# data[].attributes.headline
The Main Ideas/Information about the Cold War

# data[].attributes.subject
The Main Ideas/Information about the Cold War

# data[].attributes.body
The COLD WAR was a conflict between the United States of America, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as each of their allies, that lasted from shortly after World War 2, in 1946, and ended after 45 years in 1991. It was a war against capitalism and communism.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union lasted for decades and resulted in anti-communist suspicions and international incidents that led the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear disaster. (Continue reading from History)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

# data[].attributes.headline
What was the main reason for the Cold War Starting?

# data[].attributes.subject
What was the main reason for the Cold War Starting?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Tensions between the United States and its unlikely ally in the Soviet Union persisted throughout World War II. Western Allied leaders did not forget the initial nonaggression pact made between Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler in 1939. However, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union and Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor created an alliance between the United States and the USSR. As World War II transformed both the United States and the USSR, turning the nations into formidable world powers, competition between the two increased. Following the defeat of the Axis powers, an ideological and political rivalry between the United States and the USSR gave way to the start of the Cold War. The subsequent race for superior military power sparked an era of espionage, wars over the spread of communism, and a build-up of nuclear arms that threatened global annihilation.

While President Roosevelt hoped to see a lasting peace emerge in the postwar world order, relations with the Soviet Union complicated that vision. Ever since the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, in which the Russian monarchy fell to Soviet forces, the spread of communism beyond Russia remained a persistent fear throughout the twentieth century. This fear was not unfounded, as Soviet leaders actively sought to infiltrate or target nations to advance the global influence of the USSR. Soviet efforts to claim territory in Europe following Germany's defeat fed into the belief that the USSR intended to expand communism across Europe.

By 1947, the United States adopted a policy of containment to restrict Soviet global power. This became a defining element of foreign policy in President Harry Truman's administration. Outlined in a speech delivered to Congress, what became the Truman Doctrine was an open promise of US support to any country threatened by the Soviet Union. This promise lasted throughout Truman's time in office and continued in the administrations that followed. The policy of containment later informed the "domino theory," which stated that one country falling to Communism meant the surrounding countries were likely to fall as well. This policy ultimately pushed the United States to enter into wars in Korea, Vietnam, and other Cold War conflicts.

Mutual efforts to undermine their foe pushed the United States and the Soviet governments to plant spies within both the USSR and the United States to subvert policy, spy on intelligence, and seek out ways to hinder any effort at growing global power. While popular images of Cold War-era spies feature high-stakes missions, assassinations, and hidden recording devices that call to mind the world of characters like James Bond, these images were pulled from real-life acts of espionage. Many such gadgets, including poisoned pellets hidden in umbrellas or guns disguised as tubes of lipstick, emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. However, from the outset of the Cold War, acts of espionage between the United States and the USSR already existed.

Soviet espionage initially centered on stealing information related to the development of nuclear weapons. The Trinity test, in which the United States detonated a nuclear weapon for the first time, along with the use of two atomic bombs subsequently dropped on Japan, sent a clear message to the world that the United States held the most powerful bombs on earth. This gave the United States an undeniable advantage over other nations, and the USSR moved quickly to develop their own nuclear technology. Initially unsuccessful, the Soviets embedded spies in the United States to steal military secrets, including vital information that helped the USSR build and test their own nuclear bomb in 1949, only four years after the Trinity test. One of the most critical Soviet spies was Klaus Fuchs, a leading physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and was a member of the Communist Party. After the Soviets tested their first nuclear bomb, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) identified Fuchs as the Soviet source. Questioned in December 1949, Fuchs confessed to the deed. Another spy who worked on the Manhattan Project, Theodore Hall, stated he volunteered to pass information to the Soviets in order to equalize the global playing field. Unlike Fuchs and other Soviet spies captured by the FBI, Hall was able to evade US authorities and never went on trial.

The arms race that came to define the Cold War also spurred other military and technological races between the two superpowers. In order to gain an edge over the Soviets, American military and intelligence agencies recruited scientists from Germany in a program initially called Operation Overcast, but later called Operation Paperclip. Established by the US Joint Chiefs of Staff in July 1945 and approved by President Truman in September 1946, over a thousand German scientists who were former members of the Nazi Party traveled to the United States to engage in research to benefit the United States in the Cold War. In particular, Wernher von Braun, who had helped developed the German V-2 rocket, worked with the US military to develop ballistic missiles. He also became a major scientist behind the "space race" that helped send Americans to the moon. This recruitment was not unique to the United States, however, as the USSR similarly sought out German scientists from the remnants of the defeated Nazi Party.

By 1946, an Iron Curtain fell across Europe, behind which all territory fell under Soviet control. Conflict between the USSR and other Western powers appeared inevitable. The following year, President Truman delivered a speech before Congress in which he stated that the United States would provide military and diplomatic assistance to any democratic nation under threat from internal communist parties or the expansion of Soviet authoritarianism. The Truman Doctrine outlined in this speech later led to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, a military alliance between the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other Western European nations. Strengthened through the implementation of the Marshall Plan across Western Europe, member nations of NATO agreed to come to the defense of any member state that suffered an attack from any other power.

Although another global war appeared to be inevitable, the build-up of nuclear weapons in both the United States and Soviet Union helped to keep the Cold War from turning "hot." The knowledge that each superpower held a stockpile of nuclear weapons created a military doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD) in which an attack from one would cause the complete annihilation of one or both, if not more, countries. The Cold War featured moments of increased tension, but stopped short of all-out warfare between the superpowers. Conflicts connected to the Cold War, such as wars in Korea and Vietnam, proved devastating to military forces on both sides. These conflicts also disrupted the balance of power in several regions across the globe, the ramifications of which continues to influence military and national security policies to this day. The global standoff for dominance between the United States and the Soviet Union created in the aftermath of World War II affected all aspects of life in the postwar world. The domination of military strength, technological advances, and the very structure of present day global politics exist as by-products of these Cold War conflicts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cold Conflict | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The United States was not the only leading power on the world stage after the end of World War II; it had a new competitor for this power in the Soviet Union. Tensions between the former allies quickly grew, leading to a new kind of conflict-one heightened with the threat of atomic weapons-that came to dominate global politics for the remainder of the twentieth century.

