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This post may contain affiliate links to things like tours, hotels, Amazon associates and products. These help me earn a small commission at no additional charge to you.
Just before flying to Taipei, I decided to Google facts about Taiwan. This is something I love doing before arriving in a new place.

Another thing I like to do is Google a quick overview of history. Who invaded this country, what type of rulers and government have they had, what are human rights like? Travelling the country with a moderate understanding really benefits me when it comes to understanding why things are how they are today.
Like facts? Check out my facts about Thailand and facts about Wales
Taiwan is such an interesting country. Even its status as a country is disputed. To understand Taiwan a little better and show the locals you've done your homework, check out these 10 facts about Taiwan...

Taiwan facts

1. Only 2.3% of the Taiwanese population is native

The other 97.7% are ethnically Chinese. This is because Taiwan was ruled by the Qing Dynasty for 200 years from 1683 to 1895. During this time, the locals were pushed out in the same way native Americans, Canadians, Australians and New Zealanders were by Europeans. This isn't an upbeat Taiwan fact but it's important to know.

Nowadays, there are just 500,000 indigenous people made up of eight different tribal groups. Sadly, their 26 native languages have become almost extinct. Unemployment rates are high and education levels low. However, since the 80s there has been a bit of a revival and several cities host indigenous cultural events. Will it be enough?

2. Taiwan is the size of Belgium but has 23 million residents

Belgium only has 11 million residents. This makes it a densely populated country... Especially when you consider 50% of the island is covered in forest and therefore uninhabited. In fact, 90% of the population lives along a strip of land along the east coast.

3. It was the first Asian country to make gay marriage legal in 2019

Now for a positive fact about Taiwan. Compared to its neighbouring countries like Japan, Korea and China where LGBT people face discrimination, Taiwan is forward-thinking and progressive.

4. Taiwan's official title is the Republic of China (RoC)

The Republic of China (RoC) is not to be confused with the People's Republic of China (PRC). Both parties fought during the Chinese Civil War which ended in 1949 and ignore each other's sovereignty. Today the PRC controls mainland China and the RoC control Taiwan.

5. The national dish is stinky tofu

As facts about Taiwan go, I couldn't stay off the topic of food for long. Food is of utmost importance to the Taiwanese and they'll often say 'have you eaten?' rather than 'how are you?. Stinky tofu is as smelly as it sounds.

6. In Taiwan, white symbolises death and is worn at funerals

Red is used at weddings. This may seem odd to Westerners but I'm not so sure: red is the colour of passion and love universally so why shouldn't it be used at weddings?

7. Taiwan has been ruled by China, Japan and briefly Holland

During Japanese ruleit became the wealthy, modernised country it is today. There are plenty of places you can visit Japanese hill towns, tea houses and hot springs used by the colonial rulers. While these places are quaint and charming, historians tell us that the Japanese were cruel rulers and forced local women to be their concubines.

8. The National language of Taiwan is Mandarin

Luckily, lots of locals speak English so don't fret if your Mandarin is less than fluent 😉

9. Many elements of Taiwanese life are influenced by Chinese culture

These include superstition relating to various numbers, reliance on Chinese medicine and the relatively low religion rates. Only 50% of the population is religious, most commonly following Buddhism and Taoism.

10. Taiwan's Taipei 101 building was the tallest building in the world

This only lasted until 2007 when the Burj Khalifa was built.

Visiting Taiwan?

These are the items that came with me to Taiwan and I would recommend using during your trip.

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10 Facts About Taiwan You Need To Know Before Visiting!

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This post may contain affiliate links to things like tours, hotels, Amazon associates and products. These help me earn a small commission at no additional charge to you. Just before flying to Taipei, I decided to Google facts about Taiwan. This is something I love doing before arriving in a new place.

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Currency

New Taiwan dollar (NTD)

Calendar year

WTO, APEC and ICC
(as Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu)

GDP

GDP rank

3.11% (2020)

1.98% (2021 est.)[6]

1.5% (2012 est.)[7]

33.6 medium (2014)[7]

0.916 very high (2019)[note 1]

11.49 million (2020 est.)[7]

Labor force by occupation

Electronics, communications and information technology products, petroleum refining, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals

Agricultural: Rice, corn, vegetables, fruit, tea; pigs, poultry, beef, milk; fish

Natural: Small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos

15th (very easy, 2020)[13]

semiconductors, petrochemicals, automobile/auto parts, ships, wireless communication equipment, flat display displays, steel, electronics, plastics, computers

oil/petroleum, semiconductors, natural gas, coal, steel, computers, wireless communication equipment, automobiles, fine chemicals, textiles

35.5% of GDP (2020)[7][note 2]

−0.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[7]

Revenues

91.62 billion (2017 est.)[7]

Expenses

92.03 billion (2017 est.)[7]

The economy of Taiwan is a highly developed free-market economy. It is the 8th largest in Asia and 18th-largest in the world by purchasing power parity, allowing Taiwan to be included in the advanced economies group by the International Monetary Fund. It is gauged in the high-income economies group by the World Bank. Taiwan is the most technologically advanced computer microchip maker in the world.

Taiwan has transformed itself from a recipient of U.S. aid in the 1950s and early 1960s to an aid donor and major foreign investor, with investments primarily centered in Asia. Private Taiwanese investment in mainland China is estimated to total in excess of US$150 billion, and official tallies cite Taiwan as having invested a comparable amount in Southeast Asia.

Taiwan has historically benefited from the flight of many well-educated, wealthy Chinese to settle on the island: during early Qing Dynasty, the preceding Ming dynasty supporters survived for a brief period of time in exile in Taiwan, and in 1949, as the Chinese Communist Party gained control of mainland China, two million Kuomintang (KMT) supporters fled to the island.

The first step towards industrialization was land reforms, a crucial step in modernizing the economy, as it created a class of landowners with capital they can invest in future economic endeavors. US aid was also important to stabilize post-war Taiwan, and it constituted more than 30 percent of domestic investment from 1951 to 1962. These factors, together with government planning and universal education, brought huge advancement in industry and agriculture, and living standards. The economy shifted from an agriculture-based economy (32% of GDP in 1952) to an industry-oriented economy (47% of GDP in 1986). Between 1952 and 1961, the economy grew by an average of 9.21% each year.

Once again, the transformation of Taiwan's economy cannot be understood without reference to the larger geopolitical framework. Although aid was cut back in the 1970s, it was crucial in the formative years, spurring industrialization, and security and economic links between Taiwan and the United States were maintained. Uncertainty about the US commitment accelerated the country's shift from subsidized import-substitution in the 1950s to export-led growth. Development of foreign trade and exports helped absorb excess labor from the decreased importance of agriculture in the economy. Taiwan moved from cheap, labor-intensive manufactures, such as textiles and toys, into an expansion of heavy industry and infrastructure in the 1970s, and then to advanced electronics in the subsequent decade. By the 1980s, the economy was becoming increasingly open and the government moved towards privatization of government enterprises. Technological development led to the establishment of the Hsinchu Science Park in 1981. Investments in mainland China spurred cross-strait trade, decreasing Taiwan's dependence on the United States market. From 1981 to 1995, the economy grew at an annual rate of 7.52%, and the service sector became the largest sector at 51.67%, surpassing the industrial sector and becoming a major source of the economy's growth.

International Trade is officially assisted by Taiwan External Trade Development Council. Because of the financial policy by the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little from the financial crisis of 1997-1999 compared to other economies in the region.

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980-2019 (with IMF staff estimates in 2020-2025). Inflation under 2% is in green.

Year

GDP
(in Bil. US$PPP)

GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)

GDP
(in Bil. US$nominal)

GDP per capita
(in US$ nominal)

GDP growth
(real)

Inflation rate
(in Percent)

Unemployment
(in Percent)

Government debt
(in % of GDP)

1980

61.6

3,446.2

42.3

2,366.8

8.0%

19.0%

1.2%

n/a

As of 2018, the three highest paid sectors in Taiwan include telecommunication, financial services and utilities. The economy of Taiwan ranked the highest in Asia in the 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI). With the technocracy-centered economic planning until 1987, real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have grown since World War II, with inflation and unemployment staying low and foreign reserves being the world's fourth largest. Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics and Ministry of Economic Affairs release major economic indicators of the economy of Taiwan.

Taiwan now faces many of the same economic issues as other developed economies. With the prospect of continued relocation of labor-intensive industries to economies with cheaper workforces, such as in mainland China, the Philippines and Vietnam, Taiwan's future development will have to rely on further transformation to a high technology and service-oriented economy. In recent years, Taiwan has successfully diversified its trade markets, cutting its share of exports to the United States from 49% in 1984 to 20% in 2002. Taiwan's dependence on the United States should continue to decrease as its exports to Southeast Asia and mainland China grow and its efforts to develop European markets produce results. Taiwan's accession to the WTO and its desire to become an Asia-Pacific "regional operations center" are spurring further economic liberalization. The economy of Taiwan is facing economic marginalisation in the world economy de-internationalization and lower salaries. This results in human resource talents seeking career opportunities elsewhere. Businesses in Taiwan suffer most from being the size of small and medium enterprises, which impedes attempts of economic transformation of Taiwan by the Taiwanese government.

The Indirect tax system of the economy of Taiwan comprises Gross Business Receipts Tax (GBRT) ( Gross receipts tax) and Value-added tax. The economy of Taiwan is ranked 15th overall in the Global Top 20 Top Destination Cities by International Overnight Visitors (2014) by the MasterCard 2014 Global Destination Cities Index.

Taiwan recovered quickly from the global financial crisis of 2007-2010, and its economy has been growing steadily since. Its economy faced a downturn in 2009 due to a heavy reliance on exports which in turn made it vulnerable to world markets. Unemployment reached levels not seen since 2003, and the economy fell 8.36% in the fourth quarter of 2008. In response, the government launched a US$5.6 billion economic stimulus package (3% of its GDP), provided financial incentives for businesses, and introduced tax breaks. The stimulus package focused on infrastructure development, small and medium-sized businesses, tax breaks for new investments, and low-income households. Boosting shipments to new overseas markets, such as Russia, Brazil, and the Middle East was also a main goal of the stimulus. The economy has since slowly recovered; by November 2010, Taiwan's unemployment rate had fallen to a two-year low of 4.73%, and continued dropping to a 40-month low of 4.18% by the end of 2011. The average salary has also been rising steadily for each month in 2010, up 1.92% from the same period in 2009. Industrial output for November 2010 reached another high, up 19.37% from a year earlier, indicating strong exports and a growing local economy. Private consumption is also increasing, with retail sales up 6.4% compared to 2009. After 10.5% economic growth in 2010, the World Bank expected growth to continue and reach 5% for 2011.

According to the National Development Council, Taiwan's economy declined in May 2019 due to the ongoing China-United States trade war.

