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Cinema as an art form appeared in Japan almost simultaneously with Europe and America at the end of the 19th century. The Japanese were first introduced to "moving pictures" - katsudo shashin - in 1896.

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1896 - Edison's "Kinetoscope" is brought to Japan for the first time d. - The Lumiere Brothers' filming apparatus and Edison's "Vitascope" are brought to Japan.

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Japanese cinema evolved under the influence of Kabuki theater: - female roles were played by onnagata men; - there were no titles in the first Japanese silent films. Before the advent of sound cinema, films were accompanied by a banshi, a live performer who sat next to the screen and explained what was happening on the screen.

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1899 - film production began in Japan itself. "Loving the Maple Leaves" ("Momijigari," 1899) is the oldest surviving copy of a Japanese film captured on film by the Kabuki play of the same name.

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1900 - The first newsreel film, shot by the Japanese during the Boxer Rebellion in North China, appeared.

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1902 . - The American film Robinson Crusoe, the first full-length feature film shown to Japanese audiences, is imported.

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1903 - The first stationary cinema opened in Tokyo d. The first stationary cinema was built in Osaka d. The first Japanese film studio was established.

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1905 - Japanese producers made extensive tours of Southeast Asian countries showing their films. The word "Nippon" (Japan) began to be used in Thailand to mean "movie.

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1906 - the first "color" film - in which the film was hand-painted - is shown to the Japanese public.

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MAKINO Shozo ( ) director, one of the pioneers of Japanese cinema. In 1908, as the manager of the Kabuki Theater in Kyoto, he began making movies on historical subjects with the participation of Kabuki actors.

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Makino Shozo brought to the screen the first star of Japanese cinema, Matsunosuke Onoe. In 1909. Matsunosuke Onoe made his debut in Makino Shozo's Tadanobu Goban. Makino Shozo was the creator of a special genre - the dynamic kengeki fencing film.

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1911 - The first censorship sanctions in the film industry, due to the fact that, after the great success of the French detective movie Zigomar, young Japanese began to imitate the criminal heroes shown in it.

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1912 . - Small companies united to form the Nihon Katsudoshin (Nikkatsu) Company. The young directors began to move away from "theatricality," insisted on replacing the banshi commentator with explanatory titles, introduced female actresses into their pictures, and strove for a realistic performance style.

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Kinugasa Teinosuke, real name Kogame (1896 - 1982) Japanese director. directed about 150 films, but not all have survived on film.

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JAPAN MULTIPLICATION The first animated films appeared in Japan in 1917, strongly influenced by the technical techniques of French masters of the genre, such as Emile Kohl. The first Japanese animated film was Shimokawa Dekoten's New Sketchbook (1917).

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In the 1920s Kinugasa became fascinated by fashionable avant-garde ideas from the West. "The Mad Page (1926) was a film influenced by German expressionism. Both the aesthetic solution and the plot were new. Some episodes were shot as if from the point of view of the madmen themselves.

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The 1923 earthquake in Tokyo led to a temporary concentration of film production in Kyoto, and the favorite genres of jidaigeki and kengeki flourished here.

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EIGA. In the 2nd half of the 1910s and early 1920s, a new name for cinema, EIGA, emerged and became established in Japan.

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1925 г. - A Japanese Ministry of the Interior decree on censorship in the movies, according to which the dignity of the imperial family and the authority of the military must be protected, leftist ideas are not allowed, and kissing and other "eroticism" are forbidden. Foreign chronicles compromising the royal families of Europe were banned.

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"Crossroads" (another title was "Shadows of the Yesiwara," 1928). After Crossroads, Kinugasa traveled: - visited the USSR, where he studied with Sergei Eisenstein, -visited France and Germany.

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Returning to Japan, Kinugasa abandoned avant-garde experimentation and worked within the traditional Japanese genre of historical films, zidaigeki: Before Dawn (1931).

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The 1930s were the first "golden age" of Japanese cinema. The sound was finally established on the screen, a system of producers appeared following the example of Hollywood, and the creative style of leading directors and actors was formed.

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1932 - Masaoka Kenzo established Japan's first animation studio, Masaoka Film Production.