# data[].attributes.body
Don't go too much into Nuclear Warfare, as it is a HSC Topic.

# data[].attributes.body
After the Combined Allies of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) victory of WW2, both the US and USSR thought they were unstoppable, and they turned into formidable powers. However because of this, they both competed for political superiority with their different ideals on society being their main motivation: America's Capitalism, in which all profits made by the country were managed by the private owners, and USSR's Communism, in which all profits made by the country go back to the state, which in turn goes to the people. This ignited the flame that is the Cold War, in an attempt to become the superior power, and in the midst of it all of it was the fear and power of Nuclear Weapons.

# data[].attributes.body
A huge reason for the Allies victory in WW2 was the USA's power of Nuclear Weapons, for which they had demonstrated in the bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, 1945, which ultimately resulted in Japan's surrender and withdrawal from the War, that led to Germany loosing it's potentially biggest ally in the war.

# data[].attributes.body
the process of obtaining military, political, commercial, or other secret information by means of spies, secret agents, or illegal monitoring devices.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Table of Contents

espionage, process of obtaining military, political, commercial, or other secret information by means of spies, secret agents, or illegal monitoring devices. Espionage is sometimes distinguished from the broader category of intelligence gathering by its aggressive nature and its illegality. See intelligence.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
espionage, process of obtaining military, political, commercial, or other secret information by means of spies, secret agents, or illegal monitoring devices. Espionage is sometimes distinguished from the broader category of intelligence gathering by its aggressive nature and its illegality. See intelligence.

# data[].attributes.body
"The purpose of Cold War espionage was to gather information and intelligence about the enemy, particularly about their military and technical capabilities"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Espionage is an enduring motif of the Cold War. This period is replete with stories of spies, agents and assassins, operating undercover and living double lives to infiltrate enemy governments or societies. While the extent of Cold War espionage is often exaggerated, both the United States and Soviet Union certainly spent heavily on recruiting, training and deploying spies and agents. The main purpose of Cold War espionage was to gather information and intelligence about the enemy, particularly their military and technical capabilities. This information was harvested from a range of sources, including paid informers, double-agents, stolen documents, intercepted communications, 'bugs' (listening devices) or other means of surveillance. Agents also carried out disruptive missions, such as carrying out sabotage operations and kidnapping or assassinating enemy agents or politicians. Cold War spies were rarely flamboyant James Bond types portrayed in literature and film. The success of their missions - and indeed their survival - usually hinged on looking and behaving like ordinary members of society.

All major Cold War powers maintained at least one government agency dedicated to intelligence-gathering and espionage. In the United States, this task fell to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The CIA began as the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), a military branch that conducted espionage and undercover operations during World War II. In 1947 the OSS was reorganised and rebranded as the CIA. The CIA's structure, mission and methods were shaped by the Cold War. One early directive (1948) authorised the CIA to conduct secret operations "against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups" so that "US government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorised persons". The CIA was also supported by other US government agencies. Formed in 1952, the National Security Agency (NSA) gathered information by monitoring, intercepting and decoding signals and radio traffic. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI, formed 1908) was responsible for investigating domestic criminal activity, which included espionage, sedition and other treasonable activities.

The CIA's Cold War activities ranged from general surveillance of suspected foreign agents, to deploying its own agents abroad, to illicit operations like assassinations and human experimentation. The CIA also complemented US foreign policy by supporting, funding and equipping anti-communist leaders and groups abroad. One of the CIA's first major missions, for example, was to assist non-communist political parties in Italy in 1948. Several Cold War coups and attempted coups, such as the 1973 overthrow of Salvador Allende in Chile, were conducted with the backing or active involvement of the CIA. In 1959-61, CIA agents recruited and trained 1,500 Cuban exiles. In April 1961 these Cubans landed the island-state with plans to overthrow Fidel Castro, an incident dubbed the Bay of Pigs Invasion. CIA pilots flew U-2 flights over Soviet and Cuban territory, collecting data about military facilities, armaments and troop movements. The CIA also plotted assassination attempts on foreign leaders, such as Castro. In 1974 the CIA spent more than $US800 million on Project Azorian, a mission to recover codebooks and nuclear technology from a sunken Soviet sub, laying under 16,000 feet of water in the Pacific Ocean.

Sometimes operating jointly with the Department of Defence, the CIA also carried out research into nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and the effects they had on humans. They also researched effective interrogation techniques and mind control strategies. One of these research programs was Project MK-ULTRA, which ran from 1953 to the late 1960s and soaked up more than $US10 million in funding. MK-ULTRA was chiefly concerned with the effects of hypnosis and mind-altering drugs, with a view to using them for Cold War purposes. Many questions have been raised about MK-ULTRA and the unethical nature of its research. Hundreds of Americans, mostly military personnel, were subjected to drug trials and experimentation without their informed consent. MK-ULTRA experiments are believed to have contributed to several deaths, including Harold Blauer and Frank Olson, who died in 1953 after being injected with hallucinogenic drugs. Other secret programs conducted by the CIA included Operation Mockingbird (aimed at facilitating sympathetic media coverage), Project Resistance (information-gathering about radical student groups) and Operation Chaos (the disruption of American left-wing and anti-war groups). One CIA project, Stargate, even investigated psychic abilities and their possible use in intelligence applications.

United States law prohibited the CIA from carrying out domestic operations (a restriction that was often breached during the Cold War). Within US borders, the investigation and prosecution of suspected spies was the responsibility of the FBI. Between 1935 and 1972 the FBI was headed by J. Edgar Hoover, a fanatical anti-communist and a ruthless political operator. The FBI began investigating Soviet espionage in 1943 after receiving an anonymous letter. Within two years, the FBI had more than doubled in size, numbering around 13,000 agents. In late 1945 the FBI was provided with extensive information about Soviet espionage by Elizabeth Bentley, who herself had been passing information to Moscow. Bentley provided the FBI with a 112-page confession, naming 80 people as paid informers or agents working for Moscow. Bentley's defection, along with accusations against State Department lawyer Alger Hiss, fuelled anti-communist hysteria in America during the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1956 Hoover authorised COINTELPRO (short for Counter-Intelligence Program), a prolonged campaign targeting domestic political organisations. For 15 years, FBI agents infiltrated a range of organisations including left-wing political parties, unions, civil rights groups, radical student associations, the anti-war movement, regional militias and race-hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These agents fed information back to the FBI - and occasionally took action to disrupt these groups from within.