Foreign trade has been the engine of Taiwan's rapid growth during the past 40 years. Taiwan's economy remains export-oriented, thus it depends on an open world trade regime and remains vulnerable to downturns in the world economy. The total value of trade increased over fivefold in the 1960s, nearly tenfold in the 1970s, and doubled again in the 1980s. The 1990s saw a more modest, slightly less than twofold, growth. Export composition changed from predominantly agricultural commodities to industrial goods (now 98%). The electronics sector is Taiwan's most important industrial export sector and is the largest recipient of United States investment.

Taiwan is a member of numerous trade agreements, with China, Japan, USA, the European Union, and Hong Kong as top 5 trade partners in 2010. Taiwan has the world's lowest fertility rate and high housing prices. Labor shortages, falling domestic demand, and declining tax revenues, are concerns as Taiwan's population decline is faster than other advanced economies.

As an island economy with lack of natural resources and comparatively lower domestic aggregate demand, Taiwan's highly educated human resources would contribute greatly to Value added Innovation management for expanding Taiwan's international trade.

Taiwan, as an independent economy, became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (often shortened to "Chinese Taipei"-both names resulting from PRC interference on the WTO) in January 2002. In a 2011 report by Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BERI), Taiwan ranked third-best globally for its investment environment.

Taiwan is the world's largest supplier of contract computer chip manufacturing ( foundry services) and is a leading LCD panel manufacturer, DRAM computer memory, networking equipment, and consumer electronics designer and manufacturer. Major hardware companies include Acer, Asus, HTC, Foxconn, TSMC and Pegatron. Textiles are another major industrial export sector, though of declining importance due to labor shortages, increasing overhead costs, land prices, and environmental protection.

Imports are dominated by raw materials and capital goods, which account for more than 90% of the total. Taiwan imports most of its energy needs. The United States is Taiwan's third largest trading partner, taking 11.4% of Taiwanese exports and supplying 10.0% of its imports. Mainland China has recently become Taiwan's largest import and export partner. In 2010, the mainland accounted for 28.0% of Taiwan's exports and 13.2% of imports. This figure is growing rapidly as both economies become ever more interdependent. Imports from mainland China consist mostly of agricultural and industrial raw materials. Exports to the United States are mainly electronics and consumer goods. As Taiwanese per capita income level has risen, demand for imported, high-quality consumer goods has increased. Taiwan's 2002 trade surplus with the United States was $8.70 billion.

The lack of formal diplomatic relations between the Republic of China (Taiwan) with Taiwan's trading partners appears not to have seriously hindered Taiwan's rapidly expanding commerce. The Republic of China maintains cultural and trade offices in more than 60 countries with which it does not have official relations to represent Taiwanese interest. In addition to the WTO, Taiwan is a member of the Asian Development Bank as "Taipei, China" (a name resulting from PRC influence on the bank) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum as " Chinese Taipei" (for the same reason as above). These developments reflect Taiwan's economic importance and its desire to become further integrated into the global economy.

Taiwan is a member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Taiwan is also an observer at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and International Energy Agency (IEA) as Member under the acronym of Chinese Taipei, and a member of International Chamber of Commerce as Chinese Taipei. Taiwan signed Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement with People's Republic of China on 29 June 2010. Taiwan also signed free trade pact with Singapore and New Zealand. Taiwan applied for the membership in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in 2015.

The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) with the People's Republic of China was signed on 29 June 2010, in Chongqing. It could potentially widen the market for Taiwan's exports. However, the true benefits and impacts brought by ECFA to Taiwan's overall economy are still in dispute. The newly signed agreement will allow for more than 500 products made in Taiwan to enter mainland China at low or no tariffs. As of 2021, Taiwan's exports to the People's Republic of China (including Hong Kong) totaled about US$270 billion per year, which is equivalent to more than 40% of Taiwan's total GDP. The government is also looking to establish trade agreements with Singapore and the United States.

Industrial output has gradually decreased from accounting for over half of Taiwan's GDP in 1986 to just 31% in 2002. Industries have gradually moved to capital and technology-intensive industries from more labor-intensive industries, with electronics and information technology accounting for 35% of the industrial structure. Industry in Taiwan primarily consists of many small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) with fewer large enterprises. Traditional labor-intensive industries are being moved off-shore and replaced with capital and technology-intensive industries. These industries are in the pre-mature stage of the manufacturing industry in various global economic competitions, and growing from the over-reliance from the original equipment manufacturer and original design manufacturer models. The Institute for Information Industry is responsible for the development of the IT and ICT industry in Taiwan. Industrial Technology Research Institute is the advanced research center for applied technology for the economy of Taiwan. The art industry is significant with sales worth $225.4 million made domestically in 2019. Taiwanese collectors and artists are also prominent in the global art market.

The "e-Taiwan" project launched by the government seeks to use US$1.83 billion to improve the information and communications infrastructure in Taiwan in five major areas: government, life, business, transport, and broadband. The program seeks to raise industry competitiveness, improve government efficiency, and improve the quality of life, and aims to increase the number of broadband users on the island to 6 million. In 2010, Taiwan's software market grew by 7.1% to reach a value of US$4 billion, accounting for 3.3% of the Asia-Pacific region market value. The digital content production industry grew by 15% in 2009, reaching US$14.03 billion. The optoelectronics industry (including flat panel displays and photovoltaics) totaled NT$2.2 trillion in 2010, a 40% jump from 2009, representing a fifth of the global market share. The economy of Taiwan is a partner in the Global Value Chains of Electronics Industry. Electronic components and personal computer are areas of international strength of Taiwan's Information Technology industry.

Taiwan is a major producer of sporting goods with NT$59.8 billion of production in 2020, 40-50% of production is indoor fitness equipment. Taiwan is the global leader in golf equipment with 80% of global production concentrated in the country. The four largest golf OEM are all Taiwanese however these firms are increasingly selling products under their own brands.

The semiconductor industry, including IC manufacturing, design, and packing, forms a major part of Taiwan's IT industry. Due to its strong capabilities in OEM wafer manufacturing and a complete industry supply chain, Taiwan has been able to distinguish itself from its competitors. The sector output reached US$39 billion in 2009, ranking first in global market share in IC manufacturing, packaging, and testing, and second in IC design. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) are the two largest contract chipmakers in the world, while MediaTek is the fourth-largest fabless supplier globally. In 1987, TSMC pioneered the fabless foundry model, reshaping the global semiconductor industry. From ITRI's first 3-inch wafer fabrication plant built in 1977 and the founding of UMC in 1980, the industry has developed into a world leader with 40 fabs in operation by 2002. In 2007, the semiconductor industry overtook that of the United States, second only to Japan. Although the global financial crisis from 2007 to 2010 affected sales and exports, the industry has rebounded with companies posting record profits for 2010. The international industrial forecast of semiconductor manufacturing, which is the flagship industry of the economy of Taiwan that faces immense competition ahead with its American counterparts. By 2020 Taiwan was the unmatched leader of the global semiconductor industry with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) alone accounting for more than 50% of the global market.

Taiwan's information technology industry has played an important role in the worldwide IT market over the last 20 years. In 1960, the electronics industry in Taiwan was virtually nonexistent. However, with the government's focus on development of expertise with high technology, along with marketing and management knowledge to establish its own industries, companies such as TSMC and UMC were established. The industry used its industrial resources and product management experience to cooperate closely with major international suppliers to become the research and development hub of the Asia-Pacific region. The structure of the industry in Taiwan includes a handful of companies at the top along with many small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) which account for 85% of industrial output. These SMEs usually produce products on an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or original design manufacturer (ODM) basis, resulting in less resources spent on research and development. Due to the emphasis of the OEM/ODM model, companies are usually unable to make in-depth assessments for investment, production, and marketing of new products, instead relying upon importation of key components and advanced technology from the United States and Japan. Twenty of the top information and communication technology (ICT) companies have International Procurement Offices set up in Taiwan. As a signer of the Information Technology Agreement, Taiwan phased out tariffs on IT products since 1 January 2002.

Taiwan is a hub for global computing, telecommunications, and data management with a number of large server farms operating in the country. Google's data center in Changhua is believed to be the largest in Asia. Taiwan is well connected to the global undersea fiber optic cable network and serves as a substantial traffic interchange.

Agriculture has served as a strong foundation for Taiwan's economic miracle. It contributes 3% to GDP and the service sector makes up 73% of the economy. After retrocession from Japan in 1945, the government announced a long-term strategy of "developing industry through agriculture, and developing agriculture through industry". As such, agriculture became the foundation for Taiwan's economic development during early years and served as an anchor for growth in industry and commerce. Where as in 1951 agricultural production accounted for 35.8% of Taiwan's GDP, by 2013 it had been vastly surpassed and its NT$475.90 billion accounted for only 1.69% of the GDP. As of 2013, Taiwan's agriculture was a mixture of crops (47.88%), livestock (31.16%), fishery (20.87%) and forestry (0.09%). Since its accession into the World Trade Organization and the subsequent trade liberalization, the government has implemented new policies to develop the sector into a more competitive and modernized green industry.

Although only about one-quarter of Taiwan's land area is suitable for farming, virtually all farmland is intensely cultivated, with some areas suitable for two and even three crops a year. However, increases in agricultural production have been much slower than industrial growth. Agricultural modernization has been inhibited by the small size of farms and the lack of investment in better facilities and training to develop more profitable businesses. Taiwan's agricultural population has steadily decreased from 1974 to 2002, prompting the Council of Agriculture to introduce modern farm management, provide technical training, and offer counseling for better production and distribution systems. Promotion of farm mechanization has helped to alleviate labor shortages while increasing productivity; both rice and sugar cane production are completely mechanized. Taiwan's main crops are rice, sugar cane, fruits (many of them tropical), and vegetables. Although self-sufficient in rice production, Taiwan imports large amounts of wheat, mostly from the United States. Meat production and consumption has risen sharply, reflecting a high standard of living. Taiwan has exported large amounts of frozen pork, although this was affected by an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in 1997. Other agricultural exports include fish, aquaculture and sea products, canned and frozen vegetables, and grain products. Imports of agriculture products are expected to increase due to the WTO accession, which is opening previously protected agricultural markets.

Due to the lack of natural resources on the island, Taiwan is forced to import many of its energy needs (currently at 98%). Imported energy totaled US$11.52 billion in 2002, accounting for 4.1% of its GDP. Although the industrial sector has traditionally been Taiwan's largest energy consumer, its share has dropped in recent years from 62% in 1986 to 58% in 2002. Taiwan's energy consumption is dominated by crude oil & petroleum products (48.52%), followed by coal (29.2%), natural gas (12.23%), nuclear power (8.33%), and hydroelectric power (0.28%). The island is also heavily dependent on imported oil, with 72% of its crude oil coming from the Middle East in 2002. Although the Taiwan Power Company (Taipower), state-owned enterprise, is in charge of providing electricity for the Taiwan area, a 1994 measure has allowed independent power producers (IPPs) to provide up to 20% of the island's energy needs. Indonesia and Malaysia supply most of Taiwan's natural gas needs. It currently has three operational nuclear power plants. A fourth plant under construction was mothballed in 2014.

