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Diffusion of Innovations Theory explains how new ideas, products, and social practices or existing but new to society are spread over time within a society and adopted. Some examples of innovations this theory has studied are smoking cessation, condom use, and new diagnostic tests. This picture demonstrates the process of a innovation being introduced and spread, and adopted throughout society. First, the new product is being compared to an old product and promoted as better. Then a lifestyle is being promoted, as well as the simplicity of the product. In the last panel, we see the product being transmitted and adopted into society.

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Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM): Awareness

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Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM): Awareness

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I am using this image of a weather advisory to demonstrate the concept of becoming aware of the issue. Becoming aware of an issue is the progression between stages 1 and 2 of PAPM. Based on a weather advisory an individual will choose to act or not and then once they act they will have to continue with this behavior. Advisories like this or others targeted at health outcomes are key to inspiring action because without awareness of an issue, individuals cannot correct their behavior.

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Self efficacy is one of the six concepts under the social cognitive theory umbrella. The social cognitive theory is used to help us understand how and why people effectively or ineffectively change their behaviors. Self efficacy refers to the belief that one can succeed or accomplish a goal if they think positively of their ability. Likewise, self efficacy can also refer to failing or not accomplishing their goal because of their lack of confidence in their abilities. Simply put, strongly believing you are capable of succeeding gives you a better chance of success. Strongly believing you are incapable of success gives you a better chance at failing. This image relates to self efficacy because he views himself in a positive light and that will eventually lead to his success.

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According to The Theory at a Glance guide, the theory of planned behavior "is a theory that describes or examines the relationship between an individual's belief, attitudes, intentions, behavior, and perceived control over that behavior"(16-17). In other words, specific personal attributes go into the decision-making side. One of the most significant attributes of this theory is behavior intention. The picture above shows a person's steps to get to the end of the planned theory. First, it begins with the behavior intention/attitude, which refers to the likelihood of performing a behavior and if they will enjoy it. In this case, the girl in the picture wants to start going to the gym to be fit and strong. Next, a person might need to evaluate their attitude towards the planned behavior and ask themselves questions such as "Will it make me happy?" Afterward, we have social or subjective norms in which one considers what others will think if they see you committing to your planned behavior. After analyzing these phases, we are left with the perceived behavior control or intention in which one states how much they believe in themselves to follow through with their planned behavior. The stronger the intention, the stronger the commitment will be. In the picture, the girl goes through all of the phases of asking herself if this will make her happy, overcoming any social norms she might be worried about, and facing potential fears. Throughout her journey, she was committed to getting fit, ultimately bringing her to her goal of getting into the gym and improving her lifestyle.

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The photo above depicts a group of people drinking but also it could show how a person can be peer pressured into drinking.

This image relates to the social-ecological model because it conveys a message of maybe a person in that group being forced to drink just to meet the expectations of their peers. This action and decision can ultimately be detrimental to their health and lead to more bad decisions with their health. This is the category of societal theory of the model. It is also part of the model that may be relationship-based as well. But conforming to societal norms can be bad for many.

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The Precaution Adoption Model is a theory that depicts and explains how an individual decides to put forth an action for a behavior change. The example I am using is the PAPM on smoking. I chose this example because I have gone through these stages to quit smoking without knowing this theory existed. The PAPM consists of seven stages :
1. Unaware of the issue:
In this case, the individual is unaware of the hazards and side effects of smoking.
2. Unengaged by the issue:
The individual is aware of the risk factors associated with smoking but is ignorant or unengaged of the idea of quitting smoking.
3. Undecided to change behavior:
The individual still has not made a behavior change but might be thinking of quitting in the future, but not at the moment.
4. Decided Not to Change:
The individual continues the behavior and decides not to quit smoking; the side effects are not prominent enough to determine whether to quit.
5. Decided To Act:
The individual starts to see prominent side effects and decides to change the behavior for the benefit of his/her own health.
6. Acting For the Change:
During this stage, the individual is predominantly making active choices to quit smoking and is seeing a difference in health benefits.
7. Maintaining the Behavior:
Seeing the positive changes of quitting smoking motivates the individual to maintain this behavior change.

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This photo represents the Social Ecological Model.

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The Social Ecological Model essentially states that to motivate behavioral changes within an individual, public health efforts should be focused on impacting on what influences the individual, which can be their personal beliefs, relationships with others, their community or even societal norms. In the photo above, the woman is experiencing dissatisfaction with her body because she is not meeting societal standards of what a woman's body should look like. She also appears to be exhausted of keeping up with "trends" that women are following. In this case, the level that is influencing the individual is societal because society is setting unhealthy standards of what a woman's body should look like.