The Soviet Union had a much longer history of espionage and intelligence-gathering. Russian secret police organisations dated back to the Okhrana in the late 1800s, the communist CHEKA (1917-22), the OGPU (1922-34) and Stalin's NKVD (1934-54). All used covert methods to gather information about political dissidents and potential 'enemies of the state'. After the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, the NKVD was replaced by the KGB ( Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, or 'Committee for National Security'). The KGB assumed responsibility for both domestic security and foreign intelligence. Another department called Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye (GRU) gathered intelligence for the Soviet military. Decades of experience in espionage, along with existing agents and contacts in Western countries, gave the Soviet Union a distinct 'head start' in this area. The Soviets began mobilising agents and recruiting informers in Western countries during the 1930s. During World War II, Moscow prioritised the infiltration of the Manhattan Project, America's nuclear weapons research program. Soviet agents were able to obtain and pass on technical information about this program, including blueprints, with remarkable ease. By the time the US dropped its first atomic bomb on Japan in August 1945, Stalin knew more about this devastating new weapon than most American politicians.

A historian's view:
"The issue of Soviet espionage became a US obsession, and domestic security dominated public discourse. Legislative committees vied with one another to expose communists. The executive branch laboured to root out disloyal government employees. The courts wrestled with the balance between constitutional rights and societal self-protection... There was a widespread consensus that Soviet espionage was a serious problem, that American communists assisted the Soviets, and some high officials had betrayed the United States."
John Earl Haynes, historian

The passing of American nuclear secrets led to probably the best-known spy case of the Cold War. As mentioned above, FBI investigations in the late 1940s uncovered a chain of Soviet spies and paid informers operating inside America's borders. By 1950 the FBI was investigating Julius Rosenberg, a civilian engineer previously employed by the US Army. Rosenberg, who had ties with an American communist group, was arrested in 1950 and accused of passing information to a Russian agent. When he refused to confess or provide investigators with more names, the FBI began targeting his wife Ethel. Both were eventually charged under the Espionage Act. Put on trial, they denied the charges and refused to testify or name associates. In April 1951 the Rosenbergs were found guilty and sentenced to death in the electric chair. This verdict caused outrage and disbelief both in America and internationally. Many thought the Rosenbergs were innocent; others believed they were nothing more than go-betweens and therefore undeserving of the death penalty. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were electrocuted in New York in June 1953. They were the only Americans executed for espionage during the Cold War.

The United States was not the only Cold War nation to suffer infiltration by Soviet agents. Britain was also subject to Soviet espionage, most notably by the Cambridge Five spy ring. In 1963 British journalist Kim Philby disappeared from Lebanon. Until his resignation in 1951, Philby had been a high-ranking member of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (or MI6). In reality, Philby was a double-agent and had been passing information to Moscow since the mid-1930s. Philby and two of his fellow agents, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess, defected to the USSR and lived there until their deaths. The British government was further damaged in 1963 when it was revealed that Donald Profumo, a member of the Cabinet, was sharing a mistress with a known Soviet spy. In 1954 Vladimir Petrov, a Soviet diplomat and KGB colonel, defected to Australia. Petrov provided the government there with information about Soviet spies operating in Australia. The Petrov affair led to the USSR and Australia severing diplomatic ties for five years.

1. Espionage is the process of gathering intelligence and information about a rival or enemy, usually through secret operations. It was a significant feature of the Cold War.

2. All major Cold War powers had agencies that engaged in espionage. These agencies collected intel, assisted anti-communists, targeted enemies and researched new weapons and techniques.

3. The CIA, an American agency formed in 1947, was tasked with intelligence-gathering and, later, carrying out covert operations. It was supported by agencies like the NSA and FBI.

4. The Soviets had a much longer history of espionage in Western nations, dating back to before World War II. They recruited and used agents to obtain American nuclear secrets.

5. Espionage and spies became an enduring motif of the Cold War. There were many incidents and accusations involving espionage, including the execution of the Rosenbergs, the capture Gary Powers and his U2 spyplane and the Petrov affair in Australia.

The CIA is authorised to carry out covert operations (June 1948)
The Church Committee condemns domestic intelligence-gathering on US citizens (1976)

Citation information
Title: "Cold War espionage"
Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Steve Thompson
Publisher: Alpha History
URL: https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/espionage/
Date published: September 22, 2018
Date accessed: January 29, 2020
Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Espionage is an enduring motif of the Cold War. This period is replete with stories of spies, agents and assassins, operating undercover and living double lives to infiltrate enemy governments or societies. While the extent of Cold War espionage is often exaggerated, both the United States and Soviet Union certainly spent heavily on recruiting, training and deploying spies and agents.

# data[].attributes.body
The use of espionage and spies in Cold War was undoubtedly common in this time, as the need for information about what the enemy was capable of, or preparing for, was highly needed by one side of the war.
For the United States, the government agency responsible for the espionage against the USSR was the Central Intelligence Agency, known as the CIA,

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
After the Soviet Union detonated its first known nuclear device somewhere in Kazakhstan on August 29, 1949, US anxieties about the threat of nuclear annihilation rose significantly.

President Harry S. Truman's Federal Civil Defense Administration program began requiring schools to teach children how to dive under their desks in classrooms and take cover if bombs should drop, according to History. How protective such actions would be in an actual nuclear strike continues to be debated - and has thankfully never had any practical testing.

In any case, this led to the official commission of the 1951 educational film "Duck and Cover," which you can stream online thanks to the Library of Congress.

