# data[].attributes.body
Italy was separate states for a long time before Napoleon conquered Italy and made it one kingdom of Italy. Once Napoleons reign was over the kingdom of Italy returned to separate states, until the revolutions started in Europe. then Austrians and Silicanes fought for independence from Naples so they declared a Republic which was led by Guissepe Mazzini. Who founded the young Italians and had been leading many insurrections for years. Then they wanted an ally so the sent troops to the British and French to help fight Russia. Witch led to them to fighting Austria many times and eventually gaining back all of Italy and uniting under one flag

# data[].attributes.body
When he was still a teenager Mazzini committed himself to the cause of Italian independence and unity. When he was forced into exile in 1831 for his revolutionary activities, he began to recruit followers and organize uprisings against the rulers of the Italian states. His revolutionary vision was greater than Italian national unity. Mazzini's primary goals were the end of Austrian hegemony in Italy and of the power of the pope, Italian unity, republicanism, democracy, and the liberation of all oppressed peoples. He believed that, united under the banner of "God and people", Italians would succeed in ridding themselves of their various rulers and establish a democratic unitary republic with its capital in Rome.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI, (1805-1872) Italian nationalist and patriot, who,
together with Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo Benso di Cavour, and
Victor Emmanuel II, is considered one of the “patron saints” of the
Italian Risorgimento. While still in his teens
Mazzini committed himself to the cause of Italian independence and
unity. Forced into exile in 1831 for his revolutionary activities,
he began to recruit followers and organize uprisings against the
rulers of the various Italian states. His association,
Giovine Italia (Young Italy), founded in the 1830s,
attracted adherents throughout the peninsula and among Italian
political exiles everywhere. With the exception of Giuseppe
Garibaldi, no other Italian Risorgimento leader
enjoyed greater international renown than Mazzini in his time. His
revolutionary vision extended beyond the limited objective of
Italian national unity. Mazzini’s primary goals were the end of
Austrian hegemony in Italy and of the temporal power of the pope,
Italian unity, republicanism, democracy, and the liberation of all
oppressed peoples. Imbued with a messianic zeal, he believed that,
united under the banner of “God and people”, Italians would succeed
in ridding themselves of their various rulers and establish a
democratic unitary republic with its capital in Rome. This new
Italy would lead other subject peoples to freedom and liberty and
embody a “third” Rome, successor to ancient and papal Rome. A new
Europe, controlled by the people and not by sovereigns, would
replace the old order. By the 1840s Mazzini had become the
recognized leader of the Italian nationalist revolutionary
movement. His appeal to Italians, restive under oppressive
governments, was unrivaled, if not unchallenged. Intellectuals and
artisans, men and women, all responded to him. Many lost their
lives in abortive revolts inspired by his teachings.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany was divided among many different German speaking states. after attempts at unification, revolutions broke out across Germany, leading to an assembly being called and a push for unification under one constitution. Once they became more united, Otto von Bismarck started to expand the borders. Taking advantage of other countries to still expand while not looking like another Napoleon. After they defeated France then the individual stated officially all became part of the German empire.

# data[].attributes.body
Bismarck wanted to unite the German states into a single empire, with Prussia at its core. With Austrian support, he used the expanded Prussian army to capture the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark. He then provoked an attack with Austria and its German allies over the administration of these provinces into a war, in which Prussia was the victor. Prussia then moved further into the territory in Germany. Unable to persuade the southern German states to join with his North German Confederation, he provoked France as a way of uniting the German states together. After winning the Franco-Prussian War he won over the southern German states, and in 1871 they agreed to join a unified German empire.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Bismarck was responsible for transforming a collection of small German states into the German empire, and was its first chancellor.

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck was born into an aristocratic family at Schönhausen, northwest of Berlin, on 1 April 1815. He attended a prestigious school in Berlin followed by the University of Göttingen. He then entered the Prussian civil service but was bored by his job and in 1838 resigned. For nearly a decade, he helped his father manage the family estates.

In 1847, Bismarck married Johanna von Puttkamer, who provided him with stability. It was a year of significant change in his life, when he also embraced the Christian tradition of Lutheranism, and began his political career in the Prussian legislature, where he gained a reputation as an ultra-conservative royalist. In 1851, King Frederick Wilhelm IV appointed Bismarck as Prussian representative to the German Confederation. He then served as ambassador to Russia and France. In 1862, he returned to Prussia and was appointed prime minister by the new king, Wilhelm I.

Bismarck was now determined to unite the German states into a single empire, with Prussia at its core. With Austrian support, he used the expanded Prussian army to capture the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark. He then escalated a quarrel with Austria and its German allies over the administration of these provinces into a war, in which Prussia was the victor. Prussia then annexed further territory in Germany.

