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H. Douglas Brown — Principles of Language Learning and Teaching
Brown provides the psychological background of the Audiolingual Method, rooted in behaviorism. He describes habit formation through stimulus-response-reinforcement cycles. The book explains how drilling, pattern practice, and memorization were central techniques. Brown also critiques its limitations in promoting creative language use.

David Nunan — Second Language Teaching and Learning
Nunan explains the structuralist foundations of Audiolingualism. He connects it to intensive oral drills and repetition as a means of ensuring accuracy. His book explores the scientific aspirations of this method and its reliance on controlled input. Nunan also contrasts it with communicative approaches that later replaced it.

Jim Scrivener — Learning Teaching
Scrivener situates Audiolingualism historically, portraying it as a teacher-centered method. He describes classroom practices such as substitution tables, drilling, and minimal explanation. The book critiques its mechanical nature but acknowledges its effectiveness for building confidence in beginners. Scrivener highlights how its legacy persists in some modern classroom routines.

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“Principles of Language Learning and Teaching” — H. Douglas Brown
Brown discusses Suggestopedia within the framework of affective factors in second language acquisition. He explains Lozanov’s claims about memory and suggestion, and how they connect to psychological theories. Brown critiques the lack of empirical support but highlights the importance of lowering affective filters. He shows how elements of Suggestopedia influenced communicative, humanistic, and affective approaches.

“Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching” — Diane Larsen-Freeman
Larsen-Freeman presents Suggestopedia, developed by Georgi Lozanov, as a method based on relaxation, positive suggestion, and music. She describes how classrooms are decorated, how baroque music is used, and how dialogues are read dramatically. The chapter shows the focus on creating a positive, stress-free learning environment. It also examines criticisms of its scientific claims but acknowledges its role in emphasizing affective factors in learning.

“Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching” — Jack C. Richards & Theodore Rodgers
Richards explains Suggestopedia’s theoretical foundations: the belief that learners can absorb more language if anxiety is reduced. He outlines classroom procedures such as music, comfortable seating, and dramatic reading of dialogues. The book stresses its influence on later humanistic approaches in language teaching. Richards notes that while its claims were controversial, its affective dimension had lasting impact.

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Second Language Teaching & Learning (Nunan) | PDF

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Scott Thornbury — How to Teach Grammar
This book explores a wide range of approaches to grammar teaching, including deductive and inductive methods. Thornbury connects the Grammar-Translation Method with deductive grammar teaching, where rules are explained first and practiced through translation and exercises. He notes its effectiveness for accuracy and explicit learning. At the same time, he critiques its lack of communicative relevance, suggesting adaptations for modern classrooms.

Marianne Celce-Murcia (ed.) — Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language
This collection places Grammar-Translation within the historical development of ELT. It describes how the method focuses on reading and translation exercises to develop structural knowledge. Celce-Murcia highlights its continuing role in academic contexts where text analysis and accuracy are valued. The book also contrasts it with more communicative methods to show its limitations.

Jack C. Richards — Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching
Richards provides a systematic overview of language teaching traditions, with Grammar-Translation as the foundation. He analyzes its goals, techniques, and criticisms in relation to later methods. The book highlights how it shaped language curricula for centuries. Richards also explains why it still appeals to learners seeking structure and grammar mastery.

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“Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching” — Jack C. Richards & Theodore Rodgers
Richards explains that the Direct Method emerged as a reaction against Grammar-Translation. It emphasizes teaching vocabulary and grammar inductively, with no use of the learners’ native language. Teachers demonstrate meaning through realia, pictures, and actions rather than translation. The book outlines its principles (spoken language first, immersion in target language) and classroom practices (question–answer patterns, everyday dialogues). Richards shows how this method laid the groundwork for later communicative approaches.

“Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching” — Diane Larsen-Freeman
Larsen-Freeman devotes a chapter to the Direct Method, showing how teachers create meaning by pointing, demonstrating, and using visuals instead of translating. She gives practical classroom exchanges, such as how a teacher asks questions and students respond in English only. The chapter highlights student-centeredness and the focus on pronunciation, listening, and speaking. She also points out challenges: it requires small classes and highly skilled teachers. This makes it ideal in theory but difficult to implement in all contexts.

