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slavery begins when the privateer the white lion brought 20 enslaved Africans they had seized from a Portuguese slave ship to Virginia. settlers in north america began to turn to enslaved Africans as cheaper labor source. this had become a popular thing by settlers in Virginia.

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The 1739 Stono Rebellion took place in South Carolina, led by Jemmy, an Angolan. There was a group of slaves, 20 to be specific, and they killed 60 people. They did this rebellion because owners of slaves were treating African Americans even worse than before. After getting beaten more horrifically, this made them expose them in pictures on newspapers, ect-. After all of this happened the remaining Slaves were sent off to west indies. After this, it led to an Act in 1740 restricting African Americans to grow their own food, earning money, and being able to learn how to read.

Some sources and what they say;

"On Sunday, September 9th, 1739 the British colony of South Carolina was shaken by a slave uprising that culminated with the death of sixty people. Led by an Angolan named Jemmy, a band of twenty slaves organized a rebellion on the banks of the Stono River. After breaking into Hutchinson’s store the band, now armed with guns, called for their liberty.  As they marched, overseers were killed and reluctant slaves were forced to join the company. The band reached the Edisto River where white colonists descended upon them, killing most of the rebels.  The survivors were sold off to the West Indies."

-https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/stono-rebellion-1739/

"Slaves worked in the colony according to a “task system” in which they completed their work at their own pace under the watchful eye of an overseer. Compared with enslaved people in other regions, they had a fair amount of autonomy to determine the means by which they would labor for their masters. The presence of fewer Europeans enabled these Africans and African Americans to shape their own communal culture in the fields and in their quarters during time off for the Sabbath on Sunday. They resisted the slave system by feigning illness, running away for a few days, or breaking farming implements. But violence ultimately controlled slaves and compelled their labor. Meanwhile, slave owners lived in constant fear that their slaves would revolt and kill them, because they were greatly outnumbered. In August 1739, the colonial assembly passed a law requiring planters to go to church armed in case of a slave revolt or an escape."

https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-stono-rebellion

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1775: Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery - ANASTASIA

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1775: Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery - ANASTASIA

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The pennsylania society for abolition was formed to help against enslaved Africans and indians. Around the mid 1600's Pennsylvania had a port for enslaved Africans.Since the rise of enslaves the rise of abolition grew as well. In 1688 a document that defended enslaved Africans by Quackers. At first the documents weren't supported but by the 1700's more abolition document was released. In 1774,An abolitionist named Anthony Benezet contacted 24 local leaders to the local leaders to the Rising Sun Tavern in Philadelphia.The reason was to form an organization to help enslaved people we have been enslaved.The society didn't last long but in 1784,18 men from Philadelphia reorganized the group as the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery.The society grew quickly and in 1790 a petition to congress resulted in ban in slavery in Pennsylvania. :)

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The Founding of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society (1775) •

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In the mid 1600’s, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was a busting port for enslaved Africans. The city was also a place where the abolition movement saw its beginnings. The first document drafted in support of giving enslaved Africans their freedom was created in 1688 by four German … Read MoreThe Foundin…

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Bacon's Rebellion took place in the city of Jamestown, Virginia. Governor Sir William Berkeley was a veteran of English civil wars and was well respected for his time during the wars. His young antagonist Nathaniel Bacon Jr was Berkeley's cousin by marriage. Bacon wanted to get rid of all the bad Indians. The Doeg Indians were the start of all the problems, They raided a plantation because Thomas Matthews has supposedly not paid them back for manufactured goods. After this the Americans thought that they would keep raided the plantations and declared war on the Indians. Bacon didn't want this to go on any longer and issued the Declaration of The People which corrupted Berkeley. Bacon on October 26th had died abruptly of Bloody Flux and Lousy Disease. In the end this was one of the most confusing events in the history of Jamestown. Could it have been prevented or solved another way? This really was a struggle between two personalities. Between these two it destroyed Jamestown.

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https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/bacons-rebellion.htm

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https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/events-african-american-history/bacons-rebellion-1676/#:~:text=Bacon's%20Rebellion%20in%201676%20was,blacks%20and%20whites%20in%20Virginia.

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1787: The 3/5 Compromise is passed - BRENDYN

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1787: The 3/5 Compromise is passed - BRENDYN

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the 3/5th compromise was an agreement between the north and the south. the way the 3/5th compromise effected slavery it made it so where every slave was worth 3/5th of a person. it helped  determent  who would lead in the house of representatives. The 3/5th helped get the south ahead of the north.the north was behind the south in the house of representatives because they did not have slavery.

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This exhibit explores the history of Harvard Medical School (HMS) and Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM) diversity, inclusion and belonging for students of color and other underrepresented groups. Perspectives of Change: The story of civil rights, diversity, inclusion and access to education at HMS and HSDM highlights stories of trailblazing students, faculty, trainees, and health leaders from the 19th century through today. Recorded interviews and a review of historical resources place the exhibit in a broad context as it captures themes of inequity, injustice, and health disparities, locally and nationally. The exhibit simultaneously depicts gains that have been made and directions for the future.

Perspectives of Change: The story of civil rights, diversity, inclusion and access to education at HMS and HSDM includes an oral history project and crowd-sourced collection of stories, images, and videos related to the historic and ongoing efforts to advance diversity and inclusion at Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and their affiliates.

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This exhibit explores the history of Harvard Medical School (HMS) and Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM) diversity, inclusion and belonging for students of color and other underrepresented groups. Perspectives of Change: The story of civil rights, diversity, inclusion and access to education at HMS and HSDM highlights stories of trailblazing students, faculty, trainees, and health leaders from the 19th century through today.

