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FOOD INDUSTRIES

Applications:
Membrane separation technology is extensively used in food industry such as water purification, concentration and clarification of fruit juices, clarification of alcoholic beverages, production of protein concentrates, recovery of sugar from candy, recovery of oilseed protein, etc.

Benefits:
Advantages of membrane separation processes over conventional processes (evaporation, centrifugation) are

improved product quality

mild thermal treatments

energy saving

less thermal damage to product

reduced cost of production

less wastage.

DESALINATION OF SEAWATER

Applications:
Seawater is desalinated using one of the membrane separation processes which is reverse osmosis. In Reverse Osmosis process, sea water is forced against semi-permeable membranes under pressure in a continuous flow condition. The high salt content of sea water requires that the operating pressure for Reverse Osmosis must be between 60-70 bar. As the water permeates through the membrane most of the dissolved impurities removed and 99.5% of the total salt is removed. The impurities are left behind in the flowing water and the concentrated stream from the membranes is discharged to the ocean. The design of the complete system must optimize the flows, the area of the membranes and other conditions to keep the system operation at the highest efficiency possible. and has brought down the cost of desalination. Major improvements in the membranes, energy recovery, pumps and pressure vessels have brought down the cost of desalinated water significantly.

Benefits:

Complete purification as RO technology is capable of taking out 99% of the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) from the water.

Reasonable price as RO system can produce gallons of water at fewer expenses.

Compact design as RO systems are more compact, and require less space than other desalting systems

Muhamad Nor Iqmal Hafizi Bin Kamaruddin (2020489568)

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Interfacial tension

The larger the interfacial tension, the more readily coalescence of emulsions will occur but the more difficult the dispersion of one liquid in the other will be. The more readily coalesces the emulsions the easier phase separation will be.

Low interfacial tension aids dispersion and thus improves contacting mass transfer efficiency. Coalescence is usually of greater importance, and interfacial tension should therefore high.

Chemical Reactivity

The reaction between the solvent and other component of the system is undesirable. Thus, the solvent must be chemically stable and inert toward the sample matrices and materials used in the construction of extraction devices and should not polymerize, condense or decompose under the extraction conditions. However, on occasion, the formation of a chemical compound between the analyte and solvent as part of the extraction process is desirable and the rate and even the extent of extraction may be enhanced.

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Viscosity, Vapor pressure, Freezing Point.

These should be low for ease in handling and storage, for example, a high viscosity leads to difficulties with pumping, dispersion and mass transfer rate.

Other Criteria.

Toxicity and flammability of the solvent are important occupational health and safety consideration.

Stability of the solvent (i.e resistance to breakdown), particularly in the recovery steps, is significant, especially if the breakdown products might contaminate the products of the main separation.

Availability and Cost.

An excellent solvent may not commercially available. Or it may represent a large initial cost for charging the system, and a heavy continuing expense for replacing inevitable operating losses.

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Insolubility of Solvent

The solvent should be insoluble in the feed solution; otherwise, the separation will not be "clean." For example, if the solvent is highly soluble in the raffinate stream, an extra separation step is needed to recover the solvent. Thus, be soluble in the extraction solvent, and should ideally exhibit high partition coefficients in the solvent.

Density

The driving force for phase separation in a settler is the difference in the density of the two phases. The density of the lighter phase should generally be at least 5% less than that of the heavier phase in order to ensure smooth phase separation.

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PETROCHEMICAL

Applications:
In the petrochemical industry, olefins such as ethylene and propylene are the most important chemicals used for the production of polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene, ethyl benzene, ethylene dichloride, acrylonitrile, and isopropanol. An important step in the manufacture of olefins is large-scale separation of the olefin from the corresponding paraffin. Furthermore, dehydrogenation, oxidative coupling of methane, steam reforming of methane and water gas shift reaction are some important reactions in petrochemical industry.
Petrochemical waste streams may contain phenolic compounds or aromatic amines. They are highly toxic and at high concentrations are inhibitory to biological treatment. Membrane aromatic recovery system (MARS) is a relatively new process for recovery of aromatic acids and bases.

Benefits:

The technology behind membrane gas separation is potentially an energy-saving one, because the separation process takes place without phase transition.

It is also better for the environment, since the membrane approach requires the use of relatively simple and non-harmful materials.

The systems have a low capital cost, compact size, modular configuration, and low specific power consumption, which reduce the production cost

It is a clean process and requires simple and inexpensive filtration.

