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Leif Erikson discovered America (11th Century)

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Leif Erikson discovered America (11th Century)

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Leif Erikson was a Viking who landed in modern-day Canada, making it a new home for his people. It was originally known as Vinland.

Leif Erikson day is celebrated on October 9th.

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Christopher Columbus "discovered" America (1492)

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Christopher Columbus "discovered" America (1492)

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Originally, Columbus was on a financed trip to find a new spice trade route with India. The trip was financed by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain. Since Columbus did not reach India or form a new trade route with the designated country, his trip was a failure.

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Mayflower (1620) (left England August, 1620 and headed back to England April 5, 1621)

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Mayflower (1620) (left England August, 1620 and headed back to England April 5, 1621)

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This ship sailed from Plymouth, England, to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and then Plymouth, Massachusetts. Plymouth, Massachusetts being the main settling area for the pilgrims on the ship.

The ship was not originally built to transport people, so the living conditions on the ship were understandably horrible. Many of the pilgrims on board were Separatists looking either for religious freedom or financial gain.

They landed in Cape Cod in the winter and half of the passengers died.

First form of government in America was the Mayflower Compact. Only the men signed and it was on the basis of Christianity.

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No Taxation without representation (British was putting intense taxes on the colonists: tea, molasses, currency, sugar, stamps, etc.)

Boston Massacre- March 5th, 1770 (British soldiers killed 5 colonists)

Boston Tea Party- December 16, 1773

First shot of the war was in Massachusetts April 19th, 1775, known as the shot that was heard around the world, in the battles of Lexington and Concord.

1778, colonies allied with France in the war.

Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783- America gained their independence!

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The Declaration of Independence (Adopted July 4th,1776-in the middle of the Revolutionary War)

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The Declaration of Independence (Adopted July 4th,1776-in the middle of the Revolutionary War)

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56 delegates signed the declaration.

Main Author was Thomas Jefferson.

Included the reasons for war/desired separation from Britain and a summary of the philosophy of liberty.

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Constitutional Convention (May 25-September 17, 1787)

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Constitutional Convention (May 25-September 17, 1787)

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Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Intended to revise the Articles of Confederation.

Important people involved were: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton. Thomas Jefferson was in France.

Other important info occurring here: Virginia plan, Bicameral legislature, population with weighted representation, New Jersey Plan, each state=1 vote, the Connecticut compromise (B.L.- mentioned above, Great compromise/Sherman Compromise, proportional representation in lower house, equal representation in upper house), the 3/5ths compromise (southern representation for next 10 years).

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Originally owned by Spain, and then France. All the orange land was bought from France for $15 million, doubling the size of America, in 1803.

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Manifest Destiny is a term coined in 1845 for the longstanding belief that America was supposed to be from coast to coast, specifically that 'Providence' would help in making it so. This belief led to many wars and the desire to own land owned by other countries on the continent.

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America versus Britain (again), also known as the Second War for Independence. Due to the impression of American Sea-men into the British Navy and trade restrictions. Britain was also fighting Napoleon in France at the same time.

The Treaty of Ghent was officially ratified on February 18, 1815 by President Madison.

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The Star Spangled Banner (September 14, 1814)

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The Star Spangled Banner (September 14, 1814)

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Originally written as a poem by Francis Scott Key. It was in response to the Battle of Fort McHenry that occurred on September 13, 1814. Key watched the battle unfold from aboard a British ship where he was held captive, his joy in seeing the American Flag still atop the fort is evident in the lyrics he wrote on the morning of September 14, 1814.

Officially became the National Anthem in 1930.

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Argument over the independence of Texas; While owned by Mexico, many American settlers lived in the area, giving America the opportunity to say that by default Texas was American. (The Manifest Destiny only spurred this claim). The supposed border-according to America- between the two countries was the Rio Grande. Led to a disagreement that led to gunfire, that led to war. Treaty of Hidalgo was signed in 1848, included in the treaty was that America bought California for little money.

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North (Union) vs South (Confederate). Originally over State's rights, then turned into an issue with Slavery.

President is the commander in chief of the army but cannot declare war; is given special authority during wartime. Congress declares war.

The war only lasted as long as it did because the northern generals weren't doing great, until Ulisses Grant was put in charge.

Fort Sumter was the start of the battles.

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The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)

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The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)

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Abraham Lincoln wrote this during the Civil War to encourage freeman and slaves to fight for the Northerners/Union. It did not grant citizenship automatically, and then it only applied to the rebellious states and was only in affect during the duration of the war, paving the way for the 13th amendment.

The Gettysburg Address occurred on November 19, 1863.