Although Taiwan's per capita energy use is on par with neighboring Asian countries, in July 2005 the Ministry of Economic Affairs announced plans to cut 170 million-tons of carbon dioxide emissions by 2025. In 2010, carbon dioxide emissions have been reduced by 5.14 million metric tons. In order to further reduce emissions, the government also plans to increase energy efficiency by 2% each year through 2020. In addition, by 2015 emissions are planned to be reduced by 7% compared to 2005 levels.

Taiwan is the world's 4th largest producer of solar-powered batteries and largest LED manufacturer by volume. In 2010, Taiwan had over 1.66 million square meters of solar heat collectors installed, with an installation density that ranks it as third in the world. The government has already built 155 sets of wind turbines capable of producing 281.6 MW of energy, and additional projects are planned or under construction. Renewable energy accounts for 6.8% of Taiwan's energy usage as of 2010. In 2010, the green energy sector generated US$10.97 billion in production value. The government also announced plans to invest US$838 million for renewable energy promotion and an additional US$635 million for research and development.

Taiwan, as of 2017, is the world's thirteenth-largest steel exporter. In 2018, Taiwan exported 12.2 million metric tons of steel, a one percent increase from 12.0 million metric tons in 2017. Taiwan's exports represented about 3 percent of all steel exported globally in 2017, based on available data. The volume of Taiwan's 2018 steel exports was one-sixth that of the world's largest exporter, China, and nearly one-third that of the second-largest exporter, Japan. In value terms, steel represented just 3.6 percent of the total amount of goods Taiwan exported in 2018. Taiwan exports steel to more than 130 countries and territories. Over the decade from 2009 to 2019, Taiwan grew its steel exports by 24%. In 2018, the US imported 300,000 metric tons of pipe and tube product. Taiwan has developed a vast export trade to its most proximate neighbours in flat products. Taiwan's stainless steel exports numbered in 2018 about 500,000 metric tons.

Taiwan is the fourth largest exporter of machine tools and machine tool components in the world. The greater Taichung area is home to a cluster of machine tool manufacturers.

Taiwanese company Techman Robot Inc. is the world's second largest producer of cobots.

The automotive industry in Taiwan is significant with Taiwanese firms increasingly invested in automotive electrification, 75% of Tesla, Inc. 's suppliers are Taiwanese.

In 2017 Taiwan exported one hundred and sixty two yachts. In 2018 Taiwan was the fourth largest yacht building nation by feet of yacht built after Italy, The Netherlands and Turkey. Taiwan is one of the largest fishing nations on earth and the associated fish processing industry is also significant.

According to the 2019 Forbes Global 2000 index, Taiwan's largest publicly traded companies are:

The Labor Union Laws, legislated by the Kuomintang (KMT) on the mainland, gave Taiwan workers the right to unionize. However, prior to the democratization of Taiwan, the functions of trade unions were limited under strict regulation and state corporatism. Under the Labor Union Laws, workers were only allowed to be organized at the companies, which means industry level unions were forbidden. Also, only one union could exist within each company or geographical area. Special occupational groups such as teachers were not allowed to unionize. The right to strike and collective bargaining were also hamstrung by law. The Collective Bargaining Agreement in 1930 stipulated that collective bargains were not legally valid without government approval. The democratization in 1986 brought dramatic changes to union participation and policies. Between 1986 and 1992, unionized workers increased by 13%. A number of autonomous, non-official trade unions emerged, including the Taiwan Confederation of Trade Unions (TCTU) which acquired legal recognition in 2000. The amendments to the Labor Union Laws and Collective Bargaining Agreement both became effective in the early 21st century. The amended Labor Union Law lifted the limitations on special occupational groups from collective representation. The Collective Bargaining Agreement Act in 2008 guaranteed trade unions the power to negotiate with employers.

Taiwan's labor rights and employment protections increased with its democratization progress in the 1980s, and it still has relatively high level of employment protection comparing to other East Asia countries. Implemented in August 1984, Labor Standards Law was the first comprehensive employment protection law for Taiwan workers. Prior to its implementation, the Factory Act was the primary law governing labor affairs, but was ineffective in practice because of its narrow coverage of businesses and issues and absence of penalties for violation. In contrast, Labor Standards Law covered a broader range of businesses and labor affairs, and detailed penalties for its violation. It regulated a period of notice before firing employees, and also required a higher level of severance payment. Other labor issues were also regulated by the law, including contract, wage, overtime payment, compensations for occupational accidents, etc. Penalties for employer violation were also clear in the law, stating fines and criminal liabilities. Council of Labor Affairs (CLA) was set up on 1 August 1987 to help with labor inspection and the enforcement of the Labor Standards Law.

In Taiwan, companies with at least a single employee have the compulsion to contribute to the insurer's employment service insurance premium. The share of labor insurance is divided into 7:2:1 ratio between employer, employee and state. As far as contribution towards social security, companies should pay at least 6% of the wages of its employees towards the social security.

Active labour market policies were carried out in Taiwan in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as a result of economic structural changes caused by globalization and deindustrialization. Unemployment increased and reached approximately 5% in 2002 and 2009. A set of policies were adopted to help the unemployed and provide jobs. The Employment Insurance Act in 2002 grants income security during unemployment, but at the same time requires beneficiaries to use all available resources to find jobs. The Multi-Faceted Job Creation Program, first introduced in 1999, creates job in the third sector groups, especially in nonprofit organizations. It subsidizes those companies to provide vocational trainings and job opportunities. The Public Sector Temporary Employment Creation Program directly addressed the 2008 financial crisis. Unlike the Multi-Faceted Job Creation Programs, the Public Sector Temporary Employment Creation Program creates jobs in the government itself. From 2008 to 2009, the government was estimated to create 102,000 job opportunities by that program. A job creation project was also implemented to help young people by subsidizing the hiring of young people in universities and private companies.

Taiwan's GDP per capita in December 1984 was below US$5,000 before reaching US$25,026 by December 2018, an all-time high. On 30 July 1984, Taiwan implemented an eighty-six article Labor Standards Act under Presidential Order No.14069. The act defined the standard work week as 40 labor hours with an eight-hour limit per day, permitting an overtime-included maximum of forty-eight labor hours per week.

Article 25 of the Labor Standards Act upholds there will be no sexual discrimination in the conditions of workers, however, because the Taiwanese culture and thus political economy traditionally "categorizes female employees as naturally marriage- and family-oriented," women are assumed to obtain employment in fields that are limited to these ideals. As a result of feminist ideals becoming more prevalent with women seeking equal work conditions in modern societies such as Taiwan, even marital status policy and immigration policy have been affected as women seek less patriarchal roles to the point where Taiwanese men have sought higher rates of transnational marriages since the 1990s.

Science and industrial parks

In order to promote industrial research and development, the government began establishing science parks, economic zones which provide rent and utility breaks, tax incentives and specialized lending rates to attract investment. The first of these, the Hsinchu Science Park was established in 1980 by the National Science Council with a focus on research and development in information technology and biotechnology. It has been called Taiwan's " Silicon Valley" and has expanded to six campuses covering an area of 1,140 hectares (11.4 km ²). Over 430 companies (including many listed on TAIEX) employing over 130,000 people are located within the park, and paid in capital totaled US$36.10 billion in 2008. Both Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company and United Microelectronics Corporation, the world's largest and second largest contract chipmakers, are headquartered within the park. Since 1980, the government has invested over US$1 billion in the park's infrastructure, and further expansion for more specialized parks have been pursued. The Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), headquartered within the park, is the largest nonprofit research organization in Taiwan and has worked to develop applied technological research for industry, including for many of Taiwan's traditional industries (such as textiles).

Following the success of the first park, the Southern Taiwan Science Park (STSP), consisting of the Tainan Science Park and the Kaohsiung Science Park, was established in 1996. In addition to companies, several research institutes (including Academia Sinica) and universities have set up branches within the park with a focus on integrated circuits (ICs), optoelectronics, and biotechnology. The Central Taiwan Science Park (CTSP) was established more recently in 2003. While the CTSP is still under development, many firms (including AU Optronics) have already moved into the park and begun manufacturing operations. Like the other parks, CTSP also focuses on ICs, optoelectronics, and biotechnology, with the optoelectronics industry accounting for 78% of its revenue in 2008. These three science parks alone have attracted over NT$4 trillion (US$137 billion) worth of capital inflow, and in 2010 total revenue within the parks reached NT$2.16 trillion (US$72.8 billion).

The Linhai Industrial Park, established in Kaohsiung in 1960, is a well-developed industrial zone with over 490 companies focusing on other industries including base metals, machinery and repairs, nonmetallic mineral products, chemical products, and food and beverage manufacturing. The Changhua Coastal Industrial Park, located in Changhua County, is a newer industrial cluster with many different industries such as food production, glass, textiles, and plastics.

The complete lists of industrial and science parks in Taiwan are:

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Currency New Taiwan dollar (NTD) Calendar year WTO, APEC and ICC (as Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu) GDP GDP rank 3.11% (2020) 1.98% (2021 est.)[6] 1.5% (2012 est.)[7] 33.6 medium (2014)[7] 0.916 very high (2019)[note 1] 11.49 million (2020 est.)[7] Labor force by occupation Electronics, communications

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Taiwan is a country that has a very diverse population spread across over 35,000 square kilometers. Like the world's other largest countries, Taiwan's population is spread among its various cities and towns, with many of its residents living within its urban cities. Taiwan has a total of 23 cities. While this doesn't seem like many when compared to other countries, many of its cities have extremely large populations that contribute to the country's status as one of the most populous in the world. The 23 different cities are divided into administrative divisions. The three divisions are Special Municipality, Provincial City and County-Controlled City.

Taiwan's most populous city is Taipei, which as a population of 7.8 million as of 2016. In addition to Taipei, there are two additional cities that have populations that exceed one million. The country also has nine cities with populations between 100,000 and one million, and nine cities with populations between 10,000 and 100,000 that contribute to the total population of the country.

Over the years, the country's rural population has declined as natives and immigrants are choosing to move to the bigger cities as they become more developed and industrialized. As early as 1989, the rural population of Taiwan accounted for less than 25% of the country's total population. The urban population now accounts for more than three-quarters of the total population, with many residents moving to the three biggest urban areas in the country: Taipei, Kao-hsiun and Tʾai-chung.

Taiwan has 3 cities with more than a million people, 9 cities with between 100,000 and 1 million people, and 10 cities with between 10,000 and 100,000 people. The largest city in Taiwan is Taipei, with a population of people.

