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(FUNGI) Sporothrix schenckii  is a dimorphic fungus, a fungi-like eukaryotic creature with a non-mobile, heterotrophic cell wall that contains chitin. The fungus is found in soil, decaying woods, thorns, and on infected animals including rats, eats, dogs, and horses. In infected tissues, the fungus is seen as cigar shaped yeast cells, without mycelia. Spore is the infective stage of the fungus. It causes infection primarily on the hand or the forearm through direct contact of the skin by spores.

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(FUNGI) Sporothrix schenckii  is a dimorphic fungus, a fungi-like eukaryotic creature with a non-mobile, heterotrophic cell wall that contains chitin. The fungus is found in soil, decaying woods, thorns, and on infected animals including rats, eats, dogs, and horses. In infected tissues, the fungus is seen as cigar shaped yeast cells, without mycelia. Spore is the infective stage of the fungus. It causes infection primarily on the hand or the forearm through direct contact of the skin by spores.

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(MOLD) Sporothrix schenckii, the mold contains hyphae bearing flower-like structures of small conidia on delicate sterigmata. Human infections are mainly associated with the Sporothrix schenckii and this is the most virulent spp. in terms of mortality, tissue burden, and tissue damage. Occupations such as agriculture, gardening, foresting, nursery and veterinary work are particularly at risk. Human infections have also been associated with insect bites, fish handling and bites of birds, etc,..

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(MOLD) Sporothrix schenckii, the mold contains hyphae bearing flower-like structures of small conidia on delicate sterigmata. Human infections are mainly associated with the Sporothrix schenckii and this is the most virulent spp. in terms of mortality, tissue burden, and tissue damage. Occupations such as agriculture, gardening, foresting, nursery and veterinary work are particularly at risk. Human infections have also been associated with insect bites, fish handling and bites of birds, etc,..

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PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS YEAST: Thrives at 37°C in brain heart agar. Size from 4-60 μm, the majority having a diameter of 30 μm or less. Exhibiting several peripheral narrow-based buds and distinct refringent cell wall. Forming multiple buds covering the mother yeast cell entirely. As thin neck segment connects the daughter cell to the mother cell. Secondary buds may form, generating short chains, before the bud's separation from the mother cell. Contains alpha-1, 3-glucan and chitin.

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PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS YEAST: Thrives at 37°C in brain heart agar. Size from 4-60 μm, the majority having a diameter of 30 μm or less. Exhibiting several peripheral narrow-based buds and distinct refringent cell wall. Forming multiple buds covering the mother yeast cell entirely. As thin neck segment connects the daughter cell to the mother cell. Secondary buds may form, generating short chains, before the bud's separation from the mother cell. Contains alpha-1, 3-glucan and chitin.

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PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS MOLD FORM: Referred to saprophytic phase, grows on Sabouraud dextrose-agar at 19–25°C. In 2-3 weeks, the colony grows and reaches a diameter of 1-2 cm. Yields aleuriconidia, hyaline, and septate hyphae. The hyphae don't sporulate and are frequently sterile. Seen in arthroconidia and intercalary chlamydospores. With a large number of terminal or intercalated chlamiconidia. Has chitin with beta-1, 3-glucan.

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PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS MOLD FORM: Referred to saprophytic phase, grows on Sabouraud dextrose-agar at 19–25°C. In 2-3 weeks, the colony grows and reaches a diameter of 1-2 cm. Yields aleuriconidia, hyaline, and septate hyphae. The hyphae don't sporulate and are frequently sterile. Seen in arthroconidia and intercalary chlamydospores. With a large number of terminal or intercalated chlamiconidia. Has chitin with beta-1, 3-glucan.

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(YEAST FORM) BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS - The Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast form is spherical, thick-walled, and large, with a broad base. It can be thermally dimorphic, growing as a mold at lower temperatures and changing into the yeast form when inhaled. It reproduces by producing a single bud. The yeast form can generate a capsule that increases its resistance to phagocytosis. It is usually light brown or yeast-colored. Only qualified personnel should handle this pathogen due to its risk.

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(YEAST FORM) BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS - The Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast form is spherical, thick-walled, and large, with a broad base. It can be thermally dimorphic, growing as a mold at lower temperatures and changing into the yeast form when inhaled. It reproduces by producing a single bud. The yeast form can generate a capsule that increases its resistance to phagocytosis. It is usually light brown or yeast-colored. Only qualified personnel should handle this pathogen due to its risk.

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(MOLD FORM) BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS - The filamentous, septate hyphae and conidia, which are asexual spores that disperse the fungus, are features of Blastomyces dermatitidis molds. They can turn into yeast in warmer climates and are found in damp soil close to bodies of water. Because the mold is pathogenic, handling it outside of a laboratory should only be done by qualified specialists. 

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(MOLD FORM) BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS - The filamentous, septate hyphae and conidia, which are asexual spores that disperse the fungus, are features of Blastomyces dermatitidis molds. They can turn into yeast in warmer climates and are found in damp soil close to bodies of water. Because the mold is pathogenic, handling it outside of a laboratory should only be done by qualified specialists. 

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(YEAST FORM) Penicillum marneffei: Penicillium marneffei is a fungus that shifts between yeast and mold forms. The yeast stage, thriving at body temperature, causes penicilliosis, especially in immunocompromised individuals. It presents as oval to spherical cells with budding, invading various tissues. Recognizing the yeast form is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment of penicilliosis.

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(YEAST FORM) Penicillum marneffei: Penicillium marneffei is a fungus that shifts between yeast and mold forms. The yeast stage, thriving at body temperature, causes penicilliosis, especially in immunocompromised individuals. It presents as oval to spherical cells with budding, invading various tissues. Recognizing the yeast form is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment of penicilliosis.

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(MOLD FORM) Penicillium marneffei: a mold found in tropical areas like Southeast Asia, spreads through airborne conidia. It grows in cooler environments and is a reservoir for infection. Immunocompromised individuals inhale the spores, leading to systemic infections. Diagnosis involves laboratory culture and microscopic examination. Recognizing the mold form is crucial for understanding its presence in the environment and transmission dynamics.

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(MOLD FORM) Penicillium marneffei: a mold found in tropical areas like Southeast Asia, spreads through airborne conidia. It grows in cooler environments and is a reservoir for infection. Immunocompromised individuals inhale the spores, leading to systemic infections. Diagnosis involves laboratory culture and microscopic examination. Recognizing the mold form is crucial for understanding its presence in the environment and transmission dynamics.

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(MOLD FORM) COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS — As an infectious, dimorphic fungus, Coccidioides immitis can take on the appearance of either mold or yeast, depending on the conditions. In its mold form, Coccidioides immitis is a mycelium that produces structures known as arthroconidia. Arthroconidia are the contagious airborne spores discharged when soil is disturbed, causing human respiratory illnesses. The mold phase frequently thrives in arid soil conditions. 

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(MOLD FORM) COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS — As an infectious, dimorphic fungus, Coccidioides immitis can take on the appearance of either mold or yeast, depending on the conditions. In its mold form, Coccidioides immitis is a mycelium that produces structures known as arthroconidia. Arthroconidia are the contagious airborne spores discharged when soil is disturbed, causing human respiratory illnesses. The mold phase frequently thrives in arid soil conditions. 

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(YEAST FORM) COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS — Coccidioides begins the yeast stage of its life cycle once it is within the alveoli. Coccidioides immitis is a yeast that takes the shape of vast, thick-walled structures called spherules that hold endospores. The fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis in the host is in this pathogenic phase.

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(YEAST FORM) COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS — Coccidioides begins the yeast stage of its life cycle once it is within the alveoli. Coccidioides immitis is a yeast that takes the shape of vast, thick-walled structures called spherules that hold endospores. The fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis in the host is in this pathogenic phase.

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Blastomycetes dermatitis (Yeast) - In the yeast phase, Blastomycetes dermatitis are large yeast approximately 8-12 μm and the Blastoconidia are attached by broad base. Culture media used is blood agar at 37C. KOH (10%), or calcofluor white, may be used to enhance the detection of the Blastomycetes dermatitis yeast cells. 

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Blastomycetes dermatitis (Yeast) - In the yeast phase, Blastomycetes dermatitis are large yeast approximately 8-12 μm and the Blastoconidia are attached by broad base. Culture media used is blood agar at 37C. KOH (10%), or calcofluor white, may be used to enhance the detection of the Blastomycetes dermatitis yeast cells. 

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Blastomycetes dermatitis (Mold) – In the mold phase, macroscopic morphology of Blastomycetes dermatitis is slow to moderate growth, and it terms of color, white to dark tan. Young colonies tenacious, older colonies glabrous to woolly. And microscopic morphology is Oval, pyriform, to globose smooth conidia borne on short, lateral hypha-like conidiophores. Culture is the gold standard for diagnosing blastomycosis.

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Blastomycetes dermatitis (Mold) – In the mold phase, macroscopic morphology of Blastomycetes dermatitis is slow to moderate growth, and it terms of color, white to dark tan. Young colonies tenacious, older colonies glabrous to woolly. And microscopic morphology is Oval, pyriform, to globose smooth conidia borne on short, lateral hypha-like conidiophores. Culture is the gold standard for diagnosing blastomycosis.