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the cotton is a machine that makes the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber and the person who was involved in this was Eli Whitney he was alive from 1765 to 1825 but by the mid 19th century cotton had become Americas leading export this took place in Georgia 1793 a simple machine that separates cotton fiber from the seeds.
what led to inventing this machine was that southern plantation owners were looking for a way to make cotton growing profitable at a time when tobacco was declining in profit due to over supply and soil exhausting this machine got a big impact on slavery the growth of

slaveryhttps://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/cotton-gin-patent#:~:text=While%20Eli%20Whitney%20is%20best,that%20the%20parts%20were%20interchangeable.

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Table of Contents

1. Whitney Learns About Cotton

2. A More Efficient Way

3. Cotton Gin's Impact on Slavery And The American Economy

4. Interchangeable Parts

In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become America's leading export. Despite its success, the gin made little money for Whitney due to patent-infringement issues. Also, his invention offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition. Based in part on his reputation for creating the cotton gin, Whitney later secured a major contract to build muskets for the U.S. government. Through this project, he promoted the idea of interchangeable parts-standardized, identical parts that made for faster assembly and easier repair of various devices. For his work, he is credited as a pioneer of American manufacturing.

Whitney Learns About Cotton

Eli Whitney was born on December 8, 1765, in Westborough, Massachusetts. Growing up, Whitney, whose father was a farmer, proved to be a talented mechanic and inventor. Among the objects he designed and built as a youth were a nail forge and a violin. In 1792, after graduating from Yale College (now Yale University), Whitney headed to the South. He originally planned to work as a private tutor but instead accepted an invitation to stay with Catherine Greene (1755-1814), the widow of American Revolutionary War (1775-83) general Nathanael Greene, on her plantation, known as Mulberry Grove, near Savannah, Georgia. While there, Whitney learned about cotton production-in particular, the difficulty cotton farmers faced making a living.

Did you know? Some historians believe Catherine Greene devised the cotton gin and Eli Whitney merely built it and applied for the patent, since at that time women were not allowed to file for patents. Others believe the idea was Whitney's but Greene played an important role as both designer and financier.

In many ways, cotton was an ideal crop; it was easily grown, and unlike food crops its fibers could be stored for long periods of time. But cotton plants contained seeds that were difficult to separate from the soft fibers. A type of cotton known as long staple was easy to clean, but grew well only along coastal areas. The vast majority of cotton farmers were forced to grow the more labor-intensive short-staple cotton, which had to be cleaned painstakingly by hand, one plant at a time. The average cotton picker could remove the seeds from only about one pound of short-staple cotton per day.

A More Efficient Way

Greene and her plantation manager, Phineas Miller (1764-1803), explained the problem with short-staple cotton to Whitney, and soon thereafter he built a machine that could effectively and efficiently remove the seeds from cotton plants. The invention, called the cotton gin ("gin" was derived from "engine"), worked something like a strainer or sieve: Cotton was run through a wooden drum embedded with a series of hooks that caught the fibers and dragged them through a mesh. The mesh was too fine to let the seeds through but the hooks pulled the cotton fibers through with ease. Smaller gins could be cranked by hand; larger ones could be powered by a horse and, later, by a steam engine. Whitney's hand-cranked machine could remove the seeds from 50 pounds of cotton in a single day. Whitney wrote to his father: "One man and a horse will do more than fifty men with the old machines...Tis generally said by those who know anything about it, that I shall make a Fortune by it."

Whitney received a patent for his invention in 1794; he and Miller then formed a cotton gin manufacturing company. The two entrepreneurs planned to build cotton gins and install them on plantations throughout the South, taking as payment a portion of all the cotton produced by each plantation. While farmers were delighted with the idea of a machine that could boost cotton production so dramatically, they had no intention of sharing a significant percentage of their profits with Whitney and Miller. Instead, the design for the cotton gin was pirated and plantation owners constructed their own machines-many of them an improvement over Whitney's original model.

Cotton Gin's Impact on Slavery And The American Economy

The patent laws of the time had loopholes that made it difficult for Whitney to protect his rights as an inventor. Even though the laws were changed a few years later, Whitney's patent expired before he ever realized much profit. Still, the cotton gin had transformed the American economy. For the South, it meant that cotton could be produced plentifully and cheaply for domestic use and for export, and by the mid-19th century, cotton was America's leading export. For the North, especially New England, cotton's rise meant a steady supply of raw materials for its textile mills.

One inadvertent result of the cotton gin's success, however, was that it helped strengthen slavery in the South. Although the cotton gin made cotton processing less labor-intensive, it helped planters earn greater profits, prompting them to grow larger crops, which in turn required more people. Because slavery was the cheapest form of labor, cotton farmers simply acquired more slaves.

Interchangeable Parts

Patent-law issues prevented Whitney from ever significantly profiting from the cotton gin; however, in 1798, he secured a contract from the U.S. government to produce 10,000 muskets in two years, an amount that had never been manufactured in such a short period. Whitney promoted the idea of interchangeable parts: standardized, identical parts that would make for faster assembly as well as easier repair of various objects and machines. At the time, guns were typically built individually by skilled craftsmen, so that each finished device was unique. Although it ultimately took Whitney some 10 years, instead of two, to fulfill his contract, he was credited with playing a pioneering role in the development of the American system of mass-production.

In 1817, Whitney, then in his early 50s, married Henrietta Edwards, with whom he would have four children. He died on January 8, 1825, at age 59.