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Women's Suffrages (Major events happened 1848-1920) (1820s-1830s reform groups)

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Women's Suffrages (Major events happened 1848-1920) (1820s-1830s reform groups)

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Reform groups fought against the 'submissive wives' trope and how women aren't citizens.

In 1848 the Seneca Falls convention discussed women's rights, and how women should be represented in the government.

The 19th amendment was ratified August 18, 1920 to guarantee women's right to vote- did not include African Americans and other minorities.

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Goal(s)- improve society efforts (working conditions, treatment of the mentally ill and prisoners)

Amendments - 16 Income Tax 1913, 17 Direct Election of Senators 1913, 18 Amendment was ratified in 1919, 19 Women right to vote 1920

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While in the Havana Harbor, the USS Maine mysteriously exploded on February 15, 1898, America implied/blamed Spain. The ship was there to aid the Americans that were living in Cuba while Cuba was trying to have their independence from Spain. On April 24, 1898 Spain declared war, USA declared war the following day, siding with Cuba. First battle was on May 1, 1898 (U.S. won).

Rough Riders- first U.S. volunteer army (included Theodore Roosevelt).

December 10, 1898- the Treaty of Paris: Spain lost all control overseas U.S. had Puerto Rico, Guam, and bought the Philippines for $20 million. Cuba was free, and the U.S. became more powerful globally.

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Conflicts between the most important countries, industrial revolution caused social conflicts. Officially began due to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife of Austria in 1914.

Allied powers: Great Britain, Russia, France, U.S., etc.

Central powers: Germany, Austria Hungary, Bulgaria.

U.S. wasn't actively participating before 1917 but was selling resources to Great Britain and France for the war. Germany sank American passenger and commercial ship, leading to America joining the war.

Ceasefire: November 11, 1918 (Treaty of Versailles wasn't official until 1919, ultimately failed)

Trench warfare was introduced, also known as "The Great War".

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Developed after WWI as a diplomatic group for world peace maintenance and had a mixed record of success. Originated from the '14 points' speech by President Wilson in 1918, which became the treaty of Versailles. Although started up by the president, due to his death and a fear of being dragged into international affairs, the U.S. did not join.

48 countries joined, HQ was in London before being moved to Geneva.

Geneva Protocol (1920s)- limit chemical/bio weaponry.

Kellogg Briand Pact of 1928- outlaw war, 60 countries agreed.

Precursor to United Nations, ended during WWII.

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Black Thursday (start of market crash- October 24, 1929), Black Tuesday (final market crash- October 29, 1929), and The Great Depression (1929-1941)

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Black Thursday (start of market crash- October 24, 1929), Black Tuesday (final market crash- October 29, 1929), and The Great Depression (1929-1941)

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Dustbowl 1934-1936: due to farming in the midwest with over 6ft deep topsoil continuing to be plowed for four generations. A factor in the Great Depression.

Stock market crash in 1929. There were many bank closures in 1931-1933. Another factor to the Great Depression. Started to crash on Wall St on Thursday, October 24, 1929- now known as Black Thursday- and the final crash occurred on Tuesday, October 25, 1929 -known as Black Tuesday.

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Germany's goal- obliterate the Jewish. Other minorities such as anyone from the LGBTQ+ community and Romanian Gypsies for example. Started by antisemitism. A genocide by the German Nazis that wiped out 2/3 of the Europe's Jewish population.

Concentration camps were different than work camps.

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Germany invades Poland and other parts of Europe under the ruling of Dictator Adolf Hitler. (Ruled from 1933-1945)

Nazi Germany= 12 year period.

Allies: France, Great Britain, Russia, etc. (U.S. in 1941, joined after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor)

Axis: Japan, Germany, etc.

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During WWII, Japan wanted to destroy the American Naval Fleet and take over Malaysia and the Philippines.

Our fleet was in Pearl Harbor to protect against Japanese spies, all lined up making an easy aerial target, so Pearl Harbor was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941. Luckily, Japan didn't hit some of the largest American assets. On December 8, 1941 U.S. declared war, Germany and Italy also declared war on the U.S.

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Japanese Internment Camps (March 18, 1942-December 17, 1944)

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Japanese Internment Camps (March 18, 1942-December 17, 1944)

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The Japanese Internment camps occurred during WWII after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. These camps were permitted after an issued order from President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was a reaction of fear about national security and racial discrimination after the Pearl Harbor attack. Conditions and treatment were terrible. They were closed near the end of the war.

Official apology was not given for these actions until 1983, when President Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act and the Congressional Commission determined that it was an act of racism not military protection.