The process is continuous and the membranes do not require regeneration, unlike the adsorption or the absorption processes, which require a regeneration step leading to the use of two solid beds or a solvent regeneration unit

Muhammad Aidey Adha bin Musa (2020482954)

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OIL AND GAS INDUSTRIES

Applications:
In oil and gas industries that also use membrane technology are pulp and paper industries such as replacing evaporation process, pollution control, fiber and chemicals recovery. In chemical process industries involve in organic material separation, gas separation, recovery and recycle chemicals.

Benefits:

Cost saving

Reduce specific power consumption.

Optimize economic efficiency.

Low maintenance.

Short payback period.

Maximum product recovery. Membrane technology offers emission control solutions with maximum recovery rates of up to 99%.

Reduced exposure of hydrocarbon vapor.

Nur Auni Faqihah binti Mohd Nor (2020859424)

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Applications:
In industry such as drinking water production, material recycle in industrial water, dairy, medicine, and wastewater treatment and desalination applications.

Benefits:

High Efficiency - Water produced/water fed ratios to the system reach as high as 98%.

Reduction in the size of equipment and energy requirement.

Amid possibilities of low or no chemical usage, environmental friendliness and easy accessibility to many.

Siti Nur Ain Anisha binti Che Jauhari (2020897536)

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Selectivity (Separation factor)

If there are more than one solutes (sat two solutes A and B), then consideration should be given to the selectivity of the solvent for solutes A against B.

The selectivity between two solutes A and B is defined as the ratio of the distribution coefficient of A to the distribution coefficient of B. For all useful extraction operation the selectivity must exceed unity. If the selectivity is unity, no separation is possible.

Recoverability

It is always necessary to recover the solvent for re-use, and this must ordinarily be done by other means, e.g distillation. If distillation is to be used, the solvent should form no azeotrope with the extracted solute and mixtures should show high relative volatility. The solvent should also be thermally stable under the distillation temperature.

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Name : Muhamad Nor Iqmal Hafizi Bin Kamaruddin
Age : 21
Date of Birth : 17/11/2001
Hometown : Pasir Mas, Kelantan
Passion : Cats

#fyp

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Mineralogy

Increase in the rate of movement of the solution past the surface will not, therefore, greatly affect the rate of extraction

Intermediate products

Extensive cell rupture occurs during grinding, allowing more direct contact between solvent and solute and more rapid dissolution and diffusion

Crystallization

The rate of leaching varies as it depends on structural form of crystal that cause different leaching difficulty as different bonding forms, between different atoms in the structure.

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Agitation

As the particles in the solvent are being distribute homogenously, the rate of leaching process increase.

Surface area

As surface area increase, the contact area for the particle and  the solvent also increase. Thus, leaching rate rises.

# data[].attributes.body
Name : Muhammad Aidey Adha bin Musa
Age : 21
Date of Birth : 9/3/2001
Hometown : Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
Marital status : single
Passion : Develop and improve soft skills

#UITMdihatiku #engineeringstudent

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Particle size

Small particle size is attained by milling resulting higher extraction rates where milling causes rupturing of cell wall (the main barrier to be crossed)

The smaller the size, the greater the interfacial area between solid and liquid.

The smaller the size, the smaller the distance the solute must diffuse within solid

Solvent

Have low viscosity easy for it to circulate freely.

Low boiling point and non-toxic.

Easy to remove from product liquor by flash vaporization.

Temperature

The solubility of the material increases with an increase in temperature.

The diffusion coefficient will increase with the rise of temperature and improve the rate of extraction

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Homogeneity of the carrier and solute

The solute has to be dissolved in the solvent to be separated. Ideal separation is one in which entire solute dissolves in the solvent.

The carrier has to remain insoluble. Thus the solute and carrier should have different properties so that they have different solubility in solvent.

Higher the homogeneity less efficient is the separation.

Microorganisms activity
Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms. The use of microorganism is beneficial as:

Lower the cost of operation

Cause less pollution

Efficient when the solute concentration is low.

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Name : Nur Auni Faqihah binti Mohd Nor
Age : 21
Date of birth : 25/12/2001
Hometown : Pasir Puteh, Kelantan
Passion : Foods 🫶🏻

#UiTMdihatiku

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Name : Siti Nur Ain Anisha binti Che Jauhari
Age : 22
Date of Birth : 29/01/2000
Hometown : Kuala Krai Kelantan
Passion : Fangirl 🎉