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Whitney Learns About Cotton A More Efficient Way Cotton Gin's Impact on Slavery And The American Economy Interchangeable Parts In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber.

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1808: Congress Bans Further Importation of Slaves - CHLOE

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1808: Congress Bans Further Importation of Slaves - CHLOE

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"Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves" was placed in 1808. People who were caught importing illegally would be sold into slavery. This act didn't end domestic slave sales. The Constitution played a part in this. It didn't allow outlawing the importation of slaved until the year 1808.
https://libguides.snhu.edu/c.php?
g=1184812&p=8902755#:~:text=Northern%20states%20were%20against%20the,importation%20of%20slaves%20until%201808.
https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/slave-trade.html#:~:text=The%201808%20Act%20imposed%20heavy,its%20passengers%20sold%20into%20slavery.

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Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves

Slavery was a controversial issue at the time of the Constitutional Convention. The convention delegates needed to handle the issue of slavery carefully to avoid ruining the convention. Northern states were against the continued importation of slaves, and the Southern states were for continued importation. The agreed-upon compromise, reflected in Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1, of the Constitution, prevented Congress from outlawing the importation of slaves until 1808. The issue was addressed again when President Thomas Jefferson, in his December 1806 Annual Message, suggested it was time for action. Legislation was passed through Congress to prohibit slave importation in March 1807. The prohibition took effect on January 1, 1808.

This research starter, Antislavery laws of 1777 and 1807 This link opens in a new window , provides background on An Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves and its context. Research starters are tertiary sources and not something that would be cited in a paper. They are a good way to quickly gain a basic understanding of a topic. (Please note, encyclopedias/tertiary sources should NOT be cited in your assignment. Scroll down for primary and secondary sources)

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Research Guides: HIS 100 - Perspectives in History: Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves

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Slavery was a controversial issue at the time of the Constitutional Convention. The convention delegates needed to handle the issue of slavery carefully to avoid ruining the convention. Northern states were against the continued importation of slaves, and the Southern states were for continued importation.

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1820: Missouri Compromise is passed - ZHARIYAH

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1820: Missouri Compromise is passed - ZHARIYAH

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January 1831: First Publication of "The Liberator" - SERENITY

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January 1831: First Publication of "The Liberator" - SERENITY

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The First Publication of "The Liberator" was first published on the date of January 1st, 1831. The liberator had quickly become the preeminent abolitionist newspaper in the United States of America. From 1831 to 1865, William Lloyd Garrison, in the position of a vocal white abolitionist, he also edited the weekly newspaper, and titled the Liberator, in Boston, Massachusetts. The liberator was also the most widely circulated anti-slavery newspaper during the antebellum period throughout the civil war, and as mentioned before, it was edited and published in Boston Massachusetts, by William Lloyd Garrison. (William Lloyd Garrison is the founder of the influential American Anti-Slavery Society. Over the three decades of its publication, The Liberator denounced all people and acts that would prolong slavery including the United States Constitution; which is also the outcome of the event. link 1: https://transcription.si.edu/project/11766#:~:text=The%20Liberator%20(1831%2D1865),influential%20American%20Anti%2DSlavery%20Society.  link 2: https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-liberator.htm#:~:text=First%20published%20on%20January%201,newspaper%20in%20the%20United%20States.

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August 1831: Nat Turner's Rebellion - ISAIAH

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August 1831: Nat Turner's Rebellion - ISAIAH

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nat turner rebelion took place in augest 1831 . nat turner was a common slave but that all change in 1831 nat turner got this vision from god to kill all white so ln augest 21 1831, him and his followers decided to kill his master entire family . this went on for a long time from augest 21-augest 23 .they killed more than 65 whites nat turner were soonly caught and his followers . they were hanged and beaten . what did people think of the nat turner rebllion . the nat turner was best seen as the abolitionist.movement and it bought hard teatment for blacks . and the whites were very angry because of the after fact of the killing"s

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About this Collection | Frederick Douglass Newspapers, 1847-1874 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress 

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1847: Frederick Douglass Establishes "The North Star" - CARTER

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1847: Frederick Douglass Establishes "The North Star" - CARTER

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The North star was a newspaper published by Frederick Douglas in 1847-1874. This was a anti-slavery newspaper that was going to convince people to stop having slaves, and hurting them so severely. It was called the "North Star" because the north star was the start that guided slaves to freedom. It was quite a good name for what it was representing. He talked about his own experiences with slavery because he was one until he was 20 years old. He claimed his emancipation when he was 20, and became an abolitionist trying to end slavery.
In these articles, and newspapers he most commonly wrote about the rights of African Americans, he also strongly supported women's rights.  He was incredibly passionate about being a abolitionist because he hated slavery just like almost all slaves, but unlike them he had the resources to speak out about this stuff. From The Smithsonian - North star Vol. 1 No. 37 it states that "The North Star was four pages long and sold by subscription at a cost of $2.00 per year to more than 4,000 readers in the United States, Europe, and the West Indies." This shows how popular it was and how many people read it monthly. All this shows how much people wanted slavery to end, and through out the civil war he fought for this and eventually got exactly what he wanted.

https://transcription.si.edu/project/14480

- This is my second source that i got my information from.

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This online collection presents newspapers edited by Frederick Douglass (1818-1895), the African American abolitionist who escaped slavery and became one of the most famous orators, authors, and journalists of the 19th century.

Douglass believed in the importance of the black press and in his leadership role within it, despite the struggles of earlier black newspaper enterprises.