Unable to persuade the southern German states to join with his North German Confederation, he provoked hostilities with France as a way of uniting the German states together. The German victory in the Franco-Prussian War won over the southern German states, and in 1871 they agreed to join a German empire. Wilhelm I of Prussia became emperor.

As 'chancellor' of the new Germany, Bismarck concentrated on building a powerful state with a unified national identity. One of his targets was the Catholic Church, which he believed had too much influence, particularly in southern Germany. He also worked to prevent the spread of socialism, partly by introducing health insurance and pensions.

Abroad, Bismarck aimed to make the German empire the most powerful in Europe. In 1879, he negotiated an alliance with Austria-Hungary to counteract France and Russia. Italy later joined the alliance. To avoid alienating Britain, Bismarck arranged the two Mediterranean Agreements of 1887, designed to preserve the status quo against a Russian threat.

In 1890, Bismarck resigned after disagreeing with the new emperor, Wilhelm II. He retired to his estate near Hamburg and died there on 30 July 1898.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Read a biography of Otto von Bismarck - the first chancellor of united Germany.

# data[].attributes.body
For the longest time Haiti was being used to get slaves for Europe and North America. soon inspired by the French revolution. they began to revolt and eventually won their freedom. Becoming one of the most successful slave uprisings in history. January 1rst 1804 is when Haiti officially becomes the first nation to be founded by former slaves.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Haitian Revolution - One Minute History

# data[].attributes.body
Jean-Jacques Dessalines was second in command under Toussaint L'Overture during the Haitian revolution and was the general who emerged after L’Overture’s capture to lead the insurgents in declaring Haitian independence on January 1, 1804. Dessalines was born into slavery in the French colony of Saint Dominque. He then changed his last name to Dessalines after the free black landowner who purchased him and who he was able to escape. Dessalines’s skill and leadership were vital to L’Overture’s success in capturing the Spanish-controlled eastern half of the island, so L’Overture made him governor of the south. Dessalines tricked the French, into trusting him so he could regroup the insurgents and continue the fight for independence, he eventually won and when Dessalines proclaimed Saint Dominque’s independence, he chose the name Haiti for his country, which was the name used by the island’s original inhabitants.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Public domain image

Reviled for his brutality yet honored as one of the founding fathers of Haiti, Jean-Jacques Dessalines was second in command under Toussaint L'Overture during the Haitian Revolution and was the general who emerged after L'Overture's capture to lead the insurgents in declaring Haitian independence on January 1, 1804.

Like L'Overture, Dessalines was born into slavery in the French colony of Saint Dominque. Born to Congolese parents, Dessalines was originally given the name Duclos, after the plantation's owner. He later adopted the surname Dessalines after the free black landowner who purchased him and from whom he escaped. Unlike L'Overture, Dessalines was treated harshly as a slave and violence became a way of life that marked him throughout his military and brief political career contributing both to his success on the battlefield and to his eventual downfall.

Unable to read or write, Dessalines was nonetheless a quick study under L'Overture earning the nickname "the Tiger" for his fury in battle. In 1794 Dessalines's military skill and leadership was vital to L'Overture's success in capturing the Spanish-controlled eastern half of the island, and in return, L'Overture made him governor of the south.

For a brief period of time after L'Overture's capture in 1802 Dessalines appeared to be siding with the French, but the move was nothing more than a ruse designed to trick the French into trusting Dessalines so that he could regroup the insurgents and continue the fight for independence. It was successful. When Dessalines proclaimed Saint Dominque's independence, he chose the name Haiti for his country, the name used by the island's aboriginal inhabitants.

Independence, however, did not bring peace, and from January 1804 until his death two years later, Dessalines "governed with terror." Like L'Overture, Dessalines had himself appointed governor "for life." He later changed his title to emperor-emulating Napoleon-and crowning his wife, Claire-Heureuse, empress. Fearing a French resurgence and the reinstatement of slavery that would accompany it, he ordered the massacre of approximately 5,000 of the island's white men, women, and children declaring "I have saved my country. I have avenged America." It was a move that two of Dessalines most influential generals, Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe, could not countenance and one that spoke to the growing political instability of the new government.

On August 17, 1806 Dessalines met a violent death at the hands of his own lieutenants when he was ambushed; his body dragged through the streets before it was dismembered. The example of the Haitian Revolution and leaders such as L'Overture and Dessalines has become both an inspiration and a warning about the "possibilities and dangers of revolution."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Reviled for his brutality yet honored as one of the founding fathers of Haiti, Jean-Jacques Dessalines was second in command under Toussaint L'Overture during the Haitian Revolution and was the general who emerged after L'Overture's capture to lead the insurgents in declaring Haitian independence on ... Read MoreJean-Jacques Dessalines (1758-1806)