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a group of layers to which a mask is applied.

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allows users to alter their object or selection in a variety of ways, such as scale, rotate, distort, or flip (mirror)

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the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters.

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The vertical space between lines of type

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the process of loosening or tightening a block of text.

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on the right side of the top toolbar.

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focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus.

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in the toolbar on the left side of the Photoshop workspace window.

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l darkens areas of an image.

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l allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation.

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works on color saturation. It can either saturate a color or desaturate a color. This means by using the sponge tool, we can either increase the color intensity of some pixels or decrease the color intensity of some pixels

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simulates a brush smearing wet paint.

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lets you cut your entire canvas down to size, hiding what you don't want to show.

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lets you straighten crooked images and objects interactively by aligning a straightening bar with an image feature

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allows you to create more advanced color fills for interesting effects and a higher degree of control.

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allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision

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llows you to add horizontal text to your images

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allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view.

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Click the magnifying glass in the toolbar to access the Zoom tool, and then click on the specific area you want to zoom in on

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allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush.

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enables you to create selections that, of course, have elliptical or even circular shapes.

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allows you to quickly and easily select one area or section of an image.

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useful for making straight-edged selections

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automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select.

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designed to capture selections that don't fit within rectangular or oval selections or represent a clear subject or object that can be selected using AI.

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l magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image.

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magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image.

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copies pixels from one area and applies them to another.

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the go-to tools for retouching and repairing your images.

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ork. Select the Move tool (V) . Use the Options

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the diagonal measurement of a camera's sensor size when compared to the diagonal measurement of a traditional 35mm frame of film

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s a camera with a full-frame sensor.

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s use a smaller area to form the image than traditional 35 mm cameras

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is a photography tool used to redirect light to a subject or scene.

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s a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) lig

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the range of brightness, from lightest to darkest, in an image. A high-contrast image will have very bright highlights and very dark shadows.

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primarily used when working with images that have people. Portrait editing usually requires vibrance.

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the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color

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the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly.

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Colorfulness, chroma and saturation are attributes of perceived color relating to chromatic intensity.

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer.

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Post-processing encompasses every change you make to a video or photo after you download the RAW file to your computer. It's the process that takes unrefined images and polishes them into perfect captures. The fundamentals of post-processing include everything from cropping to sharpening.

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images. Graphic designers and photographers typically use this term.

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Metadata means "data about data". Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data; it is used to summarize basic information about data that can make tracking and working with specific data easier. Some examples include: Means of creation of the data.

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A digital single-lens reflex camera

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens.

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es allow you to emphasize and bring faraway subjects closer, from people to wildlife to mountains.

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Prime lenses, because of their fixed focal length and wider maximum aperture, let more light in. This creates sharp images and footage with stunning shallow depth of field. Prime lenses also have fewer optical elements and moving parts, which means prime lenses provide faster focusing.

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A macro lens is a special type of camera lens that has the ability to work with very short focusing distances, taking sharp images of very small subjects.

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the period of time the color of the sky goes from red and orange to yellow or, as its name suggests, golden tones, having a warm color temperature.

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occurs when the Sun is far enough below the horizon so that the sunlight's blue wavelengths dominate due to the Chappuis absorption caused by ozone.

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uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel.

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a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one.

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high dynamic range

HDR stands for high dynamic range. Put simply, it's the range of light and dark tones in your photos. The human eye has a very high dynamic range — which is why we can see details in both shadows and highlights.

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files are raster image files, which include support for image manipulation such as layers, masks, transparency, text, alpha channels, clipping path, additional color settings, and a variety of other Photoshop-specific element

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is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality.

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PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It's particularly popular file type with web designers because it can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds.

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A RAW file is lossless, meaning it captures uncompressed data from your camera sensor.

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An image file format is a file format for a digital image. There are many formats that can be used, such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF.

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“Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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PPI describes the resolution in pixels of a digital image whereas DPI describes the amount of ink dots on a printed image.

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the level of detail contained in an image

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the proportional relationship between an image's width and height

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remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size or aspect ratio.

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a horizontal menu at the top of the main Photoshop window that lets you customize a tool.

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allows the user to have point-and-click access to window-specific functions, such as saving a file, copying text, or opening a help window.

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a set of colors that you use to create a visual harmony and balance in your images.

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resides in the frame at the top of a window, either below or integrated with the title bar

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save a current size and position of panels as a uniquely named workspace and restore that workspace even if you move or close a pane

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A grey card is designed to help photographers to adjust their exposure and white balance settings consistently by providing a reference point.

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a dedicated button marked by a square icon featuring a black on white + (plus) and a white on black – (minus).

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shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal

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you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures.

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what the camera uses to focus on a subject

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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the lightest elements in an image

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a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound

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The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph.

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the dark areas where a light source is blocked by an object.

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if the light in an average scene being photographed is averaged out, it will produce an 18% gray tone (neutral)

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the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography

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like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point.

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covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder,

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evaluates light around the chosen focus point or centre of the frame.

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a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object.

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the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.”

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photographing of a slow and continuous process at regular intervals, for projection at a higher speed.

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the name given to the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time

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s a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images.

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Tripods are more stable while monopods are more mobile

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the blur seen in moving objects in a photograph or a single frame of film or video.

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allows the photographer to take a picture for as long as the shutter is depressed

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the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes

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when a photographer manually designates a shutter speed for a given exposure, and the camera automatically chooses an appropriate aperture and ISO setting to go with that shutter speed.

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Manual mode means you're in charge of adjusting aperture

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the photographer selects an aperture, and the camera chooses an appropriate shutter speed based on the available light.

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the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.

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t gives your camera complete control over its various settings, including the ISO, the aperture, the shutter speed, the autofocus mode, and even the flash.