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Coccidiodes immitis (Yeast) – In the yeast phase, Coccidiodes immitis is spherules and approximately 30-60 μm containing endospores. Clinical diseases include primary lung, asymptomatic, secondary cavitary, progressive pulmonary.  Serologic tests to detect IgM and IgG antibodies are most often used to diagnose coccidioidomycosis.

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Coccidiodes immitis (Yeast) – In the yeast phase, Coccidiodes immitis is spherules and approximately 30-60 μm containing endospores. Clinical diseases include primary lung, asymptomatic, secondary cavitary, progressive pulmonary.  Serologic tests to detect IgM and IgG antibodies are most often used to diagnose coccidioidomycosis.

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Coccidiodes immitis (Mold) – In the mold phase, Coccidiodes immitis in the macroscopic morphology is white to tan to dark gray and it is rapidly growth. In terms of microscopic morphology it is term as alternating one-celled, “barrel-shaped” arthroconidia with disjunctor cells. Direct smear examination of secretions may reveal the spherules containing the endospores.

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Coccidiodes immitis (Mold) – In the mold phase, Coccidiodes immitis in the macroscopic morphology is white to tan to dark gray and it is rapidly growth. In terms of microscopic morphology it is term as alternating one-celled, “barrel-shaped” arthroconidia with disjunctor cells. Direct smear examination of secretions may reveal the spherules containing the endospores.

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In tissue or in host environments, Blastomyces dermatitidis transforms into its yeast form. The yeast cells are typically round to oval and are characterized by a thick, double-contoured cell wall and a broad-based budding pattern that is highly indicative of Blastomyces demititidis infection. Within tissues or in clinical samples, yeast cells may appear singly or in clusters, often surrounded by inflammatory cells. Microscopically, yeast cells may be visualized in clinical specimens using special stains such as Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains.

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In its mold form, Blastomyces dermatitidis produces septate hyphae. These hyphae are typically hyaline and can be branched. On culture media such as Sabouraud agar, the mold colonies appear filamentous, initially white or cream-colored, becoming tan to brown with age. Microscopically, the mold form may produce conidiophores bearing conidia. The conidia are typically smooth-walled, hyaline, and may be single-celled or multi-celled. Culture isolation of the fungus from clinical specimens, such as sputum, tissue biopsy, or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, can provide definitive diagnosis. Blastomyces dermatitidis colonies grow relatively slowly compared to some other dimorphic fungi. The colonies are typically creamy to tan in color and may exhibit a wrinkled or folded surface. Under microscopic examination of cultures, the characteristic conidial forms may aid in identification. And molecular techniques, including PCR assays targeting specific fungal genes, can aid in the rapid and accurate identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis. 

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In a lab culture, Coccidioides immitis does not develop a yeast form. It can be distinguished in tissue sections that have been stained by the formation of spherules that range in size, from 10 µm to more than 100 µm. The more mature and larger spherules hold spherical endospores with a diameter of 2-4 µm. In the picture above is an example of yeast form Coccidioides immitis in the liver tissue with H&E stain. Microscopically, spherules containing endospores are highly characteristic of Coccidioides infection. The endospores are released upon rupture of the spherules. 

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In its mold form, Coccidioides immitis produces septate hyphae. The hyphae are typically hyaline and may be branched. On culture media such as Sabouraud agar, the mold colonies appear fluffy and white to tan in color. Microscopically, the mold form may produce barrel-shaped arthroconidia. Arthroconidia are formed by fragmentation of hyphae and are characterized by their thick-walled, barrel-shaped appearance. Coccidioides species grow slowly and may require specialized culture conditions, such as those containing increased levels of CO2. Serological tests, including detection of specific antibodies against Coccidioides antigens (such as complement fixation or enzyme immunoassays), can aid in diagnosis, particularly in cases where direct visualization or culture is not feasible.

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In tissues or in host environments, Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum transforms into its yeast form. The yeast cells are small (approximately 2-4 μm in diameter), oval to round, and typically contain a single nucleus. Within tissues or clinical specimens, yeast cells may be found within macrophages or free in the cytoplasm, often appearing as small intracellular or extracellular dots. Microscopically, the yeast cells may demonstrate a "captured" or "halo" appearance, where the cell wall is thickened and refractile, giving the impression of being surrounded by a clear halo. Special stains such as Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains may be used to highlight the yeast cells in tissue sections. Serological tests, including detection of specific antibodies against Histoplasma antigens (such as complement fixation or enzyme immunoassays), can aid in diagnosis, particularly in cases where direct visualization or culture is not feasible.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Yeast form on a bone marrow smear)

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Yeast form on a bone marrow smear)

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In its mold form, Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum produces septate hyphae. The hyphae are typically hyaline and may be branched. On culture media such as Sabouraud agar, the mold colonies appear fluffy, cottony, or powdery and are typically white to tan in color. Microscopically, the mold form may produce conidiophores bearing tuberculate macroconidia and microconidia. Culture isolation of the fungus from clinical specimens can provide definitive diagnosis. Histoplasma species typically grow as mold colonies at room temperature and transform into yeast phase at 37°C. Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum colonies grow relatively slowly on fungal culture media.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Mold Form)

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Mold Form)

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In its mold form, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis produces septate hyphae. The hyphae are typically hyaline and may show a characteristic "double-contoured" or "bipolar" appearance under microscopy. On culture media such as Sabouraud agar, the mold colonies appear filamentous, initially white or cream-colored, becoming tan to brown with age. Microscopically, the mold form may produce conidiophores bearing conidia. These conidia are small, hyaline, and often have a barrel-shaped appearance. Culture isolation of the fungus from clinical specimens, such as sputum, tissue biopsy, or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, can provide definitive diagnosis. Serological tests, including detection of specific antibodies against Paracoccidioides antigens (such as complement fixation or enzyme immunoassays), can aid in diagnosis, particularly in cases where direct visualization or culture is not feasible.

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In tissues or in host environments, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis transforms into its yeast form. The yeast cells are typically round to oval and can range in size from 5 to 30 μm. Yeast cells often display a "pilot wheel" or "mariner's wheel" appearance due to multiple budding, where small daughter cells surround a larger mother cell. Within tissues or clinical specimens, yeast cells may be found singly or in clusters and may be associated with inflammatory cells. Microscopically, yeast cells may be visualized in clinical specimens using special stains such as Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains. The presence of yeast cells with characteristic morphology, especially the "pilot wheel" appearance, is highly indicative of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. Same with other thermally dimorphic fungus above Paracoccidioides brasiliensis colonies grow relatively slowly on fungal culture media. And the colonies may initially appear white to tan and become brown with age.

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The yeast cells are typically oval to elongated and are characterized by a thick, refractile cell wall. Yeast cells often exhibit a "cigar" or "cigar-shaped" morphology, which is distinctive and aids in diagnosis. Within tissues or clinical specimens, yeast cells may be found singly or in clusters, often surrounded by inflammatory cells. Microscopically, yeast cells may be visualized in clinical specimens using special stains such as Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains.

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 In its mold form, Sporothrix schenckii produces septate hyphae. The hyphae are typically hyaline and can be branched. On culture media such as Sabouraud agar, the mold colonies appear filamentous, woolly, and initially white or cream-colored, becoming tan to brown with age. Microscopically, the mold form may produce conidiophores bearing conidia. The conidia are typically cigar-shaped or pyriform (pear-shaped) and are often arranged in a characteristic "daisy-like" fashion at the tips of conidiophores. Culture isolation of the fungus from clinical specimens, such as tissue biopsy or pus samples from skin lesions, can provide definitive diagnosis. Serological tests are generally not used for diagnosis of sporotrichosis, as they are less reliable compared to direct examination and culture. Sporothrix schenckii colonies grow relatively slowly on fungal culture media. The colonies may initially appear white to cream-colored and become tan to brown with age.

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Penicillium marneffei is a dimorphic fungus that causes penicilliosis, a systemic mycosis primarily seen in Southeast Asia, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS. In tissues or in host environments, Penicillium marneffei transforms into its yeast form that are typically round to oval and are characterized by a thick cell wall. These cells may  appear as single cells or in pairs (bipolar budding), this characteristic will aid in the diagnosis. Within tissues or clinical specimens, yeast cells may be found within macrophages or free in the cytoplasm, often associated with granulomatous inflammation. Microscopically, yeast cells may be visualized in clinical specimens using special stains such as Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains.

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In its mold form, Penicillium marneffei produces septate hyphae. The hyphae are typically hyaline and may show characteristic branching patterns. On culture media such as Sabouraud agar, the mold colonies appear velvety, initially white to cream-colored, becoming blue-green to purple with age, which is a distinctive feature. Microscopically, the mold form may produce conidiophores bearing conidia. Conidia are typically flask-shaped or cylindrical and may be borne in chains. Culture isolation of the fungus from clinical specimens, such as tissue biopsy samples or blood cultures, can provide definitive diagnosis. Serological tests, including detection of specific antibodies against Penicillium marneffei antigens, may aid in diagnosis, but they are less commonly used compared to direct examination and culture. Penicillium marneffei colonies grow relatively rapidly on fungal culture media. The colonies may initially appear white to cream-colored and become blue-green to purple with age, which is a distinctive feature.