The first issue of The North Star, December 3, 1847, emphasized that belief in "Our Paper and Its Prospects":

It has long been our anxious wish to see, in this slave-holding, slave-trading, and negro-hating land, a printing-press and paper, permanently established, under the complete control and direction of the immediate victims of slavery and oppression...that the man who has suffered the wrong is the man to demand redress,-that the man STRUCK is the man to CRY OUT-and that he who has endured the cruel pangs of Slavery is the man to advocate Liberty.

Douglass' newspapers also stressed black self-improvement and responsibility. One stated object of The North Star, as given in the December 3, 1847 issue, was to "promote the moral and intellectual improvement of the colored people."

While focusing on ending slavery and promoting the advancement and equality of African Americans, Douglass strongly supported women's rights. From its beginning, the motto of The North Star proclaimed:

"RIGHT IS OF NO SEX--TRUTH IS OF NO COLOR--GOD IS THE FATHER OF US ALL, AND ALL WE ARE BRETHREN."

The Frederick Douglass Newspapers collection contains more than 575 issues of three weekly newspaper titles, which have been digitally scanned from the Library of Congress collection of original paper issues and master negative microfilm.

The North Star (Rochester, N.Y.), 1847-1851

"Our Paper and Its Prospects," The North Star, December 3, 1847, p. 2.

Douglass founded and edited his first antislavery newspaper, The North Star, beginning December 3, 1847. The title referred to the bright star, Polaris, that helped guide those escaping slavery to the North. As Douglass explained in the initial issue: "To millions, now in our boasted land of liberty, it is the STAR OF HOPE." Douglass and his family moved from Lynn, Massachusetts, to Rochester, New York, a thriving city on the Erie Canal and one of the last stops on the Underground Railroad before safe haven in Canada. The move also gave him distance from his early mentor, the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, whose newspaper, The Liberator, was published in Boston, and who opposed Douglass' newspaper venture. Initially, his co-editor was black abolitionist Martin R. Delany, who had published his own newspaper, The Mystery, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania until earlier that year. His first publisher was William Cooper Nell, a black abolitionist from Boston. Douglass gained much of the funding to establish The North Star during a lengthy speaking tour of England, Ireland, and Scotland from late August 1845 to early April 1847, which followed the publication of his first autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. British abolitionist Julia Griffiths, whom he met during the tour, moved to Rochester in 1849 and was able to get the newspaper on better financial footing.

"Address to the Voters of the United States," Frederick Douglass' Paper, July 31, 1851, p. 1.

In June 1851, The North Star merged with the Liberty Party Paper (Syracuse, New York), under the title, Frederick Douglass' Paper. Still published in Rochester with volume and issue numbering continuing from The North Star, Douglass remained editor. Former Liberty Party Paper editor, John Thomas, was listed as corresponding editor. Gerrit Smith, the wealthy abolitionist and staunch Liberty Party supporter, encouraged the merger. Smith, who had provided some funding for The North Star, provided more financial support for Frederick Douglass' Paper, as Douglass joined Smith as a political abolitionist. A letter from Smith appeared on page 3 of the first issue of the Paper on June 26, 1851: "Much joy is expressed that you have settled down upon the anti-slavery interpretation of the federal Constitution." This viewpoint meant a complete break from William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society and their support of nonvoting, pacifism, and the rejection of the Constitution as a proslavery document.

In 1859, Douglass added a monthly as a supplement to the weekly paper, but by mid-1860, Douglass' Monthly replaced the weekly publication, as he increasingly focused on the impending Civil War and, during the war, on recruitment and acceptance of black troops. Douglass only ended the monthly publication in August 1863, when promised an army commission by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton after separate meetings with Stanton and President Lincoln about unequal pay and poor treatment of black troops. The commission never materialized, but 16 years of newspaper publication ended.

Masthead, New National Era, July 4, 1872, p. 1.

Douglass' final newspaper venture brought him to Washington, D.C. In September 1870, he became editor-in-chief and part owner of the New National Era, renamed from the short-lived New Era, for which he had been a corresponding editor based in Rochester. The New National Era gave Douglass a platform to champion Reconstruction and Radical Republican policies and to attack the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, the romanticizing of the South in the "Lost Cause," and bigotry and violence against African Americans throughout the U.S. His deep association with the newspaper was relatively short-lived, however. After fully purchasing the newspaper so that it would not fail, Douglass mainly turned it over to his sons, Lewis and Frederick, Jr., who published it for its remaining few years. Writing about the New National Era in his third autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass , he stated, "A misadventure though it was, which cost me from nine to ten thousand dollars, over it I have no tears to shed. The journal was valuable while it lasted, and the experiment was full of instruction to me, which has to some extent been heeded, for I have kept well out of newspaper undertakings since."

In early June 1872, while Douglass was living in Washington, D.C., his Rochester home was destroyed in a devastating fire. All family members living there survived, but most of their belongings were lost, including sixteen volumes of The North Star, Frederick Douglass' Paper, and Douglass' Monthly. No complete collection of Douglass' newspapers is known to exist, but this online collection greatly expands access to Douglass' three weeklies.

Douglass' Monthly, January 1859-August 1863, is not part of this presentation. Issues of the Monthly are available on microfilm and microfiche in the Library of Congress Microform and Electronic Resources Center.

For additional digitized issues of the four titles, see New York Heritage Digital Collections: St. John Fisher College External .

Notes

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About this Collection | Frederick Douglass Newspapers, 1847-1874 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

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This online collection presents newspapers edited by Frederick Douglass (1818-1895), the African American abolitionist who escaped slavery and became one of the most famous orators, authors, and journalists of the 19th century.