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Taiwan is a country that has a very diverse population spread across over 35,000 square kilometers. Like the world's other largest countries, Taiwan's population is spread among its various cities and towns, with many of its residents living within its urban cities. Taiwan has a total of 23 cities.

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亞洲

人口 | 約45億（2018年）[1]
人口密度 | 99.5/km²（257.7/sq mi）
國家及地區 | 49個聯合國會員國、6個未被普遍承認國家、6個地區
語言 | 漢語、阿拉伯語、波斯語、烏爾都語、印地語、孟加拉語、土耳其語、日語、韓語、泰語、印尼語、馬來語、緬語、英語等
時區 | UTC+02:00至UTC+12:00
TLD | .asia

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亞細亞洲（古希臘語：Ασία；拉丁語：Asia），簡稱亞洲，是歐亞非大陸或歐亞大陸東部的一個區域，總面積約4457.9萬平方公里，約占地球總面積的8.6%（總陸地面積的29.4%）；亞洲人口約45億人，世界總人口約61%（2019年）[2]；亞洲在地理相關書籍中一般描述為七大洲中面積最大，人口最多的一個洲。亞洲是人類文明搖籃之一，也是世界三大宗教佛教、伊斯蘭教和基督教的發源地，四大文明古國中有三個（巴比倫、古印度、華夏文明）位於亞洲。

亞洲位於亞歐大陸東部，大部分土地位於東半球和北半球，東面是太平洋、北面是北冰洋，南面則瀕臨印度洋。亞洲與非洲以蘇伊士運河為界限，隔亞丁灣、曼德海峽、紅海與非洲相鄰。亞洲與歐洲分界線為烏拉爾山脈、烏拉爾河、裏海、大高加索山脈、黑海和黑海海峽。亞洲東北部與北美洲大致以白令海峽為界限。亞洲東南部以帝汶海同大洋洲相望。

亞洲大陸（不含離島）的四至是，最東端為至白令海峽傑日尼奧夫角（西經169度40分，北緯60度5分），最南端為馬來西亞丹絨比亞（東經103度31分，北緯1度16分）[3]，最西端為土耳其巴巴角（東經26度3分，北緯39度27分），北至最北端為俄羅斯切柳斯金角（東經104度18分，北緯77度43分）。跨越經緯度十分廣，東西時差11小時。除大陸外，亞洲島嶼面積約270萬平方公里，僅次於北美洲。

亞洲最高峰為世界第一高峰珠穆朗瑪峰，最低點為世界陸地最低點死海，最高高原是世界最高高原青藏高原，最長河流是世界第三長度河流長江，最大湖泊是裏海，最深湖泊是貝加爾湖，最大沙漠是阿拉伯沙漠。

名稱[編輯]

亞細亞名稱一說來自希臘人對東方的稱呼。亞述人也用該詞指代表東方，原僅小亞細亞半島（安納托利亞），後擴展至稱所有東方地區。另一說是，「亞細亞」來自於腓尼基語，腓尼基人將愛琴海以西稱為Ereb，意為「日落之地」，以東稱為Asu，意為「日出之地」，希臘語加上陰性詞尾Ασία。公元前1世紀，Asia已成為羅馬帝國的一個行政省的名稱。

亞細亞的中文譯名最早是命名於1582年，耶穌會傳教士利瑪竇來到中國後，在隆慶知府王伴的幫助下，與譯員合制《坤輿萬國全圖》[4]。由於當時的外國人來中國時多在南方地區，這些翻譯都有帶有濃厚的南方漢語色彩。發音開頭翻譯為「亞」的外文多讀作「阿」，末尾翻譯為「亞」的，外文多讀做「呀」，翻譯成中文時，譯員就會依據當地語言中漢字的發音來選擇對應的漢字。

歷史[編輯]

亞洲兩河流域、印度河-恆河流域、黃河流域是人類文明的發源地西，東方的商（約前1558年—約前1046年）、周王朝（前1046年—前256年）和西方美索不達米亞文明的亞述帝國（前934—前605年）、吠陀時代的古印度十六雄國和難陀王朝（前424—前322年）、大伊朗地區的米底王國（前678—前553年）和波斯（前553—前334年）都發展成為疆域遼闊、人口眾多的君主制國家。亞歷山大帝國滅亡後，印度也建立孔雀王朝（前322—前187年）。

馬其頓帝國瓦解之後陸續興起的安提柯一世王國、利西馬科斯王國控制小亞細亞、塞琉古帝國和遊牧部落聯盟大益的成員—帕尼人的酋長阿爾沙克一世在前238年占領帕提亞並接受帕提亞語之後創建的阿爾沙克王朝（前238—224年）在其君主米特里達梯一世（前177—前138年）時代完全控制西道今敘利亞境內幼發拉底河的包括美索不達米亞和東道烏滸河的西亞和錫爾河與烏滸河之間的中亞河中地區；東方和西方經濟和文化的交流逐漸暢順和強化，絲綢之路由中國洛陽、長安經過河西走廊諸城市、中亞天山山脈和崑崙山脈之間的塔里木盆地的邊緣山麓草原的綠洲地帶和錫爾河與烏滸河之間的中亞河中地區的適宜耕作的耕地地帶和綠洲地帶並經過大伊朗和中東，遠達印度次大陸、泰西封、巴比倫、塞琉西亞、安條克、羅馬、迦太基、亞歷山大港。羅馬帝國崛起後，領土一度包括小亞細亞半島、美索不達米亞。

在兩漢時期，漠北的匈奴汗國（前209—158年）在與漢朝的戰爭中最終戰敗，漢朝控制中亞的塔里木盆地之後，一部分北匈奴人於158年遷徙到錫爾河與烏滸河之間的中亞河中地區的錫爾河以北的圖蘭大草原並在這裡聚合諸部落之和並在372年越過烏拉爾河以西侵入歐洲，相繼打敗阿蘭人和德涅斯特河—頓河河道之間的君主制國家東哥特王國之後來到多瑙河下游平原，這些在西羅馬帝國眼中被視為「野蠻人」的部族，在遷入歐洲後，加速西羅馬帝國滅亡。一部分在之後陸續南下中亞的錫爾河與烏滸河之間的中亞河中地區，被稱之為厭噠人的白匈奴（424—557年，也有說法這個白匈奴是大月氏王寄多羅的後裔），對當時的中古波斯地區的薩珊王朝（224—651年）東部邊疆造成嚴重破壞，一部分在頭羅曼和米西拉古拉的帶領下南下消滅當時貴霜帝國的殘餘，並對同樣是發源於摩羯陀的印度的笈多王朝（280/320—550年）造成嚴重破壞，但是最終米西拉古拉的軍隊還是在534年被摩臘婆和笈多王朝聯軍打敗而消弭，一小部分在46年內遷中國并州刺史部的朔方郡、五原郡、雲中郡、定襄郡、雁門郡、上黨郡、西河郡、上郡、北地郡、安定郡、代郡等，在西晉八王之亂後滅亡西晉並導致五胡十六國出現和中國南北朝對立二百八十餘年。

在拓跋鮮卑人占據北中國，建立北魏之後，柔然在5世紀初年興起，並建立柔然汗國（400—546/552年），悅般人興起建立白匈奴汗國，對當時亞洲的政局造成重大影響。甚至柔然汗國滅亡之後，柔然的一支阿瓦爾人（也有疑問阿瓦爾人是是北高加索種族）還影響東羅馬帝國和西歐的法蘭克王國。

中世紀[編輯]

630年，在西亞的阿拉伯半島的麥加和麥地那興起穆罕默德的伊斯蘭教和伊斯蘭哈里發王國，逐漸征服並占領波斯地區的薩珊王朝（224—651年）和占領東羅馬帝國在西亞的累范特和和北非的大片領土，伊斯蘭倭馬亞哈里發王國時代席捲西亞、中亞、北非和伊比利亞半島，兵鋒直指法蘭克王國丕平王朝的阿基坦高盧南部，甚至一度占領印度河平原。在東亞強大的隋唐王朝的疆域也一度擴張到中亞和漠北，並深深影響朝鮮半島、日本和越南，兩者都在逐漸成為的新興君主制國家。而在8世紀中葉至11世紀，南亞的發源於摩羯陀的印度波羅王朝是作為最後一個以佛教為國教的印度王朝；而南印的朱羅王朝逐漸達到的鼎盛，並一度占有蘇門答臘島和馬來半島。

漠北的突厥汗國（546/552—583年）、東突厥汗國（583—630年）和西突厥汗國（583—658年）的興起在6世紀—7世紀時在亞洲政局造成不小的影響，後隨著隋唐王朝的崛起和伊斯蘭哈里發王國的崛起而消亡；唐朝因安史之亂而走下坡路之後，周邊漠北的回鶻汗國（744—840年）和青藏高原的吐蕃（580—877年）日漸興盛，對當時東亞政局造成很大影響；唐朝在875—884年的王仙芝及黃巢之亂後名存實亡，最終在907年完全滅亡，契丹人建立的遼朝（大契丹國）對當時東亞政局造成很大影響。 在9世紀—12世紀，原先統治中西亞的伊斯蘭阿拔斯哈里發王國在馬蒙之後走向衰落；大伊朗地區的塔希爾王朝（821—873年）、薩法爾王朝（861—900/1003年）、阿拉菲德王朝、齊亞爾王朝、白益王朝（934—1055年）、薩曼王朝（819—999年）、加茲尼王朝（962—1186年）、古爾王朝（1148—1215年）、塞爾柱帝國（1037—1194年）、花剌子模沙朝（1194—1220年）相繼占據中亞、西亞、南亞廣大的地域，強化了這些地方的進一步伊斯蘭化，並使得經濟文化科技更加興盛，絲綢之路更為暢通。

960年，軍人趙匡胤建立的北宋在前兩代帝王治下結束嚴重分裂一百年的中國，之後的發展使得古代中國的經濟文化科技達到一個新的高峰。1114年，由完顏阿骨打建立的金朝於金太宗時期（1123—1135年）相繼滅亡遼朝和北宋，1127年南宋建立後，中國再次出現南北對歭的局面。宋金安定時期，經濟文化得到恢復。不過在1206年，伴隨著蒙古帝國的興起與快速擴張，征服中亞、東亞、西亞、東歐的廣大地區，但是在這個過程中亦有無數古代文明受到毀滅，整個亞洲的主流文明整體性走向衰落。同時在1206年，統治著印度的伊斯蘭德里蘇丹國建立，並在卡爾吉王朝和圖格魯克王朝興盛時代逐步把疆域拓展到德干高原以南的印度次大陸，使得印度伊斯蘭化。蒙古帝國在13世紀下半葉分裂為元朝和四大汗國，14世紀明朝建立後，北元在1388年的捕魚兒海之戰中敗給明軍導致北元君主脫古思帖木兒被也速迭兒刺殺，北元裂解為韃靼和瓦剌而爭戰不休。另外，在拔都西征（1235—1241年12月31日/1242年1月30日）把當時世界上最先進的火藥武器傳入歐洲，也使得歐洲的軍隊的火藥時代到來。而在13世紀末年興起於東南亞的滿者伯夷則成為當時東南亞的海上強權。1369年，帖木兒建立的的帖木兒帝國在1360—1405年的帖木兒征戰期間將疆域擴展到中亞、西亞，乃至南俄和印度河平原的旁遮普、信德和德里。1526年，其後裔巴卑爾越過印度河南下印度次大陸打敗德里蘇丹國而建立莫臥兒帝國，這個莫臥兒帝國直到1707年奧朗則布去世後才走向衰落。