The Cold War ebbed and flowed in terms of tension, but it lasted from the end of World War II until the early 1990s and the eventual fall of the Soviet Union. That's a long time to brace for potential impact, both as individuals and as a society.

During this time, libraries helped to train and prepare people as best they could with available civil defense information. They showed educational films, offered first aid courses, and provided strategies to patrons on how best to survive in the event of nuclear war. These are valuable services in any time frame, but the tensions constantly playing in your mind as you participated must have been palpable.

As always, pop culture both reflected and refracted societal anxieties back at citizens as a way of processing them. This AV Club timeline offers several great examples, from "The Manchurian Candidate" to "Dr. Strangelove, Or, How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love The Bomb" and through the decades to the extremely on-the-nose '80s film, "Red Dawn."

In the aftermath of the US bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the entire world learned exactly how decimating nuclear warfare could be.

As Cold War tensions escalated between the US and the Soviet Union following World War II, it's not terribly surprising that the Department of Defense began issuing pamphlets like this one instructing American families on how best to protect themselves in the event of a nuclear attack.

Converting basements or submerging concrete bunkers in backyards that were built to recommended specifications became a family bonding activity - although in urban areas, buildings that generally welcomed the public including church and school basements and libraries were also designated fallout shelter locations.

Two events during the 1960s almost brought the world to an all-out war.

The first was in 1961 when 1,400 Cuban exiles were trained to overthrow the Fidel Castro's Cuban government, which had made diplomatic dealings with the USSR. The exiles were sent on their mission by President Kennedy, who had been assured by the CIA that the plan would make it seem like a Cuban uprising rather than American intervention.

What became known as the Bay of Pigs had a disastrous outcome, with over a hundred Cuban exiles killed and the rest captured. Many Americans began bracing for war.

By 1962, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev bolstered Cuba's defenses with nuclear missiles in case the US tried invading again. The arms race between the US and the Soviet Union was already in full swing, so tensions were steadily increasing.

When American spy planes gathered photographic evidence of these missiles, President Kennedy sent a naval blockade to "quarantine" Cuba, according to the JFK Presidential Library.

He also demanded removal of the missiles and total destruction of the sites that housed them. Khrushchev wasn't anxious to go to war either, so he finally agreed after extracting a promise from Kennedy that the US wouldn't invade Cuba.

Through a modern lens, the space race led to scientific advancements across the world as countries rushed to be the first into outer space and to land on the moon.

But at the time, the prospect of the Soviet Union beating the US to the final frontier was more terrifying for Americans than we might realize today.

CNN reports that regular Americans frequently worried that if the Soviet Union could get a human into space, it could also get nuclear warheads into space. The USSR became the first country to successfully launch a human being into space with Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961, and the US later landed on the moon in July of 1969 after heavily investing in its NASA program.

While the US and the USSR never engaged in armed conflict against each other, they did fight in and fund other conflicts, otherwise known as proxy wars.

The most famous proxy wars during this time are undoubtedly the Korean War and the Vietnam War, but there were numerous other proxy conflicts that happened during the Cold War. Many of these conflicts were extremely deadly for both soldiers and civilians, including the Angolan Civil War, the Cambodian Civil War, and the Congo Crisis, just to name a few.

These proxy conflicts also continue to have consequences for citizens and veterans, and have shaped the modern world as we know it.

More: Features Freelancer Cold War

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What it was really like to live through the Cold War in America

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
After the Soviet Union detonated its first known nuclear device somewhere in Kazakhstan on August 29, 1949, US anxieties about the threat of nuclear annihilation rose significantly. President Harry S. Truman's Federal Civil Defense Administration program began requiring schools to teach children how to dive under their desks in classrooms and take cover if bombs should drop, according to History.

# data[].attributes.body
The Cold War was just like any other war, in that civilians not participating in the ongoing conflict were not exempt from the fear of war. The main aspects of the Cold War that affected civilians were that of threat of Nuclear Warfare, and Soviet Invasion.

Civilians were at threat of nuclear conflict, due to the rise in competition of both sides and what they were capable of. Needless to say, many people were in constant fear, not knowing if or when the enemy could strike. As many people knew what nuclear warfare could mean for their country and the world, as seen in 1945 with the Bombings on Japan, fear was a common thought, to the extent of many families creating their own fallout shelters nearby their homes, in the event of potential nuclear warfare.

# data[].attributes.body
Although citizens were living in fear of nuclear warfare and what was going on outside their country, there was still some issues inside the country, in regards to espionage, potential Soviet invasion, and Communist presence in the United States.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Immediately following World War II, life in the US was as good as it ever was. Most citizens were happy and living successful lives. At the same time, however, some were paranoid and feared Soviet…

# data[].attributes.body
differences between cap and com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Difference Between Capitalism and Communism (with Comparison Chart) - Key Differences

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The primary difference between capitalism and communism is that Capitalism is based on the Principle of Individual Rights, whereas Communism is based on the Principle of Community Rights.

# data[].attributes.body
Capitalism, which is the main social and economic system used by countries such as the United States, is built around the wealth and industry of a nation, and the "trade and industry of the economy is owned and controlled by private individuals, to make profit."
-It primarialy promotes class distinction, in that the higher classes, such as the rich and famous, control the industry and trade of an economy, and the working class provides these higher classes with their wealth through the profit a business earns.
-Money is managed by not the state, but by the person who desires it. People must be able to work for themselves to create their wealth. Their ability to work will reflect the profit and wages they receive.
-However, there is significantly more freedom in Capitalism. Workers are able to choose where they work, the government controls less of the nation, leading to freedom of speech across the country for it's citizens.

# data[].attributes.body
Communism, on the other hand, is a social system used by nations such as the former USSR, and China. It is built around a system in which trade and industry made by the country is controlled by the community and not private owners. The earnings of the country are shared among the people to the individuals skills and needs.
-Communism promotes the Egalitarian Society, in which all people are deemed equal and are treated as such. The social system revolves around the people of a country providing the money for the state/government, to then be distributed back to the people in fair amounts; it is distributed "as per needs and ability".
-The profits are not managed by any private owners, as this is seen as an uneven class structure, that does not follow the Egalitarian Society rule. As the industry results go to the state, profits are not allowed, and workers of Communist States are pushed to work for the sake of the country, not for the profit.
-Despite a more fairer distribution of wealth, a problem that resides in Communism is the lack of freedom for the people.
-The state/government determines what job a person shall get for the sake of the country
-all businesses are owned by state, not the people who made it.
-As wealth is distributed by state, freedom of speech against the state would result in loss of wealth.