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1849: Harriet Tubman Escapes from Slavery- ADDISYN

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1849: Harriet Tubman Escapes from Slavery- ADDISYN

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http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/SlaveActs.html#:~:text=A%20suspected%20black%20slave%20could,expensive%20penalty%20in%20those%20days.

In 1850 Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act this act made so slaves have to be returned to their owners.  The quote below from the text helps to prove it.

"The law stated that in future any federal marshal runaway slave could be fined $1,0. People suspected of being a runaway slave could be arrested without warrant and turned over to a claimant on nothing more than his sworn testimony of ownership."

The Act was probably one of the most controversial items in the 1850 compromise because even people in free states had to abide by it, which added to the stife between the north and south states.
"The Act contributed to the growing polarization of the country over the issue of slavery. It was one of the factors that led to the American Civil War." According to: Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850

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1851: Sojourner Truth gives "Ain't I a Woman" Speech - MILANI

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1851: Sojourner Truth gives "Ain't I a Woman" Speech - MILANI

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Isabella Bomfree or known as Sojourner Truth, was a outspoken advocate for abolishing slavery. She was born into slavery in the Dutch-speaking Ulster County, New York. Truth was bought and sold four times. In 1827, just a year befoew New York's law for freeing slaves was to be ion place, Truth had a ran away with a baby named Sophia to a nearby abolitionist family named the Van Wageneres. The family had fully paid for her freedom and helped her sue to get back her five year old son named Peter, who was sold into slavery in Alabama. Truth had been inspired by Garrisons anti-slavery organization, she gave speeches about evils of slavery. Her famous speech, "Ain't I a Woman?" challenged gender inferiority and inequality.
https://www.womenshistory.org/education-
resources/biographies/sojourner-truth
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sojourner-truth

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1852: Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" - PRESLEY

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1852: Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" - PRESLEY

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Uncle Tom's Cabin is a book made by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. This book made the people in the North more aware of what Slavery was and how it treated people. In the South people were mad, and outraged at Harriet and the book. Harriet was born into a family full of preachers which is also a prominent family, when she lived in Cincinnati for a little bit she was introduce to slaves running away. Due to this book having sold more than 300,000 copies in the north, but before this the "The Fugitive Slave Law" was passed in 1850.  The law made run away slaves returned back to their owner, this was also apart of the North, so if a slave ran away to the North the people living in the North had to return them. Uncle Tom's Cabin was criticized and a wrongful act was by the whites who thought representation of slaves were too positive, but later slaves thought this was stereotypical, and simple. Till this day "Uncle Tom" is a insult to people, but overall this book brought attention  to the issue with slavery, and how they were treated. This book had changed in the future, because of slavery is know as illegal for the 13th amendment.

https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/abolitionism/uncle_tom.htm
https://www.ushistory.org/us/28d.asp

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

In 1850, Congress enacted the Fugitive Slave Law, which permitted slave owners to apprehend and recover their "property" from free states without process of law. Abolitionists fought the law, which angered even moderate Northerners. In response, Harriet Beecher Stowe began work on what would become one of the best-known, most hotly-debated, and most enduring pieces of fiction in American history. Stowe's highly sentimental and melodramatic tale, Uncle Tom's Cabin, was first published in forty serial issues of the abolitionist weekly the National Era beginning in June of 1851. It was published as a two-volume book by John Punchard Jewett in March of 1852. The story's scathing indictment of slavery's cruelty evoked horror in the North, and outrage in the South over what Southerners perceived as an unfair condemnation of their "peculiar institution."

Uncle Tom's Cabin was one of the most contested novels of its time. Initially, the novel was criticized by whites who thought Stowe's portrayal of black characters was too positive, and, later, by black critics who believed these same characters were oversimplified and stereotypical. Uncle Tom's Cabin also gave birth to the racial epithet "Uncle Tom," which is still an insult today.

Despite the criticisms and controversies surrounding the novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin transcended its fictional genre, and brought the urgent issue of slavery's brutality into the homes of white Americans. It galvanized many into becoming abolitionist sympathizers, if not activists themselves.
Continue tour

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"I will be heard!" Abolitionism in America

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Uncle Tom's Cabin In 1850, Congress enacted the Fugitive Slave Law, which permitted slave owners to apprehend and recover their "property" from free states without process of law. Abolitionists fought the law, which angered even moderate Northerners. In response, Harriet Beecher Stowe began work on what would become one of the best-known, most hotly-debated, and most enduring pieces of fiction in American history.

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1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act Passed - ALEXANDER

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1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act Passed - ALEXANDER

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854.  It all started because a politican named Douglas wanted to extend the transconntinental railroad across a large part of land and it was in the no slavery part of the US. He needed the southern slaveholders to allow this railroad so he created a bill to divide the land and allow the settlers to decide if they wanted to allow slaves or not.  The bill did a couple of things.  It replaced the Missouri Compromise, created 2 new territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and allowed the settlers to vote on whether to be a free state or a slave state.
The problem was that Nebraska voted to be a free state but Kansas had people coming from outside the settled area to vote illegally.

https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm#:~:text=It%20became%20law%20on%20May,territories%20to%20sway%20the%20vote.

https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/kansas-nebraska-act

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Kansas-Nebraska Act - Definition, Date & Significance | HISTORY

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an 1854 bill that allowed settlers of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether slavery would be allowed within their state’s borders. The conflicts that arose between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the aftermath of the act’s passage led to the period of violence known as Bleeding Kansas, and contributed to unrest that led to the American Civil War (1861-65).