1299年，鄂圖曼帝國建立，在1308年使羅姆蘇丹國滅亡；1354年派遣軍隊渡過赫勒斯滂海峽進而占領色雷斯並使拜占庭帝國成為其附庸，建都於布爾薩，在巴耶濟德一世時代鄂圖曼帝國的領土控制托羅斯山脈山脊以西的小亞細亞半島全部和多瑙河下游平原以南的巴爾幹半島，並1396年的尼科波利斯戰役打敗最後一次十字軍而威名顯赫、雖然在1402年7月20日的安卡拉戰役敗給帖木兒而導致一度陷入王位繼承戰爭（1402—1412年），但是最終還是重新起死回生並於穆罕默德二世時代的1453年滅了拜占庭帝國，占領君士坦丁堡並使之成為其首都，奧斯曼帝國之後逐漸占領東南歐、中東的累范特、小亞細亞及北非地區，鄂圖曼帝國的蘇丹（皇帝）視自己為天下之主，繼承羅馬帝國與伊斯蘭文化，東西文明在其手中而得以統合。鄂圖曼帝國位處東西文明交匯處，並掌握東西文明的陸上交通線達六個世紀之久（1400—1922年）。在其存在其間，不止一次實行伊斯蘭化及現代化改革，使得東西文明的界限日趨模糊。

在東亞，自元朝先後四次短暫實施海禁之後，1370年，明太祖建立的明朝把這一海禁政策發揚光大，此後雖然有鄭和下西洋，但之後維持海禁政策，雖然明穆宗隆慶年間（1567年—1572年）實行開海，明朝國力以及東西方的經濟文化交流一度有所恢復，但之後的清朝延續海禁這一政策，並導致東西方經濟文化交流的萎縮與中國發展的停滯。

不過16至17世紀時因地理大發現，歐洲人紛紛來遠東發展貿易並傳教，直到日本鎖國、1723年雍正禁教之後，東亞才逐漸的封閉起來。在亞洲北方的北亞和東歐，隨著金帳汗國的瓦解，莫斯科大公國興起，之後在伊凡三世時代於1478年占領諾夫哥羅德共和國，1480年打敗金帳汗國（1219—1502年）而擺脫蒙古人的枷鎖，並在1502年使金帳汗國滅亡。之後的留里克王朝在伊凡四世時代於1547年自稱沙皇並滅掉蒙古人的喀山和西伯利亞等汗國。羅曼諾夫王朝的沙皇俄國逐漸循陸路擴大疆域，其探索隊於1620年代到了葉尼塞河；1643年到黑龍江流域而與清朝衝突，之後在1689年簽署中俄《尼布楚條約》。之後沙皇俄國於1733年在阿拉斯加成立俄屬北美總督區，並不斷占領中亞；這個帝國直到20世紀初期的二月革命才結束。

近代歷史[編輯]

自16世紀起，歐洲的殖民主義進入亞洲，影響幾乎所有亞洲地區，部分地區殖民統治長達二三百年，深刻改變了亞洲地區的政治、社會和經濟發展，影響至今仍在。1600年，英國東印度公司進入印度次大陸開拓殖民地，1858年印度正式成為英國殖民地。1602年，荷蘭成立荷蘭東印度公司，開始在印度尼西亞殖民，1800年印度尼西亞成為荷蘭殖民地。1511年後，葡萄牙、英國先後開始殖民馬來半島，至1824年，英國確立對馬來亞的霸權。1840年後，英國對清朝發動鴉片戰爭，至1900年八國聯軍侵華，中國進入半殖民地社會。18世紀後，俄國向中亞、西伯利亞擴張領土，侵略中國和朝鮮，將北亞納入統治。

亞洲各古老的帝國先後毀滅。1857年，英國殖民者在鎮壓印度民族大起義流放莫臥兒帝國皇帝，直接統治印度。 1911年，清朝滅亡。1922年，鄂圖曼土耳其帝國解體後滅亡。到第二次世界大戰前，除日本外，亞洲大部分國家和地區淪為殖民地和半殖民地；被直接占領成為殖民地的面積占2/3。

現代歷史[編輯]

第二次世界大戰結束後，亞洲成為冷戰的試驗場。國共內戰、韓戰、越戰 皆是美蘇角力下的代理人戰爭。亞洲各國也開始重建，軍事上中印先後成功核試，經濟上日本、韓國和臺灣在美國援助下經濟復甦，開始高度開發。中國自1978年改革開放後，已成為世界第二大經濟體。

英美各國之殖民地、託管地皆紛紛獨立，而在中東以色列與周遭阿拉伯國家的衝突、英美蘇的介入使自從賽克斯-皮科協定以來的局面更加混亂。南亞則是在印度及巴基斯坦獨立後由於宗教與領土的問題而持續緊張，兩國交戰三次、先後具備核武器發射能力。

地理[編輯]

亞洲地域十分遼闊，北部深入北極圈內，南部延伸到赤道以南，東、北、南、三面分別瀕臨太平洋、北冰洋和印度洋，西邊與歐洲相連，西南與非洲相鄰，東隔白令海峽與北美洲相望。

範圍[編輯]

亞洲與歐洲之間，通常以烏拉爾山、烏拉爾河、裏海西北海域、高加索山脈分水嶺、黑海、土耳其海峽、愛琴海為界。希臘的十二群島、北愛琴海諸島都接近土耳其的愛琴海海岸，地理上應屬於亞洲。烏拉爾山脈自然延伸至北冰洋的瓦伊加奇島、新地島現在認為屬於歐洲，實際上亞歐分界線在喀拉海南岸。

亞洲與非洲分界線是蘇伊士運河。印度洋上的島國塞席爾、模里西斯、葛摩都屬於非洲。葉門的索科特拉島更靠近非洲。亞洲與大洋洲分界線是韋伯線或里德克線，因此印尼的伊里安查亞就屬於大洋洲。亞洲與北美洲的分界線是白令海峽與白令海。各群島按照美國、俄羅斯管轄關係分屬兩個大洲[5]。

地形[編輯]

從總體上看，亞洲地形有三大特徵[6]：

一是地形以高原山地為主，平均海拔高。山地、高原和丘陵約占總面積的3/4，其中有1/3的地區海拔在1,000米以上。全洲平均海拔約950米，是除南極洲外世界上地勢最高的大洲。

二是地面起伏大，高低懸殊。亞洲既有世界上最高的高原、山脈和山峰，又有世界上著名的平原和窪地。青藏高原素有「世界屋脊」之稱，平均海拔4,500米；世界上最高的珠穆朗瑪峰，海拔8,848米；西西伯利亞平原東西寬1,500千米，南北長2,300千米，大部分地面海拔在100米以上；世界最低的窪地死海，水面又低於地中海海面400米。亞洲不僅陸上起伏極端，且大陸東緣的弧形列島與太平洋的海底部分也同樣表現出起伏極端，列島上的山脈與極深的海溝伴生。亞洲最高峰與鄰近海域最深海溝高低相差約20千米。

三是地勢中部高，四周低。全洲大至以帕米爾高原為中心，一系列高大山脈向四方輻射伸延到大陸邊緣。在山地、高原的外側分布著面積廣大的平原，且多分布在大陸周圍，主要有東北平原、華北平原、長江中下游平原、印度河平原、恆河平原、美索不達米亞平原、西西伯利亞平原等。許多平原土壤肥沃，農業發達，人口密集。

發生於第三紀的造山運動對亞洲地形影響深遠。其中歐亞板塊和太平洋板塊衝撞，將接觸帶上的地殼，推擠成歐亞大陸東側外海的東亞島弧，並使其成為全世界地震火山最多的地區。而歐亞大陸板塊受到印度板塊的推擠，形成整群的新褶曲山地極高聳的青藏高原。主要山脈成東西走向，山地高聳、地形崎嶇，而且連結成串，成為亞洲南北往來的障礙。而山地夾雜高原和盆地，這些地方也是大河的發源地。亞洲北部的西伯利亞為結晶性古老地塊，蘊有豐富金屬礦，地形也相對平坦。其中西亞的地形以高原為主，中間夾著由底格里斯河和幼發拉底河所沖積的美索不達米亞。

亞洲的主要地形單元有：

主要山脈：喜馬拉雅山脈、高加索山脈、天山山脈、興都庫什山脈、烏拉山脈、日本阿爾卑斯山脈、長白山脈、安南山脈

主要平原：恆河平原、印度河平原、西西伯利亞平原、東西伯利亞高原、中西伯利亞高原、美索不達米亞平原、東北平原、華北平原、長江中下游平原、圖蘭平原

主要盆地：四川盆地、費爾干納盆地、準噶爾盆地、塔里木盆地

主要丘陵：江南丘陵

主要高原：青藏高原、伊朗高原、德干高原、安那托利亞高原、蒙古高原、帕米爾高原

氣候[編輯]

亞洲主要特徵是氣候類型複雜多樣、季風氣候典型和大陸性顯著。地跨寒、溫、熱三帶，地形又複雜多樣氣候使得除溫帶海洋性氣候外，世界上的各種氣候在亞洲都有分布。東亞東南半部是濕潤的溫帶和副熱帶季風氣候區，東南亞和南亞是濕潤的熱帶季風氣候區，中亞、西亞和東亞內陸為乾旱地區[6]。

亞洲各地氣溫差別顯著。赤道附近的馬來群島，長年如夏，年平均氣溫在26℃左右。而在俄羅斯西伯利亞東部，一年中有7個月的平均氣溫都在0℃以下，更曾在其東北部小鎮奧伊米亞康測到-71℃的低溫記錄，是北半球的寒極[7]。

氣候的顯著差異同時導致了亞洲各處降水量的巨大差異。中亞的沙漠地區年降雨不足100毫米，而在南亞，迎風坡降水量可達3000毫米，最高記錄甚至達到了22860毫米。太平洋中生成的颱風襲擊亞洲東部沿岸也會帶來充沛降雨。

水文水系[編輯]

亞洲的大江大河很多，其河網分布主要有兩大特點[6]：一是河流多發源於中部的高原山地，順著地勢呈放射狀向四周流淌；二是內流區面積廣大，如中部的錫爾河和阿姆河均流入鹹海，其中阿姆河全長2540公里，是亞洲最長的內流河。多數發源自中部山地的河流都最終注入太平洋、印度洋或北冰洋。其中長4000公里以上的河川有7條，最長的河流是長江。