# data[].attributes.body
What was life like for a civilian during the Cold War?

Difficult. People were under threat of nuclear conflict at any given time, not knowing anything. Families made fallout shelters to protect themselves, which is not something we see today, even with countries developing more deadly threats. It meant that people were afraid of what was going to happen, and if they were safe for another day.
The presence of espionage within the country meant that people were uncertain of who to trust, as they could be working for the other side, or could be supporting Communism over Capitalism, or Capitalism over Communism.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
After the end of the Bolshevik revolution, Russia had emerged as another nodal superpower that irked the west. Initially, the western powers were against the communist government that was set after the revolution. Before the beginning of the Second World War, in order to maintain peace, Russia had tried to bring all power holders under the security system of the League of Nations. In the early years of the Second World War, Russia had opposed western powers' Policy of Appeasement towards Germany that ignored her moves to annex neighbouring countries. The seeds of the Cold War germinated from that time onwards.

Despite Russia joining the Allies during the Second World War to fight Germany, it did not help in bridging the distrust as they lacked coordination. This was because Anglo-Americans had delayed opening second front to defend Russia from Germany. Also, America had maintained its secret of the manufacturing of an atom bomb from Russia. With the end of Cold War two opposite conditions evolved: one was America's aim in bringing out stability in the world to avoid economic depression through the use of capitalist ideology and second, Soviet wanted Germany to be partitioned so that it could be used as a buffer zone between West and friendly Eastern Europe countries.

The final turning point was that triggered Cold War was the Soviet's refusal to open Black sea straits and Danube waters to curtail America's expansion towards Eastern Europe. Thus, in 1946 Winston Churchill's speech in the United Kingdom said: "A shadow has fallen upon the scene so lately lighted by the international organization from Stettin in Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent" (Britannica Encyclopedia, 1998). He called for Anglo-American alliance and declared that Soviet Union hegemony can be fought only by the language of force. Thus this marked the beginning of the Cold War.

Phases and Politics of Cold War

Cold War has gone through many ups and downs. While at some moments it was a silent current, at other times, it blew out. In all these phases what we see was that there were indirect conflicts where superpowers were at loggerheads. Broadly, the Cold War can be divided into the following phases:

First Phase (1946-1949):

The Second World War ended in 1945 and strain erupted between two superpowers i.e., US and USSR in the first phase. The problem started at Yalta Conference when it was decided that immediately after the end of War free elections would be held in Eastern Europe. America had always tried to control the spread of the Red Regime in Russia. The geopolitical climate during this phase changed so swiftly that Russia got a chance to set up a communist government first in Poland. It was then through plots and ploys communist government extended to Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and then to other Eastern European countries. This was usually done by the use of deceptive measures such as killing opposition leaders or jailing them and sometimes by use of force. This extended the influence of Russia which was seen as a strategy to counter America. Following Russia's example, America helped Greece and Turkey in establishing capitalism through the use of the Truman Doctrine (March, 1947). The aim of this doctrine was "to support free people who were resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure". It led to receiving aid and arms from the USA to counter the communist pressure.

After these interventions, the USA increased its policy of containing communism by announcing the Marshall Plan in June 1947. According to this plan, America gave financial and ammunition assistance to Western European countries who were reeling under poverty, hunger, and instability. Russia, on the other hand, tried to safeguard its allies by announcing the Moltovo Plan that gave assistance to its satellites and setting up of Cominform to draw together all satellite communist parties and bring them under one umbrella. Following its extensive campaign to bring as many countries under communism as possible, Russia intervened in Czechoslovakia and brought her also under the communist rule in 1948.

With tensions mounting in both the camps, Germany got to see superpower rivalry next. This happened when western powers merged their areas to create Trizonia that later came to be known as the Federal Republic of Germany while the Soviet Union converted its occupied territory of Germany to the German Democratic Republic. This partition of Germany was the result of the Postdam resolution that was held in 1945. Tensions escalated between the two camps when Soviet stopped western powers access to Berlin that led to massive airlift (known as Berlin Blockade and Airlift). These tensions were further escalated when the USA refused to accord recognition to the communist government of China and support to Formosa Government and Russia refused to withdraw the army from Iran. After the formation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in 1949, the furious race of nuclear weapons took place that created more tension. However, with the death of Stalin and the change of regime in the USA, the Cold War took a halt.

Second Phase (1949-1953):

This phase marked some cooling off period which was due to a change in leadership in both the countries. In 1945, at the Moscow Conference, Soviet Russia, America, and the UK had decided to bring stability in Far-East especially Korea. At that time majority of the Koreans favoured complete independence. As the talks were going on to form the commission as per Moscow agreement, the USA showed reluctance to form the commission fearing that interim communist government of North Korea might win. This suspicion led to the matter being referred to the United Nations in 1950.

Before any decision could come, North Korea declared war against South Korea by taking armaments help from Russia and army personnel from China. With things getting out of hand, America used this situation to gain legitimate sanctions from the United Nations and sent military aid to South Korea. With a favourable political climate, both North Korea and South Korea signed a peace treaty in 1953 and ended the war. Fearing more such actions the USA tried to reduce the impact of Soviet Communism, by spending a huge amount of dollars in propaganda against Communism. On the other hand, Soviet Russia tried to equalize itself with America and tested an atom bomb. Despite the signing of treaty both the powers continued to exercise their influence in Korea thereby triggering hostility. In this phase what we see is that both the powers tried to curtail the influence of the other and played a game of power with politics of vengeance.