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1855: Start of Bleeding Kansas - GRIFFIN

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1855: Start of Bleeding Kansas - GRIFFIN

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Bleeding Kansas started off in roughly 1855 and 1859 with Kansas getting involved in a war between pro-slavery and anti-slavery millitas. This "Bleeding Kansas" shaped politics in America and was part of the civil war on its way. One reason the bleeding of Kansas even started was because of the political groups; Pro-slavery, Free-slavery and abolitionists. Another reason the violence of this era was created was when a very simple event happened. An anti-slavery injured a pro-slavery sheriff. Three oposing factions of kansas continued this violence until 1861 when Kansas finally became a state of the us. In terms of the long term impact on the us, "Kansas was ultimately the Civil War and the demise of slavery throughout the nation." (Study.com)

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/bleeding-kansas#:~:text=Between%20roughly%201855%20and%201859,coming%20of%20the%20Civil%20War.

https://www.nps.gov/articles/bleeding-kansas.htm#:~:text=Three%20distinct%20political%20groups%20occupied,forever%20known%20as%20Bleeding%20Kansas.

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1857: Dred Scott v. Sandford Case - MILLIE 

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1857: Dred Scott v. Sandford Case - MILLIE 

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https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/dred-scott-v-sandford

This movement was the ruling of the US. supreme court in which the enslaved people weren't citizens of the US. and couldn't expect protection from the federal government or courts. Also this stated that congress had no authority to ban slavery from the federal government. Next the enslaved black man, Dred Scott and his wife, Harriet sued for their freedom in St. Louis Circuit Court. They also got there freedom and held bondage in a free territory.

https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_dred.html

This article stated " Finally, the Court declared that the rights of slave owners were constitutionally protected by the Fifth Amendment because slaves were categorized as property." This shows that within this they had protection from an amendment. This source showed that he wasn't allowed to sue because he was a US. citizen.

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On july 3rd 1859 John Brown arrived in Harpers with his sons Oliver and Owen as well as Heremiah Anderson. The next months after he moved in he started raising money from other abolitionists and got guns and pikes. The Raid he started was against slavery and he was planning to use these guns against it.
Link: https://www.nps.gov/articles/john-browns-raid.htm

On evening of October 16, 1859 John brown and a group of his supporters left their properties to go to Harpers Ferry. They saw the town in the early hours of October 17th. Brown and his group captured prominent citizens and took arsenals and federal armouries. He did this as a "Action" against slavery. Brown had hopes that the slaves would join in on the raid and although the raids success weapons would be supplied to them this was not to be. Although in the late morning of October 17th, They were held down by the local malitia. Brown however took refuge in the arsenals engine house. Brown was eventually captured and later hanged for what he did. He killed around sixteen people in the process this included 10 of browns men. 5 people were taken to jail this included John Brown, Aaron Stevens, Edwin Coppoc, Sheilds Green, and John Copeland. They were jailed in Charles Town. Browns raid helped make any further accommodation involving the north and south this was an important impetus in the civil war.
Link: https://www.battlefields.org/learn/topics/john-browns-harpers-ferry-raid

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November 1860: Abraham Lincoln Elected President - TYLER

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November 1860: Abraham Lincoln Elected President - TYLER

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Abraham Lincoln was elected president march 4 1861. he was going up against Stephan Douglas and he served 1 term before he was killed at ford theater in April 1865. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 1863 as the nation approached its third year of civil war. what the proclamation did is that all the slaves held with in the rebellion are free. linked i used google/ Microsoft edge picture from google and it is Abraham Lincoln proclamation speech

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December 1860: The South Secedes - JUSTIN

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December 1860: The South Secedes - JUSTIN

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After Lincoln was elected, South Carolina saw this as a threat to slavery and a convention was made for the removal of South Carolina this was followed by six more states. These states included Mississippi, Texas, Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana. There were threats of the secession for the states Virginia, Tennessee,  Arkansas, and North Carolina. These states formed the Confederate States of America. The eleven states seceding led to the Civil War of America.
https://www.ushistory.org/us/32e.asp

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1. July 1861

First Battle of Bull Run

Public demand pushed General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to advance on the South before adequately training his untried troops. Scott ordered General Irvin McDowell to advance on Confederate troops stationed at Manassas Junction, Virginia. McDowell attacked on July 21, and was initially successful, but the introduction of Confederate reinforcements resulted in a Southern victory and a chaotic retreat toward Washington by federal troops.

None of the included photographs of First Bull Run were made at the time of battle (July 21); the photographers had to wait until the Confederate Army evacuated Centreville and Manassas in March 1862. Their views of various landmarks of the previous summer are arranged according to the direction of the federal advance, a long flanking movement by Sudley's Ford.

2. July 1861

A Blockade of the South

To blockade the coast of the Confederacy effectively, the federal navy had to be improved. By July, the effort at improvement had made a difference and an effective blockade had begun. The South responded by building small, fast ships that could outmaneuver Union vessels.

Port Royal, South Carolina-1861-1862

On November 7, 1861, Captain Samuel F. Dupont's warships silenced Confederate guns in Fort Walker and Fort Beauregard. This victory enabled General Thomas W. Sherman's troops to occupy first Port Royal and then all the famous Sea Islands of South Carolina, where Timothy H. O'Sullivan recorded them making themselves at home.

Confederate Winter Quarters-1861-1862

These photographs show Confederate winter quarters at Manassas, Centreville, Fairfax Court House, and Falls Church, Virginia.