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the formation of spherules that can be found in mycelia or as spherules, and their diameters can range from 10 µm to over 100 µm. Spherules and mycelia are both asexual forms. There is no known sexual form of coccidiosis. Enables staining of tissue slices for their identification. C. When spores are inhaled, immitis induces a valley fever. Exhaustion, fever, sweats at night, dyspnea, and soreness in the muscles are among the symptoms.     

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It is found in soil and has a barrel-like shape or appears as a double-walled organism. A vulnerable host inhales the mycelia, which causes the infection to occur. Spherules form inside the host and subsequently release endospores. In the event that spores are accidentally breathed in, the aerosolized infection will enter the lungs and establish itself as the host. If the organism grows further, giant spherules will develop.

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Coccidiodes immitis (mold form)           

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Coccidiodes immitis (mold form)           

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Blastomyces dermatitidis is a fungus that likes warm, moist, sandy, and acidic areas found most commonly along the river estuaries of  Eastern US, Canada, and Africa. This is also the causative agent of blastomycosis and acquired via inhalation and stays in the lung, skin, bone, and urinary tact. The clinical manifestations are cough, sputum production, chest pain, dyspnea, and large nodular skin lesions that undergo necrosis and fibrosis if neglected. Amphotericin is the treatment of choice for blastomycosis. The morphological form is characterized by large budding forms, round, thick-walled, and with a diameter of 5-15 um.

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Blastomyces dermatitidis grows as a mold on decaying wood and still likes moist, acidic and is often on rivers. The difference of the mold and yeast form of blastomyces dermatitidis is that the mold grows as a fluffy white mold at 25 degrees celsius, oval or pyriform like pear-shaped, and with a diameter of 2-10 um. While the yeast form is brown folded yeast that grows at 37 degrees celsius (body temperature). Although it can affect people of all ages and genders, men are more likely to be affected than women because hunters and woodsmen are typically male.

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In yeast form, it exhibits thermal dimorphism growing as yeast in body temperature (37 °C). When viewed under a microscope, it appears as oval to spherical yeast cells or “cigar-shaped”, either individually or in small groupings. These cells vary in size, typically measuring between 2 to 6 μm in diameter. A significant feature aiding diagnosis is their method of reproduction through budding, leaving identifiable bud scars on the parent cell's surface, which helps differentiate between species. Furthermore, differences in cell size, shape, and the presence of pseudohyphae or true hyphae offer valuable clues for species identification. Staining methods such as Gram stain or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain further assist in characterization by revealing distinctions in cell wall composition and internal structures. These morphological features, along with cultural and biochemical traits, allow for the accurate identification of Sporothrix schenckii yeast form in diagnostic microbiology, facilitating timely and efficient management of sporotrichosis infections.

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In mold form, It exhibits thermal dimorphism, growing as mold in 25 °C temperatures. When observed under a microscope, displays septate hyphae with branching structures and conidiophores producing various conidia types.  in the figure above, it shows hyaline conidia borne at the ends of conidiophore in “rosettes” as well as phaeoid conidia along the sides of the hyphae. These hyphae are thin-walled and transparent, showing regular septations. Conidia, formed from specialized conidiogenous cells, come in various shapes and sizes, often appearing oval or elongated. These morphological traits are crucial for identifying Sporothrix schenckii mold form in clinical samples, assisting healthcare professionals and microbiologists in accurately diagnosing sporotrichosis. Additionally, cultural traits such as growth patterns on specific media and pigmentation contribute to distinguishing and diagnosing Sporothrix schenckii  infections.

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Under the microscope, the mold form of B. dermatitidis displays delicate, segmented hyphae, measuring 1 to 2 μm in diameter. Most notably for diagnostic purposes, it produces oval or pyriform single-celled conidia, with diameters ranging from 2 to 4 μm, typically found singly at the ends of short or long conidiophores, resembling lollipops. It exhibits dimorphism, appearing as a filamentous mold and forming spores at 25°C, whereas in human hosts, it assumes a yeast-like budding growth pattern at 37°C. When cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar at 25°C, B. dermatitidis yields colonies with variable morphology and growth rates. These colonies may develop rapidly, featuring a fluffy white mycelium, or grow slowly, appearing as smooth, tan-colored colonies that do not produce spores.

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When observed under a microscope, the yeast form of Blastomyces dermatitidis typically presents as circular to oval cells, varying in diameter from 8 to 15 μm. These yeast cells frequently demonstrate budding, a process where smaller daughter cells emerge from the parent cell, imparting a distinctive "budding yeast" appearance. Furthermore, they may exhibit a thick cell wall and contain a single, prominent nucleus at the center. Within necrotizing granulomas, Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast cells are identifiable by their broad-based, single budding and a refractive cell wall, observable with Periodic-acid Schiff staining. This fungus displays dimorphism, manifesting as a mycelial form at ambient temperatures and as yeast at 37°C. While not extensively researched, these organisms likely inhabit warm, moist soil in wooded regions abundant in organic matter. Blastomyces dermatitidis is commonly encountered among outdoor enthusiasts and hunters.

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In its yeast form, Coccidioides immitis exhibits distinctive characteristics, such as the development of large, spherical structures called spherules, within which endospores are formed. Ranging from 10 µm to over 100 µm in diameter, these spherules can contain numerous endospores, facilitating the organism's dissemination. Furthermore, the presence of endospores within the spherules is a defining trait of Coccidioides immitis. While other fungi may have structures resembling spherules, the presence of endospores within these structures is specific to Coccidioides immitis and is not typically observed in other fungal pathogens. This characteristic, when observed during microscopic examination of clinical specimens, can provide a strong indication of Coccidioides immitis infection. The infection can be diagnosed through a commercially available antibody test for Coccidioides fungi or through tissue biopsy and culture methods. Treatment involves taking a 3-6-month regimen of fluconazole or other prescription-only antifungal medication orally. The picture above is a PAS-stained photomicrograph of an unknown tissue specimen that revealed the presence of three Coccidioides immitis spherules, which contain developing endospores.

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In its mold form, Coccidioides immitis exhibits distinct characteristics, such as the fact that the hyphae of Coccidioides immitis are typically septate, meaning they are divided into distinct compartments by septa. These septate hyphae are generally hyaline, appearing translucent or colorless under microscopic examination. Moreover, Coccidioides immitis mold produces arthroconidia, which are asexual spores formed by the fragmentation of hyphae. These arthroconidia are “barrel-shaped” and can be observed within the mycelium. To detect Coccidioides immitis in its mold form, laboratory tests such as fungal culture on appropriate media, like Sabouraud agar, can be performed. Microscopic examination of clinical specimens using potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation or fluorescent microscopy may also reveal the presence of septate hyphae and arthroconidia. The combination of “septate hyphae, hyaline appearance, and arthroconidia production” distinguishes Coccidioides immitis from other fungi, as it serves as a key identifier during microscopic examination to aid accurate diagnosis and appropriate management for coccidioidomycosis. The picture above is a photomicrograph of septate hyphae of Coccidioides immitis with 90-degree branching and thick-walled barrel-shaped arthroconidia alternating with empty cells.

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In yeast form, exhibits distinct morphological characteristics important for diagnostic purposes. The figure shows a Bone marrow stained with Giemsa stain showing the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (×1000). Under the microscope, it  presents a small, oval to round cells with a diameter of approximately 2-4 μm.  These cells are often found within macrophages or histiocytes in tissue samples. Additionally, these yeast cells may possess a clear halo or "capsule" surrounding them, contributing to the species name "capsulatum." Staining techniques such as Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains enhance visualization and identification of H. capsulatum yeast cells by highlighting their characteristic morphology. Thereby aiding in the accurate diagnosis of histoplasmosis.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum (Yeast Form)

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Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum (Yeast Form)

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In its mold form, Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum grows as a white-to-brownish mold. Early growth of the mycelial culture produces round to pyriform microconidia measuring 2 to 5 μm. As the colony matures, large echinulate or tuberculate macroconidia characteristic of the species are formed. The picture above is of large tuberculate macroconidia of Histoplasma capsulatum (Nomarski optics, ×1250). Although microconidia can resemble Chrysosporium spp. and macroconidia resemble Sepedonium spp., both saprobes do not produce two types of conidia in a single culture, nor are they dimorphic. Furthermore, the conversion of the mold form to the yeast form using BHI agar incubated at 37° C is confirmatory for H. capsulatum. Although complete conversion is seldom noted, a combination of both mycelial and yeast forms is sufficient for identification. Tests to detect Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum in its mold form include fungal culture and molecular assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting specific gene sequences. Currently, the most useful test for rapid diagnosis of histoplasmosis is the combination of a DNA hybridization system and DNA sequencing.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Mold Form)

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Mold Form)

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During its yeast phase, Penicillium marneffei undergoes a notable morphological change characterized by the presence of round-to-oval yeast cells that typically display a distinctive "lollipop" or "barbell" shape with a central septum. These yeast cells, ranging in size from 2 to 5 µm in diameter, are distinguished by their unique appearance and often develop a mucoid capsule around the cell periphery. The yeast phase holds significance in the fungus's life cycle, particularly in the context of infections, as Penicillium marneffei is recognized for causing systemic mycosis in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV/AIDS. The distinctive features of the yeast phase, including its red or pink coloration upon staining, play a vital role in the detection and diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infections, contributing to our comprehension of its pathogenicity in susceptible populations.