Third Phase (1953-1957):

During this phase, a number of regional co-operations were announced. United States of America continued its military and economic offences with rigour against Soviet Russia. Firstly, it formed the South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in the South East region with its supporters in 1954 in order to minimize Soviet Russia's influence. Next in 1955, America formed the Middle East Defence Organization (MEDO) in the Middle East. Within a short span of time, America encircled Soviet Russia thereby restricting its expansion by giving military assistance to 43 countries and forming 3300 military bases around Soviet Russia. This mutual confrontation then showed off in the Vietnamese War that started in 1955.

To counter the American Power, Russia signed WARSAW PACT, a Defence pact with 12 Countries in 1955. At the same time, America finding an opportunity ripe, tried to free Hungary from communist rule. This attempt was foiled. Both the superpowers continued to increase their military strength and tested the hydrogen bomb. Their actions showed as if war was inevitable but they maintained restraint.

With the change of leadership political relationship between the two superpowers changed. The first thing that happened was that an agreement was signed between America and Russia in 1956 regarding the Suez Crisis that moderated international relations. According to this agreement, America agreed not to help her allies like England and France and Soviet agreed to help opposing parties. This move saved West Asia from a great danger of full war and destruction. Very soon the Vietnam War started that again pitched both the powers against each other. However, the intensity of the war subsided when the first peace talk summit was held in Geneva in 1955. Later a treaty was also signed between Australia, New Zealand and America in September, 1957 which was known as ANZUS to strengthen military and economic relations.

Fourth Phase (1957-1962):

This phase was marked by two extreme ends. On one hand, the theory of peaceful coexistence developed, and on the other hand, the world saw the most dangerous nuclear confrontation in the form of the Cuban missile crisis which brought mankind to the brink of the third war. Initially, both powers showed mutual co-existence by having social, cultural, and economic exchanges. In 1959 the Russian President, Khrushchev went on a historical tour to America that sent a new message of cooperation that would begin the political history of two countries.

However, this was very short-lived as new incidences marred their relationship. For instance, the U-2 accident occurred where an American-spy plane was shot down in the heart of Russia which was accepted by America. Next, the Berlin crisis took place when Russian President insisted on withdrawals by American forces from West Berlin which was rejected by America. At the same time, the problem further escalated - East Germany people were reeling under economic strains that were making living impossible as a result thousands of them were escaping to West Germany. This prompted Russia to build a 25 km Berlin wall in 1961, in order to check the immigration of eastern Berlin people to Western Berlin.

All these incidents narrowed down to one of the biggest nuclear wars in 1962, through the Cuban Missile Crisis. It aggravated the Cold War. This incident was the predecessor to political events in Cuba which started from Fidel Castro coming to power and nationalizing American owned estates and industries. This put a strain on Cuba-American relations, while Russia-Cuba relationship improved. America, convinced of curtailing the spread of communism in Cuba, attacked Cuba in the Bay of Pigs. However, the intensity of attacks was easily turned down by the Cuban government who defeated the American forces.

Following this incident, Russia decided to set up nuclear missile launches in Cuba (only a hundred miles from the USA border) which were aimed at the USA. The missiles' range was very large that could destroy all major cities of the USA. While military advisers of Kennedy wanted him to attack Russian bases, he acted in restraint because he was aware of possible aftermath which may take place if he retaliated. This incident created an atmosphere of conversation between American President Kennedy and Russian President Khrushchev under the guidance of United Nations President. In this discussion, America assured Russia that she would not attack Cuba, and Russia, in turn, would also withdraw missile stations from Cuba.

Fifth Phase (1962-1969):

This phase saw a marked increase in the cooperative relationships between the USA and USSR. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, there was a worldwide acceptance that demanded a ban on nuclear weapons. This compelled both the parties to refrain from nuclear war and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed in 1968. Peaceful co-existence became the norm that pushed for agreement for disarmament. As a result, a Hot Line was established between the USA and Russia. However, the Cold War continued due to the tensions caused by the Vietnam War and the problem in Germany.

Sixth Phase (1969-1978):

This phase saw a series of peace agreements between the two superpowers that led to the scholars of International relations to announce DETENTE. (The word détente meant "permanent relaxation between east and west." This was made possible by the American President Nixon and Russian President Brezhnev who played important roles in putting an end to the Cold War. The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) of 1972, the Helsinki Summit Conference on Security of 1975, and the Belgrade Conference of 1978 brought both the powers closer. America wanted to improve its relationship with China which led to American Foreign Secretary, Henry Kissinger, paying a secret visit to China in 1971 to explore the possibilities of reconciliations with China. However, this co-operation was short-lived. As America moved to convert Diego Garcia into a military base, it increased suspicion in the minds of Soviets who saw it as a move to check their presence in the Indian Ocean.

During the Bangladesh crisis of 1971 and the Egypt-Israel War of 1973, the two superpowers extended support to the opposite sides thereby standing opposite to each other again.

Last Phase (1979-1987)

In this phase, certain changes were noticed in the Cold War due to which scholars referred to this phase as the New Cold War. Though in 1979, American President Carter and Russian President Brezhnev signed the SALT-II treaty that aimed at reducing arms, in 1979 new developments took place that reduced the prospects of mitigating the Cold War. This started with new interventions of both the powers in Afghanistan. This led to direct confrontation between the two superpowers in Afghanistan, by supporting and creating their allies, which impacted the geo-political scenario of the region.

At the same time, the new American President started Human Rights and Open Diplomacy that was aimed at defaming Russia. Both these policies questioned the well being of citizens living in Russia as the American agencies tried to report gross violations of human rights happening in Communist Russia. To add fuel to fire the SALT-II treaty was not ratified by the US Senate. In 1980, America boycotted the Olympic held at Moscow thus ending their co-operation. By 1985, conditions worsened in Afghanistan that brought a lot of embarrassment to the USSR.

New agreements were signed in which both the parties decided to pull off from Afghanistan and stopped aid to its allies in Afghanistan. At the same time to counter America, a new chapter in the Sino-Russia relationship began when five-year trade agreements were signed in 1985 and regular contact took place.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The causes and various phases of Cold War | Flowkl

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
After the end of the Bolshevik revolution, Russia had emerged as another nodal superpower that irked the west. Initially, the western powers were against the communist government that was set after the revolution. Before the beginning of the Second World War, in order to maintain peace, Russia had tried to bring all power holders under the security system of the League of Nations.