位於亞洲西部的裏海是世界上最大的湖泊，貝加爾湖則是亞洲最大的淡水湖，也是世界最深、最古的湖泊，湖底最深處位於海平面以下1295米。底格里斯河和幼發拉底河、黃河、印度河流域都是人類最早的文明發源地。恆河是印度教和佛教的聖河。湄公河是一條重要的國際性河流，流域國家包括中華人民共和國、緬甸、寮國、泰國、柬埔寨和越南。

自然資源[編輯]

亞洲的自然資源比較豐富，礦物種類多、儲量大，主要有石油、煤、鐵、錫、鎢、銻、銅、鉛、鋅、錳、鎳、鉬、鎂、鉻、金、銀、岩鹽、硫磺、寶石等。石油、鎂、鐵、錫等的儲量均居各洲首位，其中錫礦儲量更占世界總儲量60％以上[7]。

亞洲的森林總面積約占世界森林總面積的13％，俄羅斯亞洲部分、中國的東北、朝鮮民主主義人民共和國的北部，是世界上分布廣闊的針葉林地區，蓄積量豐富，珍貴用材樹種很多。中國的華南、西南，日本山地的南坡，喜馬拉雅山南坡植物特別豐富，除普通闊葉樹種外，還有棕櫚、蒲葵、杉屬、水杉屬等。東南亞的熱帶森林在世界森林中占重要地位，以恆定、豐富的植物群落著稱。其主要樹種是龍腦香科，還有樹狀蕨綱、銀杏、蘇鐵等「活化石」[7]。

亞洲的水力資源也比較豐富。可開發的水力資源年發電量可達26,000億度，占世界可開發水力資源量的27％[7]。

人口[編輯]

亞洲是世界上人口最多、最稠密的大洲，2000年總人口達36.72億，約占世界總人口的60％，平均每平方公里就有80人。亞洲現有1000多個民族，約占世界民族總數的一半[6]。主要民族都屬於蒙古人種（黃種人）和高加索人種（白種人），民族繁多，大約包括大部份語系的語言。目前，東亞的人口增長率已經下降到1%以下，但東南亞、南亞和西亞的人口增長率平均增長率為1%。

亞洲的主要民族包括：

漢藏語系各民族，主要分佈在大中華、緬甸、不丹、寮國、柬埔寨、越南、泰國、尼泊爾和印度的錫金邦、阿薩姆邦。

阿爾泰語系各民族，主要分佈在土耳其、前蘇聯中亞各國、蒙古、阿富汗部份地區、俄羅斯亞洲部份和中華人民共和國西部、北部。部分學者認為日語與朝鮮語亦屬阿爾泰語系。

亞非語系各民族，主要分佈在西亞各阿拉伯國家。

印歐語系各民族，主要分佈在印度、伊朗、巴基斯坦、阿富汗、塔吉克斯坦和俄羅斯東部沿海。

壯侗語系各民族，主要分佈在泰國、寮國、越南及其周邊。

南島語系各民族，主要分佈在印度尼西亞諸島嶼、馬來西亞、菲律賓和臺灣（見臺灣原住民族）

南亞語系各民族，主要分佈在柬埔寨、越南內部山區和印度中部。

達羅毗荼語系各民族，主要分佈在印度南部沿海各邦和巴基斯坦北部。

經濟[編輯]

在古代，亞洲一直是世界經濟的中心，當時世界上主要大國，如中國、印度、阿拉伯、波斯（今伊朗）都位於亞洲。亞洲的農牧業可以維繫世界大部分人口的生計。歐洲的最大帝國羅馬帝國的主要糧食產地也位於亞洲。

18世紀工業革命後，歐洲資本主義興起，帝國主義政策將世界其他地方都作為殖民擴張和掠奪的目標，亞洲、美洲、非洲和澳洲大部成為歐洲人的殖民地或半殖民地。除了澳洲和北美由於當地原住民幾乎全被消滅，成為歐洲人的天下。其他亞洲、拉丁美洲和非洲即使在第二次世界大戰以後逐漸獨立，經濟也處於十分落後的局面。但在20世紀後半葉，亞洲是這些原殖民地中最先崛起的地方。日本首先躋身於世界列強之中，為亞洲第一個已開發國家，隨後起飛的亞洲四小龍（大韓民國、中華民國、香港和新加坡）也於20世紀末成為已開發經濟體，中華人民共和國經濟崛起已成為亞洲最大經濟體、世界第二大經濟體，僅次於美國。而印度和越南經濟的飛速發展使其成為世界注目的地方。由於亞洲面積較大，所以各區域經濟發展差異較大。

亞洲資源豐富，主要產油國家都位於亞洲，包括海灣國家沙烏地阿拉伯、阿拉伯聯合大公國、伊拉克、科威特、葉門和伊朗，此外印度尼西亞、中國大陸和俄羅斯的亞洲部分也是主要出產石油的地區。中國大陸和俄羅斯的亞洲部分是世界上煤的蘊藏量最高的地區。東南亞是世界硬質木材的主要供應地，也是旅遊資源豐富的地區。世界鑽石產區除了南非以外，就只有印度和俄羅斯的亞洲部分是重要的產區。亞洲還包括幾乎所有具有經濟價值的礦物資源。

文化[編輯]

由於亞洲地域廣大，民族眾多，文化的多樣性很強，差異很大，幾乎沒有統一的「亞洲文化」。世界三大宗教都誕生在亞洲。在古希臘衰敗後、18世紀工業革命開始之前，由於世界的經濟重心在亞洲，所以大部分人類的技術成就都產生於亞洲。早在公元前3000年，亞洲人已經發明了燒製陶器和冶煉礦石，亞洲的蘇美爾人首先發明了文字和系統的灌溉工程，中亞的遊牧民族發明了馬鞍、弓箭和車輪，中國人發明了瓷器、火藥、指南針、造紙術和雕版印刷，並最早種植稻穀。印度人和阿拉伯人發明了十進位計算技術。亞洲各種地方性的醫藥技術即使今天也非常有效，還在很多地區使用。

目前西方和東方的許多樂器是有同一起源的，所以非常相似，如小提琴和二胡，吉他和琵琶，雙簧管和嗩吶，幾乎相同的東西方笛子。其實這些樂器多數都是起源於中東地區。

旅遊[編輯]

亞洲國家與地區的旅遊業近年十分發達，主要集中在已發展地區及大都會區，包括：中國大陸、香港、澳門、台灣、新加坡、馬來西亞、馬爾地夫、泰國、印度、日本、越南、韓國、沙烏地阿拉伯（含麥加朝覲者）、阿聯、卡達、印尼、尼泊爾、不丹、伊朗、巴基斯坦、土耳其等。

體育[編輯]

亞洲運動會是亞洲地區規模最大、水準最高的綜合性運動會，代表整個亞洲的體育運動水準。其為國際奧委會承認的地區性大型綜合運動會，由亞洲奧林匹克理事會（亞奧理事會）主辦，每四年一屆。其前身是遠東運動會和西亞運動會，第一屆亞洲運動會原定於1949年2月在印度的新德里舉行，由於主辦國籌備等原因延至1951年舉行，目前共舉辦18屆。

教育[編輯]

以下為亞洲境內，各國家及地區據2022年度QS世界大學排名列出世界前100的大學，共26間：[8]

大學數量 | 國家/地區 | 城市：大學（世界排名）

6

中國大陸

北京：清華大學（17）、北京大學（18）
上海：復旦大學（31）、上海交通大學（50）
杭州：浙江大學（45）
合肥：中國科技大學（98）

6

南韓

首爾：首爾大學（36）、高麗大學（74）、延世大學（79）、成均館大學（97）
大田：韓國科學技術院（41）
浦項：浦項工科大學（81）

5 | 香港 | 香港：香港大學（22）、香港科技大學（34）、香港中文大學（39）、香港城市大學（53）、香港理工大學（66）

5

日本

東京：東京大學（23）、東京工業大學（56）
京都：京都大學（33）
大阪：大阪大學（75）
仙台：東北大學（82）

2 | 新加坡 | 新加坡：新加坡國立大學（11）、南洋理工大學（12）
1 | 馬來西亞 | 吉隆坡：馬來亞大學（65）
1 | 臺灣 | 台北：台灣大學（68）

以下為亞洲境內，據2022年度QS世界大學排名列出世界前50的大學（2012年度則依據泰晤士高等教育世界大學排名），共14間：[8][9]

亞洲排名

世界排名
（2012年排名）

大學

國家及地區

大學聯盟

1 | 11（40） | 新加坡國立大學 | 新加坡 | 國際研究型大學聯盟（IARU）、Universitas 21（U21）、環太平洋大學聯盟（APRU）、全球產學未來人才培養策略聯盟（UAiTED）、大英國協大學協會（ACU）、東協大學聯盟（AUN）
2 | 13（169） | 南洋理工大學 | 新加坡 | APRU、UAiTED、AUN
3 | 17（71） | 清華大學 | 中華人民共和國北京 | 東亞研究型大學協會（AEARU）、APRU
4 | 18（49） | 北京大學 | 中華人民共和國北京 | IARU、AEARU、APRU
5 | 22（34） | 香港大學 | 香港 | U21、ACU、APRU
6 | 23（30） | 東京大學 | 日本東京 | IARU、AEARU
7 | 31（226） | 復旦大學 | 中華人民共和國上海 | U21、AEARU、APRU
8 | 33（52） | 京都大學 | 日本京都 | AEARU
9 | 34（62） | 香港科技大學 | 香港 | AEARU、APRU、中俄工科大學聯盟（ASRTU）
10 | 36（124） | 首爾大學 | 南韓首爾 | AEARU、APRU
11 | 39（151） | 香港中文大學 | 香港 | ACU、APRU
12 | 41（94） | 韓國科學技術院 | 南韓大田廣域市 | AEARU、APRU
13 | 45（301） | 浙江大學 | 中華人民共和國杭州 | APRU、ASRTU
14 | 50（301） | 上海交通大學 | 中華人民共和國上海 | U21、APRU、ASRTU

主要地理分區[編輯]

亞洲在地理上習慣被分為以下幾個部分：

東亞[編輯]

東亞，泛指亞洲東部的國家和地區的統稱，具有地理和文化層面上的雙重意義。從地理學上來說，指的是本土位於北緯20度以北至北緯53度以南，東臨太平洋的國家和地區。東亞大致可分為大中華區、東北亞和內陸地區三部分。

東南亞[編輯]

東南亞包括中南半島以及在南中國海和太平洋上的島嶼（統稱馬來群島）。

南亞[編輯]

南亞包括印度次大陸以北到興都庫什山，以及印度洋北岸一帶的國家及地區。

西亞[編輯]