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United Nations (started October 24, 1945)

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United Nations (started October 24, 1945)

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The United Nations=League of Nations 2.0 (U.N. to succeed where L.o.N. failed)

The phrase was first coined by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it's first use being during WWII on January 1, 1942.

October 24, 1945 the United Nation's charter was drawn up by 50 nations, making it official. Originally had 51 countries/members, currently there are 193.

HQ in New York City, New York with several regional head quarters all over the world.

United Nations day is celebrated on October 24 each year.

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Marxism Vs Capitalism

The USSR had hurt feelings toward America (America's delayed joining of WWII, and their decade long refusal to treat USSR as a legitimate part of the international community.)

More about the threat of war than actual warfare: arms race.

Race to the moon: Sputnik, Explorer, first man in space, first man on the moon.

When Mikhail Gorbachev became the Soviet Union President on March 11, 1985, an era of peace started with treaties and policies that eventually brought an end to the war.

Berlin Wall destroyed.

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In 1945-after the end of WWII-, Korea split into North and South. N=communist and S=anti-communist

June 1950, N. Korea invaded S. Korea with permission from Soviet Union. U.S. backed S. Korea and other countries from the United Nations joined. China joined N. Korea in the fight in October.

Neither side gained control and peace talks started in February 1951. In July 1953 a truce-ceasefire was agreed upon. A demilitarized zone separates the two countries.

A formal peace treaty wasn't signed until 2018.

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A series of events throughout the years 1954-1968 protesting racial discrimination and segregation.

Rosa Parks and the bus seat led to desegregation of buses. (1955)

Greensboro sit-ins (1960) African American students sitting at an only-white lunch counter.

Civil Rights Act of 1957: allowed the federal government to oversee state voting practices were fair.

March on Washington (1963): Organized event in D.C. to call for civil rights of African Americans; 'I have a dream' speech occurred here.

Civil Rights Act of 1964: illegal to discriminate based on race, color, national origin, religion, or gender.

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During the time period of the Civil Rights Movement.

Some segregated schools were equal in finding and materials while others were not, with the white schools at a higher quality level compared to the black schools.

Topeka, Kansas- case named after the father of the student the case was dealing with, he filed the case. This case overturned it's precursor, the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson.

14th amendment equal protection clause.

The case was only won due to the death of one supreme court justice and the installment of Judge Earl Warren because of it.

Focus was the effect of segregation on public education.

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Vietnam gained freedom from France in 1954, split into North and South. North was communist and South was anti-communist.

In 1956, U.S. takes over for France and sends military aid to South Vietnam. This leads to American soldiers fighting in the war with South Vietnam, Agent Orange (a toxic spray used), and air raids on North Vietnam until January 1973 where a final peace agreement was made. U.S. would take their troops out of the country and North Vietnam was to leave South Vietnam alone, being two separate countries like Korea. However, once U.S. troops were gone, the fighting continued with no repercussions for the treaty being broken, and North Vietnam took over the whole country, making it unified under communist rule.

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Nine black students were enrolled in an all white school in Little Rock, Arkansas. (known as the Little Rock 9) The state governor retaliated and called in the state national guard to keep them out. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort the students into school.

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Nixon's presidential team bugged phones in democratic offices and stole their classified documents. When it came out, Nixon resigned/was impeached and Vice President Ford became president. President Ford pardoned Nixon for his actions.

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The President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, wanted to take over Kuwait. When his troops invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990, it caused other countries (34) led by the U.S. to stop Iraq from taking over, and also have an operation (Desert Shield) to protect the other countries/states in the Gulf from Iraq. An operation called Desert Storm, involving air and ground attacks, led to the end of the war. President Bush called a ceasefire on February 28, 1991. By that point, most Iraqi forces had either surrendered or fled.

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Hijacked planes from Al Queda, a terrorist group led by Osama Bin Laden, crashed into the World Trade Center Towers, the Pentagon, and likely the White House (this plane the crew and passengers were able to storm the hijacked cockpit and the plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania instead). When Bin Laden laid out his reasons for attacking, it was learned that this plan was five years in the making.

The Towers fell within 102 minutes of the first building being hit.

People from over 90 nations were killed.

On September 12, 2001, America came together to help with the clean up and fight against this act of terrorism.

This led to TSA becoming a big thing in airports to further help prevent a similar situation.

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Occurred after the events of 9/11 to end the destruction and dictatorship of Saddam Hussein by destroying Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. It was thought that Hussein was in connection to the terrorist group that attacked America on 9/11.

Saddam Hussein was captured, tried, and then executed by hanging.

The war was declared ended on December 15, 2001. U.S. troops stayed in Iraq to help uphold the new government, and it wasn't until December 31, 2021 that all U.S. troops were brought home from Iraq.