# data[].attributes.body
Capitalism
- Promoted class difference, wealthy and poor.
- All trade and industry managed by private owners
- System built around putting profits first.
- Had freedom of choice, and freedom of speech'
- "Lower Profits, Higher Freedom"

Communism
Promoted citizen equality, no class structure.
All trade and industry managed by state
System built around putting the people first
Little to no freedom of speech , employment was chosen by state.
"Higher Profits, Lower Freedom"

# data[].attributes.body
The Second World War ended in 1945 and strain erupted between two superpowers i.e., US and USSR in the first phase. The problem started at Yalta Conference when it was decided that immediately after the end of War free elections would be held in Eastern Europe. America had always tried to control the spread of the Red Regime in Russia. The geopolitical climate during this phase changed so swiftly that Russia got a chance to set up a communist government first in Poland. It was then through plots and ploys communist government extended to Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and then to other Eastern European countries. This was usually done by the use of deceptive measures such as killing opposition leaders or jailing them and sometimes by use of force. This extended the influence of Russia which was seen as a strategy to counter America. Following Russia’s example, America helped Greece and Turkey in establishing capitalism through the use of the Truman Doctrine (March, 1947). The aim of this doctrine was "to support free people who were resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure". It led to receiving aid and arms from the USA to counter the communist pressure.

After these interventions, the USA increased its policy of containing communism by announcing the Marshall Plan in June 1947. According to this plan, America gave financial and ammunition assistance to Western European countries who were reeling under poverty, hunger, and instability. Russia, on the other hand, tried to safeguard its allies by announcing the Moltovo Plan that gave assistance to its satellites and setting up of Cominform to draw together all satellite communist parties and bring them under one umbrella. Following its extensive campaign to bring as many countries under communism as possible, Russia intervened in Czechoslovakia and brought her also under the communist rule in 1948.

With tensions mounting in both the camps, Germany got to see superpower rivalry next. This happened when western powers merged their areas to create Trizonia that later came to be known as the Federal Republic of Germany while the Soviet Union converted its occupied territory of Germany to the German Democratic Republic. This partition of Germany was the result of the Postdam resolution that was held in 1945. Tensions escalated between the two camps when Soviet stopped western powers access to Berlin that led to massive airlift (known as Berlin Blockade and Airlift). These tensions were further escalated when the USA refused to accord recognition to the communist government of China and support to Formosa Government and Russia refused to withdraw the army from Iran. After the formation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in 1949, the furious race of nuclear weapons took place that created more tension. However, with the death of Stalin and the change of regime in the USA, the Cold War took a halt.

Second Phase (1949-1953):

This phase marked some cooling off period which was due to a change in leadership in both the countries. In 1945, at the Moscow Conference, Soviet Russia, America, and the UK had decided to bring stability in Far-East especially Korea. At that time majority of the Koreans favoured complete independence. As the talks were going on to form the commission as per Moscow agreement, the USA showed reluctance to form the commission fearing that interim communist government of North Korea might win. This suspicion led to the matter being referred to the United Nations in 1950.

Before any decision could come, North Korea declared war against South Korea by taking armaments help from Russia and army personnel from China. With things getting out of hand, America used this situation to gain legitimate sanctions from the United Nations and sent military aid to South Korea. With a favourable political climate, both North Korea and South Korea signed a peace treaty in 1953 and ended the war. Fearing more such actions the USA tried to reduce the impact of Soviet Communism, by spending a huge amount of dollars in propaganda against Communism. On the other hand, Soviet Russia tried to equalize itself with America and tested an atom bomb. Despite the signing of treaty both the powers continued to exercise their influence in Korea thereby triggering hostility. In this phase what we see is that both the powers tried to curtail the influence of the other and played a game of power with politics of vengeance.

Third Phase (1953-1957):

During this phase, a number of regional co-operations were announced. United States of America continued its military and economic offences with rigour against Soviet Russia. Firstly, it formed the South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in the South East region with its supporters in 1954 in order to minimize Soviet Russia’s influence. Next in 1955, America formed the Middle East Defence Organization (MEDO) in the Middle East. Within a short span of time, America encircled Soviet Russia thereby restricting its expansion by giving military assistance to 43 countries and forming 3300 military bases around Soviet Russia. This mutual confrontation then showed off in the Vietnamese War that started in 1955.

To counter the American Power, Russia signed WARSAW PACT, a Defence pact with 12 Countries in 1955. At the same time, America finding an opportunity ripe, tried to free Hungary from communist rule. This attempt was foiled. Both the superpowers continued to increase their military strength and tested the hydrogen bomb. Their actions showed as if war was inevitable but they maintained restraint.

With the change of leadership political relationship between the two superpowers changed. The first thing that happened was that an agreement was signed between America and Russia in 1956 regarding the Suez Crisis that moderated international relations. According to this agreement, America agreed not to help her allies like England and France and Soviet agreed to help opposing parties. This move saved West Asia from a great danger of full war and destruction. Very soon the Vietnam War started that again pitched both the powers against each other. However, the intensity of the war subsided when the first peace talk summit was held in Geneva in 1955. Later a treaty was also signed between Australia, New Zealand and America in September, 1957 which was known as ANZUS to strengthen military and economic relations.

Fourth Phase (1957-1962):

This phase was marked by two extreme ends. On one hand, the theory of peaceful coexistence developed, and on the other hand, the world saw the most dangerous nuclear confrontation in the form of the Cuban missile crisis which brought mankind to the brink of the third war. Initially, both powers showed mutual co-existence by having social, cultural, and economic exchanges. In 1959 the Russian President, Khrushchev went on a historical tour to America that sent a new message of cooperation that would begin the political history of two countries.

