups and religions, with Orthodox Christianity, Catholicism and Islam being the main religions.

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The first of the six republics to formally leave Yugoslavia was Slovenia, declaring independence on 25 June 1991. This triggered an intervention of the Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) which turned into a brief military conflict, generally referred to as the Ten-Day War. It ended in a victory of the Slovenian forces, with the JNA withdrawing its soldiers and equipment.

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On the same day that Slovenia declared its independence, so did Croatia. However, Croatia's exit from the Yugoslav Federation was not to be, whereas Slovenia's was rather bloodless. Citing their right to stay in Yugoslavia, the sizable ethnic Serb minority in Croatia publicly disputed the legitimacy of the recently established Croatian state. Croatian Serbs rebelled, claiming over a third of Croatia under their control as an independent Serb state, with assistance from Serbia and the JNA. In a bloody ethnic cleansing effort, Croats and other non-Serbs were driven from its area. During intense warfare in the second part of 1991, Serb forces besieged and destroyed Vukovar and shelled the historic city of Dubrovnik.

The UN-monitored ceasefire that went into effect in early 1992 didn't stop the Croatian government from using its resources to build and equip its military forces in an effort to maintain control over their country. The Croatian military launched two significant offensives in the summer of 1995 in an attempt to retake all but a small portion of Eastern Slavonia. Tens of thousands of Serbs fled to Serb-held areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina and then to Serbia in a mass exodus from the Croatian assault. Fall of 1995 marked the official end of the Croatian War. After a smooth transition under UN supervision, Croatia eventually reassumed control over the entire region, with Eastern Slavonia returning to Croatian governance in January 1998.

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The conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the disintegration of Yugoslavia was the deadliest, marked by a shared government reflecting the diverse ethnic composition. Bosnia's strategic position led Serbia and Croatia to attempt dominance, agreeing in a secret 1991 meeting to divide the country.

In March 1992, a referendum for independence, boycotted by Bosnian Serbs, saw over 60% support. Bosnian Serbs rebelled in April, with Yugoslav People’s Army and Serbian support, seizing control of 60% of the country. Bosnian Croats followed suit, backed by Croatia. The conflict became a three-sided fight, leading to over 100,000 deaths and two million displaced by 1995.

The war, marked by systematic persecution and atrocities, including mass rape, ended in November 1995 with the Dayton Peace Agreement. The worst atrocity occurred in Srebrenica in 1995, where over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were executed by Serb forces in an act of genocide.

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The Kosovo conflict centered on the ethnic Albanian community seeking independence from Serbia. In 1998, the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) rebelled against Serbian rule, prompting a violent response. Serbian forces targeted civilians, leading to mass displacement. The Rambouillet peace talks failed in early 1999, leading to a 78-day NATO air campaign against Kosovo and Serbia. Serbian President Milošević eventually withdrew forces, allowing Albanian refugees to return, while many Serbs fled. In June 1999, Serbia agreed to international administration of Kosovo, with its final status unresolved.

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The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - 2001

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The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - 2001

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The southernmost republic of the Yugoslav Federation, Macedonia, declared independence in the fall of 1991 and enjoyed a peaceful separation. It was later admitted to the UN under the temporary name of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, populated by a majority of ethnic Macedonians and a large Albanian minority, remained at peace through the Yugoslav wars of the early 1990s. However, at the beginning of January 2001 the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) militant group clashed with the republic’s security forces with the aim of obtaining autonomy or independence for the Albanian-populated areas in the country. Sporadic armed conflict lasted for several months in 2001, ending with a peace deal which envisaged a political agreement on power-sharing, the disarmament of the Albanian militia and the deployment of a NATO monitoring force.

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The Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s had severe consequences, including significant loss of life, ethnic cleansing, and war crimes. The breakup of Yugoslavia into independent states, economic devastation, and deepened nationalist tensions occurred. International intervention, economic challenges, and unresolved issues persist, shaping the region's complex legacy with ongoing political, social, and economic impacts.