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During its mold phase, Penicillium marneffei displays a unique morphological structure characterized by the development of septate hyphae and conidiophores that carry conidia. These hyphae create a network, and the conidia are typically organized in chains, resembling a brush-like configuration. This mold phase is predominant at lower temperatures, typically ranging from room temperature (25-30°C). The color of the mold is generally white to cream, with the conidia possibly exhibiting a greenish tint. Notably, Penicillium marneffei is thermally dimorphic, transitioning from the mold phase at lower temperatures to the yeast phase at higher temperatures (37°C), a crucial aspect contributing to its pathogenicity. While the mold phase is essential for the fungus's survival and dispersion in the environment, it is the yeast phase that holds particular significance in causing systemic mycosis, especially in immunocompromised individuals such as those with advanced HIV/AIDS. A comprehensive understanding of both phases is essential for a thorough grasp of Penicillium marneffei's biology, ecology, and pathogenic mechanisms.

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Penicillium marneffei in its yeast phase is typically characterized by small, round to oval-shaped cells, measuring between 2 and 6 micrometers in size. A signature feature of these cells is their budding pattern, in which new daughter cells sprout from the parent cell. When viewed under a microscope and stained with specific dyes, these cells may exhibit a unique birefringent halo around the budding structures. In host tissues, Penicillium marneffei yeast cells may also present with an encapsulated appearance, forming chains or clusters.

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Penicillium marneffei, in its mold phase. The mold tends to grow as septate hyphae, which are elongated, branched filaments. These hyphae can interweave, forming a dense and efficient network known as mycelium. Conidiophores, specialized structures responsible for producing asexual spores called conidia, which emerge from the hyphae. These conidiophores are typically flask-shaped and bear chains of conidia arranged in a brush-like pattern. The conidia themselves are small and round or oval-shaped, measuring around 2-4 µm in diameter. They are abundant in production and are crucial for the mold’s dispersal. In survivable conditions, such as high humidity and moderate temperatures which where the mold thrives. This variety of mold may also display unique coloring, starting off as a white or cream hue but gradually transforming into shades of red-brown or dark brown over time.

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Blastomyces dermatitidis (Yeast Phase)                                                        Is a fungus that can cause blastomycosis, a fungal infection primarily affecting the lungs but potentially spreading to other organs. The yeast form of Blastomyces dermatitidis is typically large, ranging from 8 to 15 micrometers in diameter. The yeast cells are round to oval. They have a thick, double-contoured cell wall and exhibit broad-based budding, where the daughter cells are attached to the parent cell at the base. In addition, the yeast form is the pathogenic form that causes infection in humans. Blastomyces dermatitidis is endemic in specific regions of North America. Several factors contribute to the ecology of Blastomyces dermatitidis it includes it frequently associated with environments characterized by moist or damp soil, particularly those near water sources. Blastomyces dermatitidis thrives in soils rich in decaying organic matter, such as decomposed leaves and wood debris; Temperature changes cause the environmental mold phase to transition into the pathogenic yeast phase. Warmer temperatures within a host's body (37°C) cause the conversion to the yeast form. 

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Blastomyces dermatitidis (Yeast Phase)                                               

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Blastomyces dermatitidis (Yeast Phase)                                               

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Blastomyces dermatitidis (Mold Phase)                                               During the mold phase, Blastomyces dermatitidis exhibits filamentous fungus characteristics. The mold form of Blastomyces dermatitidis is composed of hyphae and produces asexual spores called conidia. Blastomyces dermatitidis hyphae are septate, which means they have distinct segments separated by cross-walls known as septa. Septate hyphae are a distinguishing feature of filamentous fungi. Specialized structures called conidiophores are home to conidia, or asexual spores. Blastomyces dermatitidis generates conidiophores during the mold phase as a component of its life cycle. The hyphae give rise to elongated structures called conidiophores, which aid in the production and release of conidia. The asexual spores that Blastomyces dermatitidis produces are called conidia. Conidia are tiny, usually round or oval. They act as spreadable infectious propagules that can travel through the atmosphere. In the mold phase, Blastomyces dermatitidis produces fluffy, white to tan colonies when cultivated on suitable culture media. Under laboratory conditions, the fungus grows well on a variety of culture media, making study and identification easier. In this stage, the fungus produces conidia, which humans and other animals may inhale after they become aerosolized. In response to the host's body temperature, the conidia can change into the pathogenic yeast form upon inhalation, which can result in the development of blastomycosis.       

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HISTOPLASMA CAPSALATUM (MOLD FORM).            The mold form of this type of dimorphic fungi has a characteristic of small (2 to 4 µm in diameter), round to oval yeast organisms found in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood neutrophil, eosinophils which are occationally found on dogs and cats as well as monocyte

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HISTOPLASMA CAPSALATUM (MOLD FORM).            The mold form of this type of dimorphic fungi has a characteristic of small (2 to 4 µm in diameter), round to oval yeast organisms found in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood neutrophil, eosinophils which are occationally found on dogs and cats as well as monocyte

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HISTOPLASMA CAPSALATUM (YEAST FORM).      The morphological feature of this dimorphic fungi that will aid in diagnosis are the polar budding which gives them their characteristic of narrow budding, a bridge appearance between the mother and daughter cells as well as it's shape (ovoid) and size  of 2-5 um in diameter. The yeast phase has an optimal growth rate at 37•c inside the host

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HISTOPLASMA CAPSALATUM (YEAST FORM).      The morphological feature of this dimorphic fungi that will aid in diagnosis are the polar budding which gives them their characteristic of narrow budding, a bridge appearance between the mother and daughter cells as well as it's shape (ovoid) and size  of 2-5 um in diameter. The yeast phase has an optimal growth rate at 37•c inside the host

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Penicillum marneffei (YEAST) – In macroscopic features of Penicillum marneffe, the colonies are initially white and become blue green, gray green, olive gray, yellow or pinkish in time. The yeastlike cells of P. marneffei can be detected in Wright-stained smears from skin lesions or biopsy specimens.

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Penicillum marneffei (YEAST) – In macroscopic features of Penicillum marneffe, the colonies are initially white and become blue green, gray green, olive gray, yellow or pinkish in time. The yeastlike cells of P. marneffei can be detected in Wright-stained smears from skin lesions or biopsy specimens.

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Penicillum marneffei (MOLD) - Penicillum marneffei grows as a mold with red to black conidia whereas in tissue it forms a 3–5-µm yeast-like cell that divides by binary fission. Polymerase chain reaction tests have been described for identification confirmation. 

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Penicillum marneffei (MOLD) - Penicillum marneffei grows as a mold with red to black conidia whereas in tissue it forms a 3–5-µm yeast-like cell that divides by binary fission. Polymerase chain reaction tests have been described for identification confirmation. 

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Sporothrix schenckii (YEAST) -  Sporothrix schenckii in the yeast phase, assumes a filamentous form, composed of hyaline, septate hyphae 1 to 2 μm wide, with conidiogenous cells arising from undifferentiated hyphae forming conidia in groups on small, clustered denticles. Microscopic examination from culture reveals thin, delicate hyphae bearing conidia developing in a rosette pattern at the ends of delicate conidiophores.

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Sporothrix schenckii (YEAST) -  Sporothrix schenckii in the yeast phase, assumes a filamentous form, composed of hyaline, septate hyphae 1 to 2 μm wide, with conidiogenous cells arising from undifferentiated hyphae forming conidia in groups on small, clustered denticles. Microscopic examination from culture reveals thin, delicate hyphae bearing conidia developing in a rosette pattern at the ends of delicate conidiophores.

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Sporothrix schenckii (MOLD) - Sporothrix schenckii in mold phase, assumes the mycelial form has fine, septate, branching hyphae that carry perpendicular ovoid roseate conidia.  Direct examination of tissue might reveal S. schenckii as small, cigar-shaped yeast. present.

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Sporothrix schenckii (MOLD) - Sporothrix schenckii in mold phase, assumes the mycelial form has fine, septate, branching hyphae that carry perpendicular ovoid roseate conidia.  Direct examination of tissue might reveal S. schenckii as small, cigar-shaped yeast. present.

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The yeast phase of Penicillium marneffei is observed as spherical to oval cells when viewed under an electron microscope, typically measuring between 2 to 6 micrometers in size. These cells possess a smooth outer surface and are enveloped by a cell wall consisting of chitin, glucans, and mannoproteins. From a physiological standpoint, they flourish at the human body's temperature and can thrive in acidic conditions, utilizing a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources for sustenance. In terms of habitat, they are commonly found in humid, tropical environments, often in association with decomposing organic matter. Their virulence is attributed to their capability to switch between different forms, produce enzymes and toxins to invade tissues, and establish infections in immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV/AIDS.