However, this was very short-lived as new incidences marred their relationship. For instance, the U-2 accident occurred where an American-spy plane was shot down in the heart of Russia which was accepted by America. Next, the Berlin crisis took place when Russian President insisted on withdrawals by American forces from West Berlin which was rejected by America. At the same time, the problem further escalated – East Germany people were reeling under economic strains that were making living impossible as a result thousands of them were escaping to West Germany. This prompted Russia to build a 25 km Berlin wall in 1961, in order to check the immigration of eastern Berlin people to Western Berlin.

All these incidents narrowed down to one of the biggest nuclear wars in 1962, through the Cuban Missile Crisis. It aggravated the Cold War. This incident was the predecessor to political events in Cuba which started from Fidel Castro coming to power and nationalizing American owned estates and industries. This put a strain on Cuba-American relations, while Russia-Cuba relationship improved. America, convinced of curtailing the spread of communism in Cuba, attacked Cuba in the Bay of Pigs. However, the intensity of attacks was easily turned down by the Cuban government who defeated the American forces.

Following this incident, Russia decided to set up nuclear missile launches in Cuba (only a hundred miles from the USA border) which were aimed at the USA. The missiles’ range was very large that could destroy all major cities of the USA. While military advisers of Kennedy wanted him to attack Russian bases, he acted in restraint because he was aware of possible aftermath which may take place if he retaliated. This incident created an atmosphere of conversation between American President Kennedy and Russian President Khrushchev under the guidance of United Nations President. In this discussion, America assured Russia that she would not attack Cuba, and Russia, in turn, would also withdraw missile stations from Cuba.

Fifth Phase (1962-1969):

This phase saw a marked increase in the cooperative relationships between the USA and USSR. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, there was a worldwide acceptance that demanded a ban on nuclear weapons. This compelled both the parties to refrain from nuclear war and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed in 1968. Peaceful co-existence became the norm that pushed for agreement for disarmament. As a result, a Hot Line was established between the USA and Russia. However, the Cold War continued due to the tensions caused by the Vietnam War and the problem in Germany.

Sixth Phase (1969-1978):

This phase saw a series of peace agreements between the two superpowers that led to the scholars of International relations to announce DETENTE. (The word détente meant "permanent relaxation between east and west." This was made possible by the American President Nixon and Russian President Brezhnev who played important roles in putting an end to the Cold War. The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) of 1972, the Helsinki Summit Conference on Security of 1975, and the Belgrade Conference of 1978 brought both the powers closer. America wanted to improve its relationship with China which led to American Foreign Secretary, Henry Kissinger, paying a secret visit to China in 1971 to explore the possibilities of reconciliations with China. However, this co-operation was short-lived. As America moved to convert Diego Garcia into a military base, it increased suspicion in the minds of Soviets who saw it as a move to check their presence in the Indian Ocean.

During the Bangladesh crisis of 1971 and the Egypt-Israel War of 1973, the two superpowers extended support to the opposite sides thereby standing opposite to each other again.

Last Phase (1979-1987)

In this phase, certain changes were noticed in the Cold War due to which scholars referred to this phase as the New Cold War. Though in 1979, American President Carter and Russian President Brezhnev signed the SALT-II treaty that aimed at reducing arms, in 1979 new developments took place that reduced the prospects of mitigating the Cold War. This started with new interventions of both the powers in Afghanistan. This led to direct confrontation between the two superpowers in Afghanistan, by supporting and creating their allies, which impacted the geo-political scenario of the region.

At the same time, the new American President started Human Rights and Open Diplomacy that was aimed at defaming Russia. Both these policies questioned the well being of citizens living in Russia as the American agencies tried to report gross violations of human rights happening in Communist Russia. To add fuel to fire the SALT-II treaty was not ratified by the US Senate. In 1980, America boycotted the Olympic held at Moscow thus ending their co-operation. By 1985, conditions worsened in Afghanistan that brought a lot of embarrassment to the USSR.

New agreements were signed in which both the parties decided to pull off from Afghanistan and stopped aid to its allies in Afghanistan. At the same time to counter America, a new chapter in the Sino-Russia relationship began when five-year trade agreements were signed in 1985 and regular contact took place.

# data[].attributes.body
It can be confidently said that the negativity for Russia by the US, and consequently, us as Australians, still exists 31 years from the end of the Cold War. Even with the fall of the Soviet Union, and the end of Communism in the Eastern State, Russia's military decisions and view on other countries can be called "concerning" at times. Of course, right now our view on Russia as a military state is very different compared to last year, as Russia has engaged in war against Ukraine, which has been called "unjustified, unfair, and inhumane" on Russia's decision. We now see Russia as an Enemy, however neither the US, Australia, or their allies have decided to partake in war again, as we all know the consequences of that occurring, but their actions did not have consequences elsewhere. American Companies have pulled out of Russia, leaving the Russian Ruble in a dismall state, and the high military cost has plainly embarrassed Russia for the World.

# data[].attributes.body
The Cold War's Relevance to Modernity is that the relationship between the United States and her Allies, as well as Russia and her Allies, has undoubtedly weakened as a result of the Cold War. Who we once saw as an ally throughout the second World War has, over 80 years, turned into our biggest threat and enemy, and the current war on Ukraine is only weakening the connections between the West and the East.

# data[].attributes.body
-The Westport Library (wesportlibrary.libguides.com/ColdWar)
-Kristen D. Burton / National WWII Museum (nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/cold-conflict#:~:text=As%20World%20War%20II%20transformed,start%20of%20the%20Cold%20War.)
-Ray, M. (2022, June 17). Edward Snowden. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Snowden
-Llewellyn, J. Thompson, S. (2020, September 22) Alpha History. https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/espionage/
-Surbhi, S. (2021, April 28). Key Differences. https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-capitalism-and-communism.html
-Jitchotvisut, J (2019, October 19) Insider. http://insider.com/things-people-did-during-cold-war-bomb-shelter-duck-and-cover
-Kumar, H (2020, July 14). Flowkl. http://flowkl.com/article/history/the-causes-and-various-phases-of-cold-war/#:~:text=%20Phases%20and%20Politics%20of%20Cold%20War%20,hand%2C%20the%20theory%20of%20peaceful%20coexistence...%20More%20