“The Practice of English Language Teaching” — Jeremy Harmer
Harmer presents the Direct Method as a major historical step toward more communicative classrooms. He explains that by banning the mother tongue, teachers created immersive environments that prioritized oral communication. Harmer discusses its influence on modern teaching, especially in natural approach and CLT. He acknowledges its success in promoting fluency but also notes limitations in grammar explanation. His treatment is both historical and practical, connecting the method to current practice.

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“Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching” — Diane Larsen-Freeman
Larsen-Freeman devotes a chapter to the Silent Way, created by Caleb Gattegno. She shows how teachers use silence, Cuisenaire rods, and color charts to encourage learners to produce language independently. Students discover rules by trial and error, while the teacher guides minimally. The book emphasizes learner autonomy, problem-solving, and the discovery approach. It also critiques the method as demanding for both teachers and learners.

“Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching” — Jack C. Richards & Theodore Rodgers
Richards explains the philosophical basis of the Silent Way: learning is facilitated if students develop independence and responsibility. He describes the use of physical tools and the focus on pronunciation and structure. The book highlights the method’s strengths in promoting self-correction and awareness. At the same time, it notes its limited practical adoption due to complexity and required training.

“Learning Teaching” — Jim Scrivener
Scrivener presents the Silent Way as one of the more radical “alternative” methods in ELT history. He emphasizes its focus on student discovery and very low teacher talk. Scrivener explains that while rarely used fully today, its principles—like learner autonomy and self-reliance—remain influential. He encourages teachers to borrow useful ideas (silence, rods, discovery tasks) rather than apply it strictly.

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2. Jack C. Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers Approaches-and-Methods-in-Language-Teaching

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1. “The Practice of English Language Teaching” — Jeremy Harmer
Harmer describes CLT as the dominant approach in modern ELT. He explains that it prioritizes meaning, interaction, and authentic communication over rote grammar practice. The book gives examples of pair work, role play, and task-based activities. Harmer highlights the flexibility of CLT, which can adapt to different contexts. He also discusses debates over fluency versus accuracy within CLT.

2. “Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching” — Jack C. Richards & Theodore Rodgers
Richards provides a full chapter on CLT, tracing its origins in Europe in the 1970s. He defines its principles: communicative competence, functional language use, and learner-centered tasks. The book explains both strong and weak versions of CLT, as well as its practical applications. Richards also shows how CLT evolved into task-based learning and other contemporary frameworks.

3. “Key Issues in Language Teaching” — Jack C. Richards
In this book, Richards revisits CLT as a central issue in ELT theory and practice. He explores debates about what “communicative” really means and how it is applied in classrooms worldwide. Richards addresses challenges such as large classes, testing pressures, and cultural differences. He emphasizes that CLT is not a single method but a broad set of principles guiding modern pedagogy.

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1. Diane Larsen-Freeman Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching

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Teaching English As A Second or Foreign Language, 4th Edition | PDF

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Penny Ur — Teaching Listening Comprehension
Ur links listening activities to physical responses, which is the foundation of TPR. She provides examples where learners respond to commands with action. The book stresses comprehension before production, echoing TPR’s design.

J. J. Wilson — How to Teach Listening
Wilson explores the role of listening-first instruction. He explains how TPR activities foster understanding through active engagement. The book illustrates how movement enhances retention and listening skills.

Graham Stanley — Language Learning with Technology
Stanley adapts TPR ideas into digital spaces. He describes activities where learners interact with commands in virtual or multimedia environments. His approach shows how technology can extend physical response learning.

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Teaching Listening Comprehension – Penny Ur

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Key Issues in Language Teaching - Jack Richards

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Key Issues in Language Teaching - Jack Richards - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.

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Stanley (2013) Language Learning With Technology | PDF

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