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The mold phase of Sporothrix schenckii is characterized by septate hyphae, branching mycelium, and conidiophores that produce variable-shaped conidia. The cell wall of this phase contains chitin and glucans, displaying variations between yeast and mold stages. S. schenckii is a dimorphic fungus, able to transition between the mold phase at lower temperatures (25°C) and the yeast phase at higher temperatures (37°C), a critical feature for its survival and pathogenicity. In its mold phase, S. schenckii is commonly found in soil and decaying vegetation, serving as an environmental reservoir. The transition to the yeast phase within host tissues enhances invasiveness, leading to sporotrichosis. Understanding the mold phase is essential for accurate diagnostics and targeted treatment of this fungal infection.

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The mold phase of Penicillium marneffei is characterized by its filamentous structure, comprised of branching hyphae with diameters typically between 2 and 5 micrometers. Its cell wall, akin to the yeast phase, is constructed from chitin, glucans, and mannoproteins. Physiologically, it thrives on decomposing organic matter, generating spores for dispersion. In terms of habitat, it thrives in tropical areas, inhabiting soil and decaying vegetation. Its virulence is attributed to its capacity to switch between forms, produce enzymes and toxins to penetrate tissues, and adapt to varying environmental conditions, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.

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In its yeast phase, Sporothrix schenckii exhibits oval to round yeast cells, 2-6 micrometers in diameter, with a distinctive rosette-like budding pattern. The complex cell wall contains glucans and mannoproteins, targeted in immunodiagnostic tests for infection detection. Thermally dimorphic, transitioning between yeast and mold phases, thriving at 37°C within the host. Found in decaying vegetation and soil, human infection occurs through traumatic inoculation, leading to subcutaneous mycosis. Expresses adhesins facilitating tissue adherence, and the ability to switch between yeast and mold forms aids immune evasion. Microscopy reveals budding yeast cells in clinical specimens. Culture, immunodiagnostics, and molecular techniques enhance accurate identification for effective diagnosis and treatment.

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Mold Form: Coccidioides immitis is a soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi that causes coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley Fever. Its distinctive morphological features, notably the presence of barrel-shaped arthroconidia. Diagnostic procedures often involve identifying these distinctive structures in clinical specimens, such as sputum or tissue samples, through microscopy or culture. Additionally, serological tests detecting specific antibodies may aid in diagnosis.

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Mold Form: Coccidioides immitis is a soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi that causes coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley Fever. Its distinctive morphological features, notably the presence of barrel-shaped arthroconidia. Diagnostic procedures often involve identifying these distinctive structures in clinical specimens, such as sputum or tissue samples, through microscopy or culture. Additionally, serological tests detecting specific antibodies may aid in diagnosis.

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Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Ajellomycetaceae Genus: Paracoccidioides Species: P. brasiliensis

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Paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis primarily seen in Central and South America, is caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The fungus can take on two different morphological forms: the mold phase and the yeast phase—due to a process known as dimorphic transition. While the yeast phase is linked to host infection, the mold phase usually happens in the environment. The fungal species develop as a mold at room temperature (19–25°C) and are then known as the saprophytic phase. During the mold phase, its cell wall like other fungi is composed of various components which provide structural integrity and protection. It usually comprises a complex matrix made up of chitin, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides. N-acetylglucosamine polymer chitin has a crucial structural role in the fungal cell wall.
Mannoproteins and other glycoproteins are also present in the cell wall, adding to its structure and functionality. The mold phase is more adapted to the colder climatic conditions present in soil and other substrates than the yeast phase, which grows at higher temperatures inside the host's body. This can be considered a saprophytic fungus that feeds on decomposing organic waste in the surrounding environment while it is in the mold phase. It uses conidia, asexual spores produced by the mold phase, to help spread and survive in its surroundings.
The fungus can spread to new areas with the help of air currents or other mechanisms carrying the conidia. For Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the capacity to switch between the mold and yeast phases is an essential component of pathogenicity. Conidia or mycelial fragments can change into the yeast phase in reaction to the physiological circumstances of a host upon inhalation by a susceptible host, hence commencing infection. It is non-pathogenic, unlike its yeast phase.

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During the mold phase, Coccidioides immitis displays hyphal growth, forming branching septate hyphae. These hyphae are collectively referred to as the mycelium. The reproductive structures that are thick-walled cells that develop by fragmentation of the hyphal segments are called arthroconidia, it also serves as the infectious propagules of the fungus. This dimorphic fungus is typically found in dry regions with alkaline, sandy soils. It grows in areas with high temperatures and low rainfall. Arthroconidia can become airborne when the soil is disturbed, leading to inhalation of humans and other animals. The transition from the mold phase to the yeast phase is triggered by changes in temperature. Inhalation of arthroconidia can cause a fungus conversion to the parasitic yeast phase, causing coccidioidomycosis.

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The yeast cells of Coccidioides immitis are spherules that measure about 20 to 80 micrometers in diameter. These spherules are thick-walled structures that contain endospores. When a spherule ruptures, the endospores are released, aiding in the infection's spread. The yeast phase of this dimorphic fungus is responsible for causing coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley fever. Inhalation of airborne spores from the environment initiates the infection, which usually affects the tissues of the host, especially the lungs. Signs and symptoms of infection include cough, fever, chest pain, and fatigue. The severity of coccidioidomycosis can range from mild, self-limiting respiratory illness to more severe and potentially disseminated forms.

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The image presented is a photomicrograph illustrating the Yeast Phase, known as the "mariner's wheel," of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The characteristic budding yeast measures between 15 to 30 µm in diameter and demonstrates multipolar budding around its edges, giving the yeast cell the appearance of a "Mickey Mouse cap". The yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis can develop at 37°C, but its shape changes depending on the temperature. This fungus is composed of 37% chitin, a common polysaccharide, and 33% α-1,3-glucan. Its cell wall contains some galactose and mannose.

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The yeast develops at 37°C and multiplies significantly faster, colonizing a plate in 5-10 days. Color changes according to the agar used. Microscopic examination reveals round or oval yeast-like cells with one or more emerging daughter cells covering the surface. The fungi's hallmark form is multiple budding. The transition from yeast to hyphal phase is also required to appropriately diagnose the condition.

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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis showcases diverse mold morphologies, with its characteristic dimensions spanning from 2 to 10 µm in diameter, and the colony reaching maturity every 2 to 3 weeks. Flat colonies exhibit various textures, ranging from smooth to leathery, wrinkled to folded, and fluffy to velvety, with colors spanning pink, beige, and brown, often with a yellowish-brown. The mold can thrive at 22°C. Comprising 37% chitin, 8% β-1,3-glucan, and protein, this fungus can generate hyaline, septate hyphae, and aleuriconidia.

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A pathogenic fungus called Penicillium marneffei specifically infects AIDS patients who live in or move to Southeast Asia (Thailand and neighboring countries, Taiwan, and India), where the fungus is endemic. Infections with Penicillium marneffei have also been documented in individuals undergoing immunosuppressive therapy and hematological malignancies who are not AIDS patients. The infection known as penicillium marneffei, or penicilliosis marneffei, is contracted by inhalation and causes a lung infection that is then followed by fungemia and infection propagation. Typically, the lymphatic system, spleen, liver, and bones are affected. During the course of the illness, skin papules on the face, trunk, and extremities resemble acne. A penicilliosis marneffei infection frequently results in death.

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Penicillium Marneffei (Yeast Form): From a microscopical perspective, It appears as globose to elongated sausage-shaped cells (3 to 5 µm) that reproduce by fission during its yeast phase. By subculturing the organism to an enriched medium such as BHI and incubating at 35°C, Penicillium marneffei can be easily induced to create the arthroconidial yeast-like state. After a week, arthroconidia-containing hyphae and yeast-like structures splitting by fission are formed. 

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Penicillium Marneffei (Yeast Form): From a microscopical perspective, It appears as globose to elongated sausage-shaped cells (3 to 5 µm) that reproduce by fission during its yeast phase. By subculturing the organism to an enriched medium such as BHI and incubating at 35°C, Penicillium marneffei can be easily induced to create the arthroconidial yeast-like state. After a week, arthroconidia-containing hyphae and yeast-like structures splitting by fission are formed. 