西亞位於亞洲西部，是聯繫亞、歐、非三大洲和溝通大西洋、印度洋的樞紐，包括南高加索地區、小亞細亞半島（安納托利亞）、伊朗高原、黎凡特、阿拉伯半島、美索不達米亞平原等地區。西亞和中東地區的亞洲部分基本重疊，但西亞還包含了高加索三國。

中亞[編輯]

中亞指身居亞歐大陸的內陸地區，通常範圍為圖蘭平原到帕米爾高原的五個後蘇聯國家。

北亞[編輯]

北亞與西伯利亞的概念重疊，被俄羅斯管轄。

國家和地區[編輯]

亞洲是世界上國家數僅次於非洲的大洲。全部領土位於亞洲，面積最大和最小的國家分別為中華人民共和國和島國馬爾地夫；而亞洲大陸最小的國家則是黎巴嫩。

國家[編輯]

該表格包括未受國際普遍承認國家。

國旗

國徽

國家

人口列表[10][11]
(2018年)

面積列表
(km²)

首都

政治制度

東亞
| | 中華人民共和國[註 1] | 1,427,647,786 | 9,596,961[註 2] | 北京 | 人民代表大會制度，一黨制社會主義國家
| | 日本國 | 127,202,192 | 377,915 | 東京 | 君主立憲制
| | 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 | 25,549,604 | 120,538 | 平壤 | 先軍政治，一黨制社會主義國家
| | 大韓民國 | 51,171,706 | 100,210 | 首爾 | 總統制
| | 蒙古國 | 3,170,216 | 1,564,116 | 烏蘭巴托 | 半總統制
| | 中華民國[註 3] | 23,726,460 | 36,193 | 台北 | 半總統制
東南亞
| | 越南 | 95,545,962 | 331,212 | 河內 | 一黨制社會主義國家
| | 寮國 | 7,061,507 | 236,800 | 永珍 | 一黨制社會主義國家
| | 柬埔寨 | 16,249,792 | 181,035 | 金邊 | 君主立憲制
| | 泰國 | 69,428,453 | 513,120 | 曼谷 | 君主立憲制
| | 緬甸 | 53,708,320 | 676,578 | 奈比多 | 半總統制，被軍政府奪權
| | 菲律賓 | 106,651,394 | 343,448 | 馬尼拉 | 總統制
| | 新加坡 | 5,757,499 | 697 | 新加坡 | 議會制
| | 汶萊 | 428,963 | 5,765 | 斯里巴加灣 | 君主專制
| | 印度尼西亞[註 4] | 267,670,543 | 1,904,569 | 雅加達 | 總統制
| | 東帝汶 | 1,267,974 | 14,874 | 帝力 | 議會制
| | 馬來西亞 | 31,528,033 | 329,847 | 吉隆坡 | 選舉君主制，議會制
南亞
| | 印度 | 1,352,642,280 | 3,287,263 | 新德里 | 議會制
| | 不丹 | 754,388 | 38,394 | 廷布 | 君主立憲制
| | 孟加拉國 | 161,376,708 | 147,570 | 達卡 | 議會制
| | 尼泊爾 | 28,095,714 | 147,181 | 加德滿都 | 議會制
| | 巴基斯坦 | 211,103,000 | 881,913 | 伊斯蘭瑪巴德 | 議會制
| | 阿富汗 | 37,171,921 | 647,500 | 喀布爾 | 總統制
| | 斯里蘭卡 | 21,228,763 | 65,610 | 可倫坡 | 議會制
| | 馬爾地夫 | 515,696 | 298 | 馬累 | 總統制
西亞
| | 亞美尼亞 | 2,951,745 | 29,743 | 葉里溫 | 議會制
| | 亞塞拜然[註 5] | 9,949,537 | 86,600 | 巴庫 | 總統制
| | 喬治亞[註 6] | 4,002,942 | 69,700 | 提比里西 | 議會制
| | 土耳其[註 7] | 82,340,088 | 783,562 | 安卡拉 | 總統制
| | 賽普勒斯 | 1,189,265 | 9,251 | 尼科西亞 | 總統制
| | 伊朗 | 81,800,188 | 1,648,195 | 德黑蘭 | 神權政治，總統制
| | 以色列 | 8,381,516 | 20,770 | 耶路撒冷[註 8] | 議會制
| | 約旦 | 9,965,318 | 89,342 | 安曼 | 二元制君主立憲制
| | 黎巴嫩 | 6,859,408 | 10,400 | 貝魯特 | 議會制
| | 巴勒斯坦國[註 9] | 4,862,979 | 6,220 | 拉姆安拉[註 10] | 半總統制
| | 敘利亞 | 16,945,057 | 185,180 | 大馬士革 | 總統制
| | 埃及[註 11] | 98,423,598 | 1,010,408 | 開羅 | 總統制
| | 巴林 | 1,569,446 | 760 | 麥納麥 | 二元制君主立憲制
| | 科威特 | 4,137,312 | 17,818 | 科威特城 | 二元制君主立憲制
| | 阿曼 | 4,829,473 | 309,500 | 馬斯喀特 | 君主專制
| | 伊拉克 | 38,433,600 | 438,317 | 巴格達 | 議會制
| | 卡達 | 2,781,682 | 11,586 | 多哈 | 君主專制
| | 沙烏地阿拉伯 | 33,702,756 | 2,149,690 | 利雅德 | 君主專制
| | 阿拉伯聯合大公國 | 9,630,959 | 83,600 | 阿布達比 | 總統制，酋長國
| | 葉門 | 28,498,683 | 527,968 | 薩那 | 總統制
中亞
| | 哈薩克斯坦[註 12] | 18,319,618 | 2,724,900 | 努爾蘇丹 | 總統制
| | 吉爾吉斯斯坦 | 6,304,030 | 199,951 | 比什凱克 | 半總統制
| | 塔吉克斯坦 | 9,100,835 | 143,100 | 杜尚別 | 總統制
| | 土庫曼斯坦 | 5,850,901 | 488,100 | 阿什哈巴德 | 總統制
| | 烏茲別克斯坦 | 32,476,244 | 447,400 | 塔什干 | 總統制
北亞
| | 俄羅斯[註 13] | 145,734,038 | 17,098,242 | 莫斯科 | 半總統制

屬地[編輯]

旗幟

徽章

屬地或特別行政區

人口列表[10][11]
(2018年)

面積列表
(km²)

政治制度

中華人民共和國特別行政區
| | 香港 | 7,371,730 | 2,755 | 一國兩制
| | 澳門 | 631,636 | 115.5
聯合王國海外領地
| | 英屬印度洋領地[註 14] | 3500 | 60 | 軍事基地
| | 亞克羅提利與德凱利亞[註 15] | 8000 | 254
澳大利亞外部領地
| | 聖誕島 | 1843 | 135 |
| | 科科斯（基林）群島 | 596 | 14.2

地緣政治[編輯]

亞洲國家的政體非常複雜，是世界熱點地區最密集的大洲。

衝突地區[編輯]

目前絕大部分國際關注的熱點也在亞洲：

葉門內戰

敘利亞內戰

阿富汗戰爭

伊朗核問題

薩德反導系統部署韓國事件

朝鮮核問題

納卡衝突

南海問題

克什米爾衝突

臺海問題

以巴衝突

伊斯蘭國

金三角

金新月

區域合作[編輯]

區域合作在亞洲正方興未艾，現在區域合作最有希望的地方是東南亞，東南亞國家協會有10成員國：汶萊、柬埔寨、印度尼西亞、寮國、馬來西亞、緬甸、菲律賓、新加坡、泰國和越南。總面積約為450萬平方公里，人口約5.12億。還有一個觀察員國：巴布亞紐幾內亞。東協國家開動了和中華人民共和國、日本、大韓民國三個東亞國家的對話機制，並已於2010年和中華人民共和國建立中國-東協自由貿易區，目前中華人民共和國已經和泰國先期啟動水果蔬菜零關稅機制。由東南亞國家協會十國發起，由中華人民共和國、日本、韓國、澳大利亞、紐西蘭等與東協有自由貿易協定的五國共同參加的區域全面經濟夥伴關係協定也已經於2020年簽署。

南亞國家也在加緊準備成立區域合作的組織，巴基斯坦和印度的關係出現緩和跡象。海灣國家也有設立區域合作的組織海灣阿拉伯國家合作委員會，有6個成員國：科威特、沙烏地阿拉伯、阿拉伯聯合大公國、巴林、卡達和阿曼。

1996年成立的亞歐會議每兩年舉行一次首腦會議和外長會議，加強了亞洲國家和歐盟國家之間的對話機制，目前已經發展到39個成員國，占世界總人口的49%，成員國的國內生產總值超過全世界的一半以上。而東亞共同體為模仿二戰後歐洲成立的歐共體（現為歐盟）所成立的東亞區聯盟。

注釋[編輯]

參考文獻[編輯]

1. ^ Continents of the World. The List. Worldatlas.com. [25 July 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-22）.

2. ^ 人口. www.un.org. 2015-12-14 [2020-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-13） （中文（簡體））.

3. ^ ISKANDAR MALAYSIA FLAGSHIP C MAP. Iskandar Project. [2012-07-20]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-23）.

4. ^ 坤舆万国全图. www.wdl.org. 1602 [2020-02-10]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-13）.

5. ^ International Geographic Encyclopaedia and Atlas. Springer, 24 November 1979 [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

6. ^ 移至： 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 朱翔; 陳民眾. 地理 第2版. 湖南: 湖南教育出版社. 2008年11月. ISBN 978-7-5355-3573-3 （中文（中國大陸））.

7. ^ 移至： 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 世界七大洲—亚洲. 全球黃頁. [2011-08-19]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-15） （中文（中國大陸））.

8. ^ 移至： 8.0 8.1 QS World University Rankings （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）Top Universities，2021年6月

9. ^ World University Rankings 2011-2012 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）The Times Higher Education，2011年

10. ^ 移至： 10.0 10.1 "World Population prospects – Population division". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. [2019-11-09].

11. ^ 移至： 11.0 11.1 "Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. [2019-11-09].

12. ^ International Geographic Encyclopaedia and Atlas. Springer, 24 November 1979 [2]

外部連結[編輯]

Asia CIA world factbook

Asia Encyclopædia Britannica （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

參見[編輯]

亞奧理事會、亞洲運動會

亞洲基礎設施投資銀行

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閱

論

編

亞洲各國家和地區

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閱

論

編

世界各大洲

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閱

論

編

世界分區

規範控制

WorldCat Identities

BNE: XX450848

FAST: 1240495

GND: 4003217-6

LCCN: sh85008606

NARA: 10035693

NDL: 00560427

NKC: ge131486

NNL: 000647015

SELIBR: 139940

VIAF: 315526119

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亞洲 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書

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Architectural Landmark, Dog Park

South of Kaohsiung lies the region known as Maolin National Scenic Area. This is where you'll find Purple Butterfly Valley, the wintering home for a million Euploeini butterflies. An incredible sight to behold if you're lucky enough to arrive at the right time of the year.

