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The vocational model of education fails to meet our civic right to education and is unable to address inequality.

Education must prepare citizens for democracy, not just the economy.

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Modern education focuses almost entirely on making students competitive in a global economy.

Leads to job training over citizenship.

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This can be traced to Cold War fears. Sputnik 1957 and Motion at Risk (1983).

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STEM funding grew while humanities and civics were cut back.

- Humanities became undervalued.

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Assumes inequality is solved by spreading technical skills.

-Ignores the political roots of inequality.

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“Inequality has been a choice.”

Education must teach students to shape policy, not just adapt to it" (2).

- Shifts toward a civic purpose.

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Education should build political equality through civic agency, which are the skills to take part in democracy.

Focus: not workers, but citizens.

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Civic agency means co-creating a shared world through debate, activism, and ethical leadership.

- Connects to Arendt’s idea of “world-building.

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1. Deliberation (reasoned debate)

2. Prophetic Work (shifting values)

3. Fair Fighting (ethical advocacy)

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"inequality has been a choice " (4).

Education must teach students to shape policies, not just adapt to them.

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Liberal arts = “the free person’s arts.”

Teach the judgment, reasoning, and communication skills democracy needs.

- Builds skills for citizenship and equality.

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Verbal skill - persuasion

Social analysis -understanding society

Ethical reasoning- judging what’s right

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Students of the humanities are more politically active and civically engaged.

- Proof that civic education supports democracy.

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A civic education can turn inequality into justice, which promotes both political and economic equality.

-True equality comes from participation, not just employment.