This time line was compiled by Joanne Freeman and owes a special debt to the Encyclopedia of American History by Richard B. Morris.

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1861 | Time Line of the Civil War | Articles and Essays | Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

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Public demand pushed General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to advance on the South before adequately training his untried troops. Scott ordered General Irvin McDowell to advance on Confederate troops stationed at Manassas Junction, Virginia. McDowell attacked on July 21, and was initially successful, but the introduction of Confederate reinforcements resulted in a Southern victory and a chaotic retreat toward Washington by federal troops.

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The civil war started because the north and south couldn't compromise on lots of thing but the main one was that the North did NOT want slavery. The South wanted slavery. The national government ended up prohibiting slavery in territories that had not yet become states. This got the south extremely upset so. At 4:30am, on April 12th 1861, confederate troops fired on fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston Harbor. started the Civil war.

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brief-overview-american-civil-war#:~:text=The%20Civil%20War%20started%20because,had%20not%20yet%20become%20states.

https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_War_Begins.htm#:~:text=At%204%3A30%20a.m.%20on,beginning%20of%20the%20Civil%20War.

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The Civil War is the central event in America's historical consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. The war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world.

Northern victory in the war preserved the United States as one nation and ended the institution of slavery that had divided the country from its beginning. But these achievements came at the cost of 625,000 lives--nearly as many American soldiers as died in all the other wars in which this country has fought combined. The American Civil War was the largest and most destructive conflict in the Western world between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the onset of World War I in 1914.

The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states. When Abraham Lincoln won election in 1860 as the first Republican president on a platform pledging to keep slavery out of the territories, seven slave states in the deep South seceded and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America. The incoming Lincoln administration and most of the Northern people refused to recognize the legitimacy of secession. They feared that it would discredit democracy and create a fatal precedent that would eventually fragment the no-longer United States into several small, squabbling countries.

The event that triggered war came at Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay on April 12, 1861. Claiming this United States fort as their own, the Confederate army on that day opened fire on the federal garrison and forced it to lower the American flag in surrender. Lincoln called out the militia to suppress this "insurrection." Four more slave states seceded and joined the Confederacy. By the end of 1861 nearly a million armed men confronted each other along a line stretching 1200 miles from Virginia to Missouri. Several battles had already taken place--near Manassas Junction in Virginia, in the mountains of western Virginia where Union victories paved the way for creation of the new state of West Virginia, at Wilson's Creek in Missouri, at Cape Hatteras in North Carolina, and at Port Royal in South Carolina where the Union navy established a base for a blockade to shut off the Confederacy's access to the outside world.

But the real fighting began in 1862. Huge battles like Shiloh in Tennessee, Gaines' Mill, Second Manassas, and Fredericksburg in Virginia, and Antietam in Maryland foreshadowed even bigger campaigns and battles in subsequent years, from Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to Vicksburg on the Mississippi to Chickamauga and Atlanta in Georgia. By 1864 the original Northern goal of a limited war to restore the Union had given way to a new strategy of "total war" to destroy the Old South and its basic institution of slavery and to give the restored Union a "new birth of freedom," as President Lincoln put it in his address at Gettysburg to dedicate a cemetery for Union soldiers killed in the battle there.

For three long years, from 1862 to 1865, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia staved off invasions and attacks by the Union Army of the Potomac commanded by a series of ineffective generals until Ulysses S. Grant came to Virginia from the Western theater to become general in chief of all Union armies in 1864. After bloody battles at places with names like The Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and Petersburg, Grant finally brought Lee to bay at Appomattox in April 1865. In the meantime Union armies and river fleets in the theater of war comprising the slave states west of the Appalachian Mountain chain won a long series of victories over Confederate armies commanded by hapless or unlucky Confederate generals. In 1864-1865 General William Tecumseh Sherman led his army deep into the Confederate heartland of Georgia and South Carolina, destroying their economic infrastructure while General George Thomas virtually destroyed the Confederacy's Army of Tennessee at the battle of Nashville.

By the spring of 1865 all the principal Confederate armies surrendered, and when Union cavalry captured the fleeing Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Georgia on May 10, 1865, resistance collapsed and the war ended. The long, painful process of rebuilding a united nation free of slavery began.

Learn More: This Day in the Civil War

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A Brief Overview of the American Civil War

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The Civil War is the central event in America's historical consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be.

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January 1st, 1863: President Lincoln Signs Emancipation Proclamation - KASSIE

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January 1st, 1863: President Lincoln Signs Emancipation Proclamation - KASSIE

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President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared that all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free." This means that all slaves should be free because of the bloody civil war.

"Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the nation, it captured the hearts and imagination of millions of Americans and fundamentally transformed the character of the war. After January 1, 1863, every advance of federal troops expanded the domain of freedom. Moreover, the Proclamation announced the acceptance of black men into the Union Army and Navy, enabling the liberated to become liberators. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and freedom." Because of that they were able to do more things and were more free considering that they were slaves. Slaves who were freed were now able to join the army or navy. This meant that African Americans and freed slaves were getting much more citizenship.

"On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that as of January 1, 1863, all enslaved people in the states currently engaged in rebellion against the Union “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” This states that people who were enslaved in states had rebellions going against them so that they could be free forever.

Lincoln didn’t actually free all of the approximately 4 million men, women, and children held in slavery in the United States when he signed the formal Emancipation Proclamation the following January. The document applied only to enslaved people in the Confederacy, and not to those in the border states that remained loyal to the Union." Enslaved people in the confederacy and in the border remain loyal to the Union because people wanted more freedom and better lives than they are currently living.

https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation

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President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the United States, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy (the Southern secessionist states) that had already come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union (United States) military victory.

Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the nation, it captured the hearts and imagination of millions of Americans and fundamentally transformed the character of the war. After January 1, 1863, every advance of federal troops expanded the domain of freedom. Moreover, the Proclamation announced the acceptance of black men into the Union Army and Navy, enabling the liberated to become liberators. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and freedom.

From the first days of the Civil War, slaves had acted to secure their own liberty. The Emancipation Proclamation confirmed their insistence that the war for the Union must become a war for freedom. It added moral force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both militarily and politically. As a milestone along the road to slavery's final destruction, the Emancipation Proclamation has assumed a place among the great documents of human freedom.

The original of the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, is in the National Archives in Washington, DC. With the text covering five pages the document was originally tied with narrow red and blue ribbons, which were attached to the signature page by a wafered impression of the seal of the United States. Most of the ribbon remains; parts of the seal are still decipherable, but other parts have worn off.

The document was bound with other proclamations in a large volume preserved for many years by the Department of State. When it was prepared for binding, it was reinforced with strips along the center folds and then mounted on a still larger sheet of heavy paper. Written in red ink on the upper right-hand corner of this large sheet is the number of the Proclamation, 95, given to it by the Department of State long after it was signed. With other records, the volume containing the Emancipation Proclamation was transferred in 1936 from the Department of State to the National Archives of the United States.

The Emancipation Proclamation

Select Resources

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Enlarge The Emancipation Proclamation (page 1) Record Group 11 General Records of the United States View in National Archives Catalog Español President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war.

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January 26th, 1863: First All Black Regiment is Formed - BLAKE

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January 26th, 1863: First All Black Regiment is Formed - BLAKE

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On January 26th, 1863, the 54th volunteer infantry was made by the department of war. With this created the first all-black regiment in us history. The 54th of Massachusetts, led by general Robert G Shaw, had to struggle to gain the respect, recognition, and pay as others. And in situations like this, feats like the attack on confederate forces show the true strength and bravery black soldiers had back then. These fights were between Britain and the black slave soldiers being sent out. If the blacks carried out with all of their actions the whites promised them to be completely discharged from the service of their master and or mistress and be absolutely free. The person who led these attacks was general Washington with less than 2,898 men that are unfit for work because they are barefoot, or in other words, "naked". These first couple attacks were planned in Mississippi or Valley Forge, Pennsylvania to ensure a union victory.

Sources:
https://www.gilderlehrman.org/news/first-all-black-regiment-authorized-day-1863#:~:text=On%20January%2026%2C%201863%2C%20the,%2C%20recognition%2C%20and%20equal%20pay.

https://www.history.com/news/first-black-regiment-american-revolution-first-rhode-island

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Posted by Anna Khomina on Monday, 01/23/2017

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First All-Black Regiment Authorized: On This Day, 1863 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

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First All-Black Regiment Authorized: On This Day, 1863 | African Americans have served in every conflict in United States history, beginning with the American Revolution. However, it was not until the Civil War, and the passage of the Emancipation Proclamation, that free African American men were of…

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December 1865: 13th Amendment Ratified - JAYDEN

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December 1865: 13th Amendment Ratified - JAYDEN

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On December 6th 1865, The 13th Amendment (“all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”) was ratified. This basically ended slavery and paved a new era for the U.S. The south HATED this amendment and argued against it, which had no real effect since the amendment had already been put in place.

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13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865)

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EnlargeDownload Link Citation: The House Joint Resolution Proposing the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, January 31, 1865; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives. View All Pages in the National Arch…

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The archives say "Following the Civil War, Congress submitted to the states three amendments as part of its Reconstruction program to guarantee equal civil and legal rights to Black citizens. A major provision of the 14th Amendment was to grant citizenship to “All persons born or naturalized in the United States,” thereby granting citizenship to formerly enslaved people." They now have the right to vote even african americans.

Another equally important provision was the statement that “nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” "The right to due process of law and equal protection of the law now applied to both the federal and state governments.

On June 16, 1866, the House Joint Resolution proposing the 14th Amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states."  Meaning that the people who were slaves are saved from being harmed and are now protected from being slaves any longer. States that had been slave states most are now non slave states. 28 out of 37 had now become part of the supreme law of the land.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/14th-amendment

According to the senate the 14th amendment "granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with equal protection under the laws, extending the provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states." This means that people could have protection. It also states that everyone is to be treated equally.

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Passed by the Senate on June 8, 1866, and ratified two years later, on July 9, 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with "equal protection under the laws," extending the provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states. The amendment authorized the government to punish states that abridged citizens' right to vote by proportionally reducing their representation in Congress. It banned those who "engaged in insurrection" against the United States from holding any civil, military, or elected office without the approval of two-thirds of the House and Senate. The amendment prohibited former Confederate states from repaying war debts and compensating former slave owners for the emancipation of their enslaved people. Finally, it granted Congress the power to enforce this amendment, a provision that led to the passage of other landmark legislation in the 20th century, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Congress required former Confederate states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment as a condition of regaining federal representation.

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Landmark Legislation: The Fourteenth Amendment

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On February 3rd 1870 the 15 amendment granted African american men the right to vote  which sought to protect rights of black men after the civil war. The 15th Amendment protects the voting rights of all citizens regardless of their race or the color of their skin. This was also Ratified as the third and the last of the reconstruction Amendments. But in 1869 amendments had been passed to abolish slavery and provide citizenship and equal protection under the laws.