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Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Ajellomycetaceae Genus: Paracoccidioides Species: P. brasiliensis                                                                                              Inhaling an infectious propagule, which may or may not cause symptoms, is how infection starts, similar to other endemic fungi. However, once settled in the lungs, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis experiences a morphological change that results in the yeast phase, which is distinctly unique to the mycosis this fungus causes. The yeast cells are usually round to oval in shape. They can exist as single cells or as structures resembling yeast that are referred to as "mariner's wheel," "pilot wheel," or "Mickey Mouse ears" depending on how they are arranged. Spherical yeast cells develop throughout a wide range of sizes (3–30 µm in diameter) at 37°C or in vivo. A critical stage in the development of infection is the fungus's morphological change from the mold phase to the yeast phase at the host's body temperature. The host environment is linked to the yeast phase, in contrast to the mold phase. When the conidia or mycelial fragments are breathed by a vulnerable host, they develop into yeast cells. The yeast phase of the infection grows in the host's tissues, especially the lungs. Systemic infection may be exacerbated by the yeast cells' ability to spread to other organs. According to certain research, the yeast cells of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis may secrete a capsule, which is an outer layer of defense. Capsule production can increase the virulence of the fungus and aid in immune evasion. Additionally, the fungus may display antigenic diversity, which enables it to modify its surface antigens to evade host immune monitoring and develop a prolonged infection                                         

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Yeast Form: Coccidioides immitis displays unique features including the formation of sizable spherical structures called spherules. This characteristic is observed during microscopic examination of clinical samples, strongly indicates Coccidioides immitis infection. Diagnosis can be achieved through commercially available antibody tests, and treatment typically involves a 3-6 month oral regimen of fluconazole or other prescription antifungal medications.

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Yeast Form: Coccidioides immitis displays unique features including the formation of sizable spherical structures called spherules. This characteristic is observed during microscopic examination of clinical samples, strongly indicates Coccidioides immitis infection. Diagnosis can be achieved through commercially available antibody tests, and treatment typically involves a 3-6 month oral regimen of fluconazole or other prescription antifungal medications.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum, the causative agent of histoplasmosis. It is distinguished by its small, round to oval cells, which have a diameter of 2 to 4 micrometers. One distinctive trait is the intracellular development of these yeast cells within macrophages. Stained clinical specimens are examined under a microscope as part of diagnostic processes; specific stains like Giemsa help with visualization. Confirmation can also be obtained by cultivating the fungus from clinical specimens in mold form. A key factor in differentiating Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum is its distinct morphological characteristics in medical diagnostic contexts.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Yeast form)

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Yeast form)

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A pathogenic fungus called Penicillium marneffei specifically infects AIDS patients who live in or move to Southeast Asia (Thailand and neighboring countries, Taiwan, and India), where the fungus is endemic. Infections with Penicillium marneffei have also been documented in individuals undergoing immunosuppressive therapy and hematological malignancies who are not AIDS patients. The infection known as penicillium marneffei, or penicilliosis marneffei, is contracted by inhalation and causes a lung infection that is then followed by fungemia and infection propagation. Typically, the lymphatic system, spleen, liver, and bones are affected. During the course of the illness, skin papules on the face, trunk, and extremities resemble acne. A penicilliosis marneffei infection frequently results in death.

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Penicillium Marneffei (Mold form): Microscopy of the mold form of P. marneffei showing septated hyaline hyphae and fruiting structures composing of branching metulae and philiades with spherical condidia in chains. At room temperature it grows as a mould with red to black conidia. 

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Penicillium Marneffei (Mold form): Microscopy of the mold form of P. marneffei showing septated hyaline hyphae and fruiting structures composing of branching metulae and philiades with spherical condidia in chains. At room temperature it grows as a mould with red to black conidia. 

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum in its mold form exhibits distinctive morphological features that aid in diagnostic procedures. The filamentous hyphae with septa that characterize the mold form of the fungus in the environment. The fungus's asexual spores, or conidia, are produced by these septate hyphae. Conidia, which are typically 2-4 micrometers in size, are essential for the fungus's airborne dissemination.The identification of these distinctive mold structures, such as septate hyphae and conidia, can be helpful for diagnostic purposes, particularly when evaluating environmental sources or performing laboratory research. Under a microscope, environmental samples like soil or polluted materials can show up as Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. To further monitor and validate the mold phase, cultures taken from clinical or environmental specimens might be employed. It's crucial to remember that the mold form is more pertinent for environmental research and specific laboratory settings, while the yeast form is the main pathogenic phase within the host.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Mold form)

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Mold form)

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Paracoccidioides brasisliensis mycelium can produce a large number of spores, each of which is located at the tip of an unadorned conidiophore. Someone with an imagination dubbed them "fungal lollipops." The hyphal form develops slowly in culture, colonizing a plate in 20-30 days at room temperature. Macroscopically, the colonies range in color and texture, from ivory to brown, flat to wrinkled. Clamydospores and spherical conidia are visible. Aleurioconidia can be developed under certain cultural conditions. Disease may develop when these spores are mistakenly absorbed into the lungs, where they proliferate and can transform into yeasts.

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At a temperature of about 25° C, it takes on a mycelial or filamentous shape, as well as tiny microconidia. At 37°C, it transforms into yeast. In culture below 35°C and on natural substrates, it forms a white to brownish mycelial fungus with characteristic echinulate oval or pyriform macroconidia (8-16 um diameter) and microconidia (2-5 um diameter). When microconidia are inhaled into the alveolar gaps, they germinate and change into little budding yeasts with diameters ranging from 2 to 5 um as seen on the illustration. In 37°C culture, the fungus develops like yeast.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum (Yeast Form) 

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Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum (Yeast Form) 

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Characterized by large budding forms, are large, round, and thick-walled, with a diameter of 5 to 15 µm that exists in human tissue or at 37°C. Microconidia, produced from hyphae of the mycelial form, are infectious for humans. It is found within necrotizing granulomas and characterized by broad-based, single budding with a refractile cell wall that can be seen on the Periodic-acid- Schiff stain. 

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There are two types of conidia in the mycelial form; macroconidia ranging in size from 8 to 15 μm in diameter, and microconidia ranging in size from 2 to 5 μm in diameter; it is the latter that can effectively be inhaled and travel as far as the host alveoli. Illustration shows a marked distinction between two types of conidia, globose macroconidia, 8–15 µm, and ovoid microconidia, 2–4 µm, which appear smooth or finely roughened.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum (Mold Form)

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Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum (Mold Form)

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A cottony white mold that grows at ambient temperature in soil enriched with animal excreta and in moist, decaying, acidic organic material, often near river or at 25°C. The microconidia are oval or pyriform (pear shaped), with a diameter of 2 to 10 µm, and no macroconidia are produced. Moreover, inhaled spores convert into large 15 to 20 µm, resulting in pulmonary infection and may either be asymptomatic or have severe life-threatening complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome. Which later on converts in growth form and becomes a large-celled budding yeast.

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Sporothrix schenckii is a dimorphic fungus wherein its filamentous form consists of 1 to 2 μm wide hyaline, septate hyphae. Slender, tapering conidiophores arise at right angles from undifferentiated hyphae.   Hyaline conidia are produced at a small swelling at the conidiophores apex by sympodial growth resulting in a “rosette-like” or “flower-like” appearance. Dematiaceous conidia are seen lining a hypha running through the photo, as well as some conidiophores.

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To induce the yeast phase, grow the fungus on BHI agar at 37°C. Yeast cells are round to ovoid and range in size from 1 - 3 X 3 - 10 µm. They produce single or multiple buds that resemble rabbit ears or "Mickey Mouse" or "rabbit ears" and extend from the primary yeast cell. They appear to be two elongated cells projecting from the parent cell's surface. Macroscopically, the yeast form appears as smooth white or off-white colonies with a creamy texture, cream to beige in color, and may darken with maturity.

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It grows well in brain heart agar at 37°C. Appears as spherical cells of 5 to more than 30 µm in diameter, with a thick and well defined refringent cell wall and several peripheral buds (the pilot well). The yeast cells tend to form multiple budding daughter cells around a central mother cell, creating an appearance reminiscent of a ship's wheel, which is known as Mariner’s wheel. These daughter cells (2 to 5 µm) are connected by a narrow base, unlike the broad-based attachment in B. dermatitidis. Many buds of various sizes can occur, or there may be only a few buds, giving the appearance of a so-called “Mickey Mouse cap” to the yeast cell. Conidia are inhaled into the lungs, where they are taken up by pulmonary macrophages. Conidiae transform into a yeast-like form inside the alveolar macrophages, which triggers a generalized inflammatory response.

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Paracccidioides brasiliensis produces a variety of mold morphologies when grown at 22°C. Flat colonies are glabrous to leathery, wrinkled to folded, floccose to velvety, pink to beige to brown with a yellowish brown reverse, resembling those of B. dermatitidis. Microscopically, the mold form produces small (2 to 10 µm in diameter), one-celled conidia, generally indistinguishable from those observed with the mold phase of B. dermatitidis or the microconidia of H. capsulatum. 

