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This English Charter acknowledged for the first time that subjects of the crown had legal rights and that laws could apply to monarchs as well.

The Magna Carta was also the first step in giving us the right to a trial by a jury of our peers. (EHRC, n.d).

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This law protected and extended the right of a detained person to go before a judge to determine whether the detention was legal. A step towards what we know as a fair trial (EHRC, n.d).

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The Bill was a landmark moment in the political history of Britain because it limited the powers of the monarch and set out the rights of Parliament.

It included the freedom to petition the monarch (a step towards political protest rights); the freedom from cruel and unusual punishments and the freedom from being fined without trial (EHRC, n.d). A step towards to freedom of torture.

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On 14 August 1941, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the United States and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom proposed a set of principles for international collaboration in maintaining peace and security.

On 25 April 1945, delegates of 50 nations met in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference on International Organisation.  The delegates drew up the 111-article Charter, which was adopted unanimously on 25 June 1945 in the San Francisco Opera House.

The delegates drew up the 111-article Charter, which was adopted unanimously on 25 June 1945 in the San Francisco Opera House.

The UN has 4 main purposes

To keep peace throughout the world;

To develop friendly relations among nations;

To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms;

To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals

(UN, n.d)

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One of the UN delegates was Eleanor Roosevelt where she served as chairman of the Commission on Human Rights (1946–51) and played a major role in the drafting and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).

(Caroli, n.d)

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1948: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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1948: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the foundation for modern human rights. After the Second World War, the international community recognised the need for a collective expression of human rights. Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948, the declaration sets out a range of rights and freedoms to which everyone, everywhere in the world, is entitled.

(un, n.d)

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1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

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1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

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After World War II in 1945, western Europe was economically exhausted and militarily weak (the western Allies had rapidly and drastically reduced their armies at the end of the war), and newly powerful communist parties had arisen in France and Italy. By contrast, the Soviet Union had emerged from the war with its armies dominating all the states of central and eastern Europe, and by 1948 communists under Moscow’s sponsorship had consolidated their control of the governments of those countries and suppressed all non-communist political activity. What became known as the Iron Curtain, a term popularized by Winston Churchill, had descended over central and eastern Europe. Further, wartime cooperation between the western Allies and the Soviets had completely broken down. Each side was organizing its own sector of occupied Germany, so that two German states would emerge, a democratic one in the west and a communist one in the east (Haglund, 2022)

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the Council of Europe is one of the oldest and the biggest European organisation, which unifies 46 member states and promotes the main principles of the Human Rights (anon, n.d).

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1950: the European Convention on Human Rights

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1950: the European Convention on Human Rights

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Members of the Council of Europe used the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to draw up this treaty to secure basic rights both for their own citizens and for other nationalities within their borders.

The Convention guarantees specific rights and freedoms and prohibits unfair and harmful practices.

the right to life (Article 2)

freedom from torture (Article 3)

freedom from slavery (Article 4)

the right to liberty (Article 5)

the right to a fair trial (Article 6)

the right not to be punished for something that wasn’t against the law at the time (Article 7)

the right to respect for family and private life (Article 8)

freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 9)

freedom of expression (Article 10)

freedom of assembly (Article 11)

the right to marry and start a family (Article 12)

the right not to be discriminated against in respect of these rights (Article 14)

the right to protection of property (Protocol 1, Article 1)

the right to education (Protocol 1, Article 2)

the right to participate in free elections (Protocol 1, Article 3)

the abolition of the death penalty (Protocol 13)

(anon, 2017)

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Human Rights are the choices we make everyday as human beings

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1959: The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)

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1959: The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)

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Established under Article 19 of the European Convention on Human Rights to ensure that States which signed up to the European Convention on Human Rights stuck by their assumed obligations.

Article 19
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

(Weller, 2016)

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1966: UK signs up to the European Court of Human Rights

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1966: UK signs up to the European Court of Human Rights

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Six years after the European Court of Human Rights was created, the UK granted what is known as ‘individual petition’ - this gave people the right to take their cases directly to the court in Strasbourg.

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1989: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

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1989: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

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Governments worldwide promised all children the same rights by adopting the Convention on the Rights of the Child, also known as the CRC or UNCRC. The basic premise is that children (under the age of 18) are born with the same fundamental freedoms and inherent rights as all human beings, but with specific additional needs because of their vulnerability.

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The Act applies to everyone living in the UK and it contains a list of rights and freedoms which may not be breached by public authorities.

The Act contains 16 freedoms originally listed in ECHR.

If the rights contained in the Act are breached, then an individual can take their case to a UK court  (there is no longer the need to involve ECtHR).

(Day, 2019)

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Rights and Freedoms each person is entitled to under Human Rights 1998

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(BIHR, n.d)

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Impact of Human Rights Act 1998 on UK law

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Impact of Human Rights Act 1998 on UK law

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Many of these rights are not absolute which means they can come with restrictions. For example, The Government restricting citizens during covid was seen as a breach of right to speech and right to freedom by some campaigners. However, Governments insist that they are acting on the right to protect health (hrw, 2021)

We don't just have rights but we also have the responsibility to respect the rights of other people. By allowing British citizens - who feel their human rights have been breached - to use the UK courts to incorporate British law and Human Rights Act has saved money and allowed natural law to develop alongside human rights. The Human Rights Act has had a positive impact on UK law (Amnsty, 2020)