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Architectural Landmark, Dog Park South of Kaohsiung lies the region known as Maolin National Scenic Area. This is where you'll find Purple Butterfly Valley, the wintering home for a million Euploeini butterflies. An incredible sight to behold if you're lucky enough to arrive at the right time of the year.

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Portuguese: Formosa ...(Show more)

Head Of Government:

Premier: Chen Chien-jen

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Population:

(2023 est.) 23,205,000

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Currency Exchange Rate:

1 USD equals 32.229 Taiwan new dollar

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Seat Of Government:

Taipei

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Relief

Taiwan's volcanic soil and the frequency of earthquakes on the island indicate a common origin with the other nearby archipelagoes. However, the configuration of its coastlines and the age and formations of rocks on Taiwan's west coast suggest to some geologists that Taiwan was once part of the Asian mainland. In general, the relief of the island consists of an uplifted crustal block that trends north-northeast to south-southwest. The interior of the island is mountainous and slopes sharply downward on the east side to the Pacific and more gently in the west to the Taiwan Strait.

Mountains cover approximately two-thirds of the surface of the island. The highest are in the Chung-yang (Zhongyang, or Central) Range in the east, which extends along the island's north-south axis and in many places descends to the shoreline. Several dozen peaks in the range tower near or above 10,000 feet (3,000 metres), the highest being Yu (Jade) Mountain, which rises to 13,113 feet (3,997 metres). The western part of the island, consisting of terraced tablelands and alluvial plains, has most of Taiwan's flatland and, consequently, the bulk of its farmland and most of its population. By contrast, the east coast-aside from one major rift valley-provides little room for human settlement.

Many of Taiwan's best harbours are located along the western coastline-e.g., Kao-hsiung (Gaoxiong) and An-p'ing (Anping) district of T'ai-nan (Tainan) special municipality in the southwest-with the exceptions being Suao Bay on the northeast coast and Chi-lung (Jilong, or Keelung) on the northern tip of the island. Most of the farmland and consequently most of the population are to be found on the western part of the island.

Drainage and soils

Taiwan has a relatively large number of rivers for its size, but they are mostly short and small and are not navigable-the exception to the latter description being the Tan-shui (Danshui, or Tamsui) River, which flows northward from the mountains and passes near Taipei before emptying into the Taiwan Strait. Most of Taiwan's rivers originate on the slopes of the Chung-yang Range, and those that flow east are steeper and have faster flowing currents than those that flow west. Riverbeds of the west-flowing streams, after leaving the mountains, tend to be wide and shallow and that, together with the fact that those rivers carry considerable silt, makes managing water resources difficult. The Cho-shui (Zhuoshui) River in central Taiwan is the island's longest, at 116 miles (186 km), and the Kao-p'ing (Gaoping) River in the south has the largest drainage basin. Irrigation and drainage channels link many of Taiwan's rivers.

The soils of Taiwan vary considerably in fertility. Because the island is of volcanic origin, it has rich soils. However, those soils have largely been leeched of their nutrients by heavy rains and long-term irrigation. In the northern part of the island, the soils in arable areas are primarily acid alluvials and latosols; in the south, areas of arable land have neutral to weak-alkaline and planosol-like alluvial soils. Much of Taiwan's soil is deficient in phosphorous and potash, and fertilizers are needed to produce good harvests, especially where the land is double cropped.

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Taiwan | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Population, & Facts

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Taiwan, island in the western Pacific Ocean that lies roughly 100 miles (160 km) off the coast of southeastern China. Taipei, in the north, is the seat of government of the Republic of China (ROC; Nationalist China). Learn more about the history of Taiwan in this article.

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Although Taiwan spans a modest 36,000 square kilometers, the island is home to over 220 museums. These range from the globally renowned National Palace Museum, to the lesser-known and quirkier Teng Feng Fish Ball Museum, Miniatures Museum of Taiwan, Taiwan Balloon Museum, and the Republic of Chocolate.

In addition to the myriad institutions that highlight the island’s rich and extensive cultural history, Taiwan is also home to several world-class modern and contemporary art museums. With their fingers on the pulse of the contemporary art heartbeat, these museums bring the latest trends and innovations to our front door while amplifying contemporary Taiwanese art on the global stage.

Taipei Fine Arts Museum

Taipei

Photo by Wei-Te Wong / CC

Established in 1983, the Taipei Fine Arts Museum (TFAM) was the first public museum in Taiwan dedicated to modern and contemporary art. Since its inception, it has pioneered the development of fine art on the island and has played a significant role in cultivating public awareness, understanding, and appreciation of art. In addition to organizing exhibitions of both established and rising local artists, TFAM is known for holding large-scale international art exhibitions where visitors can see works by renowned international artists like Andy Warhol, Anish Kapoor, Yayoi Kusama, and more. With the annual Taipei Art Awards, TFAM nurtures and promotes up-and-coming Taiwanese artists, while with the Taipei Biennial, TFAM provides a platform for showcasing the latest and greatest in the global contemporary art scene.

On October 4th, 2021, TFAM announced its plan for expansion, which will include the construction of a second museum building that is scheduled to open in 2026.

Please visit the official TFAM website to see their current exhibitions.

Tainan Art Museum

Tainan

TNAM Building 1 by 臺南市美術館 © 2021

TNAM Building 2 by 臺南市美術館 © 2021

The Tainan Art Museum consists of two buildings. The smaller Building 1 was originally constructed in 1931 as the Tainan Police Department, the oldest police station in Taiwan. It was renovated and later re-opened as TNAM in 2018. One year later and one block away, the construction of Building 2 was completed under the direction of award-winning Japanese architect Ban Shigeru. Given its location in Tainan, the historical capital and cultural heart of Taiwan, the TNAM’s foremost objective is to uncover, construct, and activate Taiwan’s local art history and consolidate it into a contemporary cultural identity. The museum’s mission to cultivate art appreciation and cultural value is reflected in its exhibitions, which often explore themes like Taiwanese folk religions and beliefs.

Please visit the official TNAM website to see their current exhibitions.

National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts

Taichung

Photo by Yachuen / CC

The National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts (NTMoFA) is located in the West District of Taichung. Established in 1988, it is the first and only national fine arts museum in Taiwan. Its collections and exhibitions are primarily devoted to showcasing works by modern and contemporary Taiwanese artists. In particular, every two years NTMoFA holds the Taiwan Biennial, a special exhibition that not only gives the visitors access to a compendium of Taiwan’s most innovative contemporary art, but also provides a platform for Taiwanese artists to exchange their knowledge and views on art.

Along the perimeter of the building, visitors will find 45 different sculptures located throughout the NTMoFA Sculpture and Calligraphy Steles Park. The sculptures take on a wide range of styles, from traditional calligraphy to contemporary installation art, ultimately reflecting the rich diversity of the Taiwanese art world. Including the sculpture park, NTMoFA spans a total area of 10 hectares, making it one of the largest art museums in Asia.

Please visit the official NTMoFA website to see their current exhibitions.

Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts

Kaohsiung

《泛‧南‧島》 by 高雄市立美術館藝術認證

Established in 1994, the Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts (KMFA) specializes in combining art and ecology. The KMFA organizes exhibitions centered around local perspectives, often featuring works by indigenous Taiwanese artists, artists from Southern Taiwan, and artists across Austronesia. In addition to serving as an important creative institution for the preservation and development of local culture, the KMFA is an important destination for major international artists as well. The KMFA has collaborated with the Tate in London and the Musée du quai Branly in Paris to organize large-scale international art exhibitions, and has held retrospective exhibitions of major artists such as Yoshimoto Nara and Tony Oursler.

As part of the city’s 40-hectare Neiweipi Cultural Park, the KMFA also includes the Sculpture Garden, Ecological Park, and the Kaohsiung Children’s Art Museum, the first and only independent art museum for children in Taiwan.

Please visit the official KMFA website to see their current exhibitions.

Taoyuan Museum of Fine Arts

Taoyuan

TMoFA by 桃園市立美術館 © 2021

The construction of the Taoyuan Museum of Fine Arts began in 2019, and it is scheduled to open in 2023. In addition to the main museum, the TMoFA will also include three auxiliary institutions: the Taoyuan Children’s Art Center, the Hengshan Calligraphy Art Center, and the Chunglu Art Center.

Please visit the official TMoFA website for updates.

With a major museum in each of Taiwan’s biggest cities, the infinitely inspiring realm of modern and contemporary Taiwanese art is accessible to all those who seek it.

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Taiwan’s Modern & Contemporary Art Museums

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Taiwan’s Modern & Contemporary Art Museums Although Taiwan spans a modest 36,000 square kilometers, the island is home to over 220 museums. These range from the globally renowned National Palace …

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Taiwan’s Inbound Travel Market｜Chap. 1: Sec. 2 - Annual Report on Tourism 2019 Taiwan, Republic of China

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Taiwan attracted a record 11,864,105 inbound visitors in 2019, up 797,398 visits or 7.21% from 2018.

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1. Taiwan attracted a record 11,864,105 inbound visitors in 2019, up 797,398 visits or 7.21% from 2018.
2. Although Taiwan spans a modest 36,000 square kilometers, the island is home to over 220 museums.
3. island in the western Pacific Ocean that lies roughly 100 miles (160 km) off the coast of southeastern China.
4. Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall. One of the most popular tourist destinations in Taipei.
5. In 2019, the average spending by visitors to Taiwan increased by 2.20% to US$195.91 per person per day.
6. asia
7. 23 cities
8. Taipei 101, National Palace Museum, Taroko Gorge...
9. GDP | $759.104 billion (nominal, 2021 est.) $1.4 trillion (PPP, 2021)
10. Taiwan is the size of Belgium but has 23 million residents. It was the first Asian country to make gay marriage legal in 2019. The national dish is stinky tofu......

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1. taiwan has beautiful views
2. you can visit many museums in taiwan
3. taiwan has the largest collection of Chinese art in the world
4. settled in 1950, tai-nan is the oldest city in taiwan
5. it takes about eight hours to drive around the entire island of taiwan
6. the highest mountain in taiwan is yu shan
7. zhoushui river is the largest river in taiwan
8. seventy percent of the mountains are in the center of taiwan
9. taipei 101 has the world second largest and the only giant damper open to tourist

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1. how many visitors do taiwan get every year?
2. how many museums do taiwan have?
3. so, where is it exactly? its big? whats the weather like?
4. what do you do exactly when you visit taiwan?
5. how much money does taiwan make from tourism?
6. where is taiwan located?
7. how many cities does taiwan have?
8. what are the best holiday destinations in taiwan?
9. how much money does taiwan make?
10. what are some facts about taiwan?