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Photomicrographs of yeast cells of Penicillium marneffei within the fine-needle-aspirated fabric gotten from deep-seated lymph node from a P. marneffei contaminated persistent. The characteristic transverse septum (bolts) inside the yeast cell can be seen by Grocott methenamine silver recoloring and Papanicoloau recoloring. Histopathologic picture of Histoplasma capsulatum . Yeast cells without transverse septa are seen by hematoxylin-eosin recoloring. Maginification 1,000. Other than this things it is additionally important as a number of practically imperative qualities, such as the malate synthase- and catalase-peroxidase protein-encoding genes, have been recognized as being upregulated within the yeast stage. Ponders on the contagious hereditary qualities of P. marneffei have been centered on the characterization of hereditary determinants that will play critical parts in abiogenetic advancement, mycelial-to-yeast stage move, and the expression of antigenic determinants. Atomic considers have recognized a few qualities included in germination, hyphal advancement, conidiogenesis, and yeast cell extremity. Penicillium marneffei is the as it were known Penicillium species that shows temperature-dependent dimorphic development. At temperatures underneath 37°C, the organism develops as mycelia with the arrangement of septate hyphae, bearing conidiophores and conidia ordinary of the sort Penicillium. At 37°C on counterfeit medium or in human tissue, the organism develops in a yeast-like frame with the arrangement of parting arthroconidium cells. The parting yeast cells speak to the parasitic shape of P. marneffei. This frame is seen within the intracellular contamination of the macrophages. The mold-to-yeast transformation or stage move, which is thermally directed, may be a symptomatic characteristic of P.marneffei. In differentiate to P. marneffei, the other Penicillium species are not dimorphic and are more like Aspergillus, with hyphae in tissue. This organism can switch cell shape from mycelium at 25°C to yeast frame at 37°C . This move is considered to be a pathogenisis calculate, given that yeast cells are competent of sidestepping the have immune system . The astute contaminations caused by this species are common in immunocompromised patients with HIV contaminations and indeed in non-HIV-infected patients who have other immunocompromising conditions. The coming about systemic disease, called penicilliosis, causes side effects such as iron deficiency and fever, which are comparative to those watched in dispersed cryptococcosis. Penicilliosis has ended up endemic in tropical Asia in later a long time, rating as the third-most-common artful disease after tuberculosis and cryptococcosis. Penicilliosis causes tall mortality rates in immunocompromised patients, with passing rates of 20.7% and 29.4% among HIV- and non-HIV-infected patients (separately) in Thailand, and mortalities of 24.3% and 50.6% among patients who were treated or untreated with antifungals (individually) in China. Combination treatment with amphotericin B taken after by itraconazole or voriconazole is compelling for penicilliosis; in any case, delayed prophylaxis with azoles might select for the rise of drug-resistant strain. To entirety it up in yeast stage the organism experiences a outstanding morphological alter within the presence of round-to-oval cells that ordinarily show a particular "candy" shape with a central septum. It ranges from the size of 2-5 uL in distance across, are recognized by their interesting appearance and frequently create a mucoid capsule around the cell outskirts. The yeast stage holds a noteworthy part in fungus's life cycle particularly in disease. The particular highlights of the yeast stage, counting its red-pink coloration upon recoloring, play a crucial part within the discovery and determination of Penicillium marneffei contaminations or diseases contributing to our comprehension of its pathogenicity in vulnerable populaces. 

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GROUP 7: Penicillium marneffei (yeast phase)

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GROUP 7: Penicillium marneffei (yeast phase)

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Form stage of P. marneffei. Research facility societies of P. marneffei hatched at 25°C to 30°C take after all other species of Penicillium in that development happens as a shape bearing the abiogenetic regenerative structures (conidia) commonplace of the sort. In specific, youthful colonies developed on Sabouraud glucose agar are moderately lean and fine to velvet in surface. Societies may show up somewhat blue gray-green at first, but as the P. marneffei colony develops, it gets to be ruddy yellow in color and produces a pink or red-rose shade that promptly diffuses into the encompassing medium. In any case, not all penicillia creating a ruddy color are P. marneffei. he organism develops in a mycelial stage at 25°C on Sabouraud glucose agar without cycloheximide. Mold-to-yeast change is accomplished by subculturing onto brain heart implantation agar and hatching at 37°C. Recognizable proof of P. marneffei is based upon the morphology of the colony, its mold-to-yeast transformation, and the organism's infinitesimal morphology. . Most species of Penicillium develop as it were as molds, replicating exclusively through the abiogenetic generation of conidia. n numerous wealthy strong media, a smooth cream-to-beige colony that comprises nearly completely of yeast cells is shaped. Strikingly, societies of P. marneffei developed at 37°C don't create the diffusible ruddy shade that's so promptly discharged by the shape stage. Then again, yeast cells and arthroconidia shaped at 37°C will terminate their special mode of advancement when moved to 25°C and start apical development with concomitant uncoupling of atomic and cellular division normal of the shape stage (through moving of shape societies). A few qualities particular to the shape stage have been recognized: alpha- and beta-tubulin qualities, MS8, and CATA. In expansion, a few qualities that were highly communicated within the form or yeast phase of H. capsulatum have been distinguished employing a genomic shotgun microarray. In P. marneffei, the phase-specific qualities have been examined by utilizing differential techniques. To whole it up it has interesting morphological structure that creates septate hyphae and conidiophores that carry conidia. Organized in chain that looks like a brush setup. The shape stage is transcendent at lower temperature, ordinarily extending from room temperature that result from color white to cream, with the nearness of conidia it'll create a greenish tint. It is thermally dimorphic which is basic in pathogenicity.   

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GROUP 7: Pernicillium marneffei (Mold Phase)

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GROUP 7: Pernicillium marneffei (Mold Phase)

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Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by dimorphic fungus called Sporothrix schenckii. Dimorphic fungi that exhibits a hyphal morphology in its low temperature saprophytic phase, but is found primarily as a budding yeast in host tissues.The fungus lives throughout the world in soil, plants, and decaying vegetation.Cutaneous infection is the most common form of infection and usually occurs after handling contaminated plant material, when the fungus enters the skin through a small cut or scrape. Although pulmonary infection can occur if a person inhales the microscopic airborne fungal spores. Most Sporothrix infections only involve the skin.                                                     This fungus is evident in both human and animal tissues as budding yeasts. Yeastlike cells can be observed in various sizes and shapes. Macroscopically, it forms smooth colonies, tan or cream-colored. Yeast cells are 2 to 6μm long, usually with elongated, cigar-shaped buds on a narrow base. Some molecular aspects implicated in proliferation and maintenance of this morphological form of S. schenckii involve calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases and a signaling pathway involving the interaction between a cytosolic phospholipase and protein G.The transition from mold to yeast form in S. schenckii can be attained by culturing mycelia or conidia on rich culture media such as brain heart infusion agar at 35 to 37°C. Some strains, especially those related to the S. globosa species, may require lower conversion temperatures, since they do not grow well at 37°C. Although rich media are required for the mycelium-to-yeast transition, S. schenckii yeast cells can be maintained at 37°C in other media, such as Sabouraud dextrose agar. This transition process also occurs after patients are infected with filamentous S. schenckii. Like other fungi, S. schenckii has a cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane in both the mycelial and yeast forms. There are characteristic differences in cell wall thickness between conidia, yeast forms, and filaments, as well variations in plasma membrane invaginations among these three morphological forms of the fungus. The yeast cell wall of S. schenckii also contain granules of melanin and proteins involved in adherence, which contribute to fungal virulence.  

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The eukaryote Paracoccidioides brasiliensis lacks photosynthesis and possesses hard cell walls along with organelles that resemble those of higher eukaryotes. Because it is a dimorphic fungus, it may develop in two different forms: an oval form that resembles yeast at 37 °C and an elongated form that produces at room temperature.The mycelial form of P. brasiliensis can be converted to the yeast form in vitro by growth on brain heart infushion agar or blood-glucose-cysteine agar when incubated for 10–20 days at 37 °C. The disease caused by P. brasiliensis is mostly geographically restricted to Latin American countries such as brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela, and with the greatest number of cases seen in Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes a disease known as Paracoccidioidomycosis characterized by slow, progressive granulomatous changes in the head mucosa, notably the nose and sinuses or the skinBy means of asexual budding, the yeast forms daughter cells that proliferate erratically at various random locations on the cell surface. Cell wall layers in buds first increase in optical density until they reach a point where the daughter cell eventually emerges. A cleavage plane forms between the mother cell and the newborn cell after the bud has widened. The diameter of nonbudding cells ranges from 5 to 15 µm, while cells with many spherical buds have a diameter of 10 to 20 µm. Using electron microscopy, it has been discovered that cells with many buds have cytoplasm encircling a sizable central vacuole and nuclei that are positioned peripherally. Compared to those of the related dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitis, the yeast cells in P. brasiliensis' tissue form have larger, thinner walls and a smaller bud base. While P. brasiliensis has a thin, electron-dense outer layer and thinner cell walls in its mycelial phase, the yeast-like form of the organism has many nuclei, a porous two-layered nuclear membrane, and a thick cell wall rich in fibers. 