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1932 - Kobayashi Ichizo establishes Toho Co., Ltd., which developed musical (kuta eiga - films in which songs are sung) and comedy films with the help of talented directors S. Yamamoto and T. Saito

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1933 - Masaoka Kenzo released the first Japanese sound animated film, The Power and Women of the World.

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Kinugasa - founder of the pre-war Japanese spectacular historical film d. - Japan's first sound historical film "The Shinsengumi Survivors" d. - "47 Faithful Ronin". "Two Lanterns" - recognized as the best Japanese historical film of 1933.

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1937 - Kinugasa directed The Summer Battle of Osaka, considered the ancestor of the historical battle film, a trend that was further developed in The Battle of Kawanakajima (1941).

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1948 - The six-month strike at Toho ended with the firing of progressive filmmakers who had organized small independent companies in the early 1950s. The "independents" movement began. Directors S. Yamamoto, K. Shindo, T. Imai, and others worked with the "independents.

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1939 - Japan passed a "Film Law" that strengthened censorship and subordinated filmmaking to the needs of militarism by allowing the military to interfere in the work of film companies from the moment the script is approved.

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1943 - Seo Michio produced the first full-length Japanese animated film using drawn footage: Momotaro - no Umiwashi (Momotaro and His Sea Eagles), a film depicting the attack on Pearl Harbor.

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World War II gave impetus to the development of documentary cinema in Japan, one of the most significant being the film Battles at Sea in the Hawaiian and Malay Archipelago area directed by S. Yamamoto.

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After World War II, during the U.S. occupation, documentary filmmaking was the first to revive. The A. Iwasaki and R. Kano film Results of the Atomic Bomb Explosion was confiscated by the Americans and returned to Japan in the late 1960s.

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Toei Co., Ltd. has been one of Japan's largest film companies since 1949. The company is one of Japan's major producers of TV and video films and also works in tourism, real estate operations, and animation.

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1950s. - The golden age of Japanese cinema. The country came out on top in the world in terms of film production.

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By the end of the 1950s, the activities of the Independents began to decline: they could not compete with the Big Six.

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1954 г. - The Gates of Hell won the Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival. It was Kinugasa's first experience working with Daei and also the first Japanese film made using the Eastman color system.

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In 1958, Toei Douga produced the first Japanese full-length color animated film: Yabushita Taiji's Hakujien (White Snake - Enchantress).

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A notable phenomenon of television life in the 1960s and 1970s was the TV series A Man's Life is Hard, directed by Yamada Yoji (b. 1931).

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The 1960s were marked by the emergence of Japanese animation (animated movies) on the world market.

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"The Big Six: Shochiku, Toho, Daei, Toei, Nikkatsu, Shintoho. (Shintoho went bankrupt in 1961, and now the leading movie companies in Japan are known as the Big Five.)

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Tezuka Osama ( ) 1963 - Established an animation company and produced an animated version of the TV series Tetsuwan Atomu ("Astro Boy") specifically for television. The film's popularity stimulated the production of 30-minute animated television series.

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Tezuka Osama's serials were based on the magazine's original source material, and some (Astro Boy etc.) were dubbed into foreign languages for foreign distribution: Jianguru tatei (White Lion Kimba, 1965 in foreign distribution) and Mahha gogo (Racer, 1967 in foreign distribution).

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Tezuka Osama International Awards: - "Ancient Film" (Grand Prix of the First International Animated Film Festival in Hiroshima, Category I prize of the Varna International Animated Film Festival);

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"A Man's Life is Hard, directed by Yamada Yoji. Listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's longest-running TV series, running from 1969 until 1996, interrupted by the death of Kiyoshi Atsumi, the irreplaceable lead actor (Tora-san).

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Kinugasa Teinosuke's films Together with E. N. Bocharov, Kinugasa directed the first Soviet-Japanese film, The Little Fugitive (1966, top prize at the Moscow International Film Festival).

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1989 г. - a survey of cultural figures to determine the best Japanese films by Kinyama Junpo magazine. Akiro Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, starring Mifune Toshiro, topped the list.

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The 1970s, a crisis of Japanese film production associated with the spread of television The 1970s, a crisis of Japanese film production associated with the spread of television. A decrease in the share of national films in Japanese distribution.

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Options for overcoming the crisis: 1) Work on the production of films specifically for television; 2) Since the 1980s, Japan has developed a great practice of organizing international film festivals.