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The eukaryote Paracoccidioides brasiliensis lacks photosynthesis and possesses hard cell walls along with organelles that resemble those of higher eukaryotes. Because it is a dimorphic fungus, it may develop in two different forms: an oval form that resembles yeast at 37 °C and an elongated form that produces at room temperature. The mycelial form of P. brasiliensis can be converted to the yeast form in vitro by growth on brain heart infushion agar or blood-glucose-cysteine agar when incubated for 10–20 days at 37 °C. The disease caused by P. brasiliensis is mostly geographically restricted to Latin American countries such as brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela, and with the greatest number of cases seen in Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes a disease known as Paracoccidioidomycosis characterized by slow, progressive granulomatous changes in the head mucosa, notably the nose and sinuses or the skin. By means of asexual budding, the yeast forms daughter cells that proliferate erratically at various random locations on the cell surface. Cell wall layers in buds first increase in optical density until they reach a point where the daughter cell eventually emerges. A cleavage plane forms between the mother cell and the newborn cell after the bud has widened. The diameter of nonbudding cells ranges from 5 to 15 µm, while cells with many spherical buds have a diameter of 10 to 20 µm. Using electron microscopy, it has been discovered that cells with many buds have cytoplasm encircling a sizable central vacuole and nuclei that are positioned peripherally. Compared to those of the related dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitis, the yeast cells in P. brasiliensis' tissue form have larger, thinner walls and a smaller bud base. While P. brasiliensis has a thin, electron-dense outer layer and thinner cell walls in its mycelial phase, the yeast-like form of the organism has many nuclei, a porous two-layered nuclear membrane, and a thick cell wall rich in fibers. 

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- Coccidioides immitis do not produce a yeast form; however, it is identified in stained tissue sections by the production of varying sized spherules, ranging from 10 μm to over 100 µm in diameter. Coccidioides immitis can be found in lungs as a large spherule containing endospores using a Grocott methenamine silver stain. Their characteristic includes a bullet shape, thick walls, and the presence of endospores inside. Coccidioides immitis spherules are typically multinucleated structures with a thick, double-contoured wall. Inside the spherules, endospores develop, which can mature and be released upon rupture, contributing to the spread of infection. These spherules are a hallmark feature of coccidioidomycosis, aiding in the diagnosis of the disease. 

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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote with a rigid cell wall and organelles very similar to those of higher eukaryotes. Being a dimorphic fungus, it has the ability to grow an oval yeast-like form at 37 °C and an elongated mycelial form produced at room temperature. The mycelial and yeast phases differ in their morphology, biochemistry, and ultrastructure. The yeast form contains large amounts of α-(1,3)-linked glucan. The chitin content of the mycelial form is greater than that of the yeast form, but the lipid content of both phases is comparable.

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In soil, Coccidioides grows as a mold (mycelium) with branching septate hyphae. There are dimorphic ascomycetes that grow as filamentous molds and barrel-shaped arthroconidia, which are smaller than those of its close relative, Coccidioides posadasii. Valley fever, also known as the primary infection of Coccidioides immitis, presents with symptoms such as cough, fever, and chills, which can persist for several months. Additionally, patients may experience a mild, diffuse erythematous rash on the trunk and limbs.

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Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum, commonly known as Histoplasma, is a dimorphic fungus belonging to the Ascomycota phylum. In its filamentous mold form, Histoplasma appears as a network of branching hyphae, often accompanied by conidiophores that bear conidia. These conidia, which are small, asexual spores, serve as the primary means of dispersal and transmission for the fungus, especially in environments rich in organic matter like bird or bat droppings.  
                                                                                                                 (MOLDS)The mold form thrives in soil and organic debris, where it reproduces and produces infectious propagules.Mold form predominates in the environment (or in vitro, when incubated at < 35°C). Aerial hyphae.Upon inhalation by susceptible hosts, such as humans, mammals, and birds.
                                                                                                                            (YEAST)Histoplasma undergoes a dramatic transformation into its yeast form. Within the warm, nutrient-rich environment of the host's lungs, the conidia germinate into yeast cells. These yeast cells are characterized by their small, oval shape and reproduce by budding. They possess unique adaptations that enable them to evade host immune defenses and establish a persistent infection. Required for yeast-form growth at 37°C. ryp1 mutants are constitutively filamentous irrespective of temperature.     
                                                                                                                                                  
The cell wall of Histoplasma plays a crucial role in its survival and pathogenesis. Composed of complex polysaccharides and glycoproteins, the cell wall provides structural integrity and protection against environmental stresses and host immune responses. Furthermore, the composition of the cell wall influences the interaction of the fungus with its host, including adhesion to host cells and modulation of immune responses.Physiologically, Histoplasma exhibits remarkable versatility, enabling it to thrive in diverse environmental conditions. Its ability to switch between the mold and yeast forms allows it to adapt to changing environmental cues and host microenvironments. 
                                                                                        
The fungus can metabolize a wide range of substrates, contributing to its ability to colonize various ecological niches. Ecologically, Histoplasma is distributed globally, with a particular affinity for regions with warm, humid climates and abundant bird or bat populations. These environments provide the organic matter necessary for the growth and proliferation of the fungus, facilitating its establishment and persistence in the environment.As a pathogen, Histoplasma possesses an array of virulence factors that contribute to its ability to cause disease. These factors include adhesion molecules that promote attachment to host cells, enzymes that facilitate tissue invasion and nutrient acquisition, and mechanisms for evading host immune responses. 

Additionally, the ability of the fungus to survive and replicate within phagocytes contributes to its ability to establish chronic infections and cause disseminated disease in susceptible hosts.Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum is a complex and adaptable fungus with a fascinating life cycle and significant implications for human and animal health. Its ability to transition between different morphological forms and its interactions with both the environment and host highlight its importance as a pathogen and a subject of scientific interest.                              

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CAPSALATUM HISTOPLASMA (MOLD FURM).
The shape of this mold
Small (2 to 4 um in diameter), round to oval yeast organisms are a hallmark of this type of dimorphic fungus that are discovered in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood neutrophils, or eosinophils, which are occasionally seen on dogs, cats, and monocytes.

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CAPSALATUM HISTOPLASMA (MOLD FURM).
The shape of this mold
Small (2 to 4 um in diameter), round to oval yeast organisms are a hallmark of this type of dimorphic fungus that are discovered in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood neutrophils, or eosinophils, which are occasionally seen on dogs, cats, and monocytes.

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The shape of this mold

Small (2 to 4 um in diameter), round to oval yeast organisms are a hallmark of this type of dimorphic fungus that are discovered in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood neutrophils, or eosinophils, which are occasionally seen on dogs, cats, and monocytes.

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CAPSALATUM HISTOPLASMA (MOLD FURM).The shape of this moldSmall (2 to 4 um in diameter), round to oval yeast organisms are a hallmark of this type of dimorphic fungus that are discovered in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood neutrophils, or eosinophils, which are occasionally seen on dogs, cats, and monocytes.

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CAPSALATUM HISTOPLASMA (MOLD FURM).The shape of this moldSmall (2 to 4 um in diameter), round to oval yeast organisms are a hallmark of this type of dimorphic fungus that are discovered in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood neutrophils, or eosinophils, which are occasionally seen on dogs, cats, and monocytes.

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the yeast form, HISTOPLASMA CAPSALATUM. This dimorphic fungus's morphological characteristics—which include its ovoid form, diameter of 2–5 um, and polar budding, which gives them their characteristic of narrow budding and a bridge-like appearance between the mother and daughter cells—will help with diagnosis. Inside the host, the yeast phase grows at its fastest at 37 °C.

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the yeast form, HISTOPLASMA CAPSALATUM. This dimorphic fungus's morphological characteristics—which include its ovoid form, diameter of 2–5 um, and polar budding, which gives them their characteristic of narrow budding and a bridge-like appearance between the mother and daughter cells—will help with diagnosis. Inside the host, the yeast phase grows at its fastest at 37 °C.

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The mold form of Sporothrix schenckii appears when cultured at 25C or when found int the environment such as in growing plant and in decaying vegetation (saprophytic stage). Filamentous colonies seen in potato dextrose or malt extract are characterized by smooth and wrinkled colonies that never become cottony. They are initially white however, due to aging, they turn color brown to black in a few days. The Mycelia is composed of septate hyphae that is 1 to 2μm in diameter. The conidia of Sporothrix schenckii are single-celled, oval-shaped, glass-like (hyaline), or brown that emerges in petal-like clusters or in rosette form at the tips of conidiophores. The pathogenic strains exhibit spherical or triangular pigmented conidia with dark, thick cell walls that can be distinguished from other nonpathogenic strains.

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Budding yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii is seen when cultivated at 37C or when found in host tissues. Microscopically, this forms smooth colonies which are tan or cream-colored that are 2 to 6μm long and exhibit elongated, cigar-shaped buds on a narrow base. The medium best for obtaining a good yeast phase is the brain-heart infusion agar

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Blastomyces dermatitidis is the organism responsible for blastomycosis. B. dermatitidis is a budding yeast that primarily exists in the soil and is acquired via inhalation. The yeast forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis usually range from 8 to 15-20 micro m in diameter. Larger yeast forms have previously been reported only twice in immunosuppressed patients. In both patients these large forms were seen within the lung.

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Dimorphic fungus that exists in mold form in the environment or at 25°C. The microconidia are oval or pyriform (pear shaped), with a diameter of 2 to 10 µm, and no macroconidia are produced. In the lungs, B. dermatitidis converts to yeast form, triggering the hosts inflammatory response at the site of infection. Yeast that are not phagocytised and cleared by the host are able to spread via blood or lymphatics to other sites in the body. Infection with B. dermatitidis can cause blastomycosis, which can be pulmonary, cutaneous, or disseminated. Clinical  symptoms.