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Heath Belief Model - Perceived Susceptibility

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Heath Belief Model - Perceived Susceptibility

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The photo I added shows different ways people may believe they can contract HIV. This image helps to educate people on ways HIV can be transmitted but also ways they cannot be transmitted. While others are not practicing safe sex because they think they won't get it, some people may be extra cautious around individuals with HIV, leading to the spread of misinformation and those individuals feeling isolated. A strategy of change is to educate people on the spread of HIV and help people develop an accurate perception of his or her risk.

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In the picture about there is peer pressure about smoking, you can see that their peers are encouraging the individual to smoke.  This is an example of a social ecological model because the one holding the cigarette does not look happy or comfortable in the situation they are in. This is the intrapersonal level of what they are feeling. They are thinking if they want to participate in something they know is not good for them and their health becomes hesitate. As well as the interpersonal level, the individual knows if they do not do it, their peers will keep pushing or look at them disappointed for not joining in the experience.

The social Ecological Model is seeing how people think about their health not only to themselves but all different levels of relationships like intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and societal factors. Knowing the Social Ecological Model it helps with prevention and the reflection on how it influences others.

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The photo shows the promotion and adoption of electric vehicle will contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly.

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The Social Ecological Model may be utilized to examine the various impacts on individuals and their decision-making processes in relation to the adoption and utilization of electric vehicles. The effects of regional support networks, laws, and infrastructure are considered at the community level. The adoption of electric automobiles in a community may be greatly influenced by government incentives, public awareness campaigns, and easy access to charging stations. Organizations and neighborhood companies may also help by supplying the infrastructure needed for charging or by providing incentives to staff or clients who choose to convert to electric vehicles.

The electric vehicles represent the Social Ecological Model by addressing personal incentives, social dynamics, community support, institutional frameworks, and broader contextual issues linked to sustainability and environmental concerns.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) is a well-established psychological structure designed to elucidate the intricate process that individuals undergo when making decisions regarding the adoption of precautionary behaviors. These behaviors encompass a broad range of actions aimed at safeguarding one's health and well-being, including but not limited to receiving vaccinations, applying sunscreen, or adhering to safety protocols. To visually encapsulate the essence of the PAPM, I have carefully chosen an illustrative image that serves as a symbolic representation of this multifaceted model.

The PAPM can be applied to various contexts, including social interventions (based on my selected image) aimed at promoting precautionary behaviors for the benefit of public health and well-being. Here's how the model can be related to social interventions:

In the context of social interventions, the PAPM can help guide the design and implementation of strategies to encourage and facilitate the adoption of these precautionary behaviors on a societal level. Here's how it can be applied to social interventions:

Awareness Stage: At this stage, individuals become aware of the issue or the precautionary behavior.

Information Gathering Stage: Once people are aware, they may seek more information to understand the behavior better.

Personal Relevance Stage: People assess how relevant the precautionary behavior is to their own lives.

Preparation Stage: At this point, individuals start preparing to take action.

Action Stage: This is when individuals actually adopt the precautionary behavior.

Maintenance Stage: After adopting the behavior, individuals need ongoing support to maintain it.

Reinforcement Stage: Positive outcomes and feedback can reinforce the behavior.

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This image represents the woman unable to afford healthy produce despite the reduced prices. 

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The image above represents a problem within the environment/community in the Social Ecological Model, more specifically low-income neighborhoods. It isn't easy for low-income communities to receive assistance and cannot shop for healthy produce due to its affordability. The woman above states she still cannot afford the organic produce, which was on clearance!  So, it becomes easier to settle for junk food as long as they and their families are fed. It is apparent how it sways their decision-making. Their lack of access to healthy foods leads to more significant problems such as diabetes, obesity, heart problems, etc. These communities don't have many options; the cheaper, the better. And unfortunately, the better is junk food.

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The Transtheoretical model, also known as the stages of change, aids in our comprehension of how people modify their behavior. It is based on research contrasting individuals who obtain expert support with those who quit smoking on their own. Change occurs in stages: not thinking about it (precontemplation), thinking about it (contemplation), getting ready (preparation), acting on it (action), and then maintaining the change (maintenance). Depending on the behavior you're trying to change, the stages may vary a little. You will progress through these stages whether you do it alone or with assistance, although the road is not always clear-cut. You can begin at any point, return to an earlier stage, or go through them more than once. The picture I have provided is a good example of the transtheoretical model because it showcases the process of behavioral transformation. It begins with the person not considering exercise, then the person thinks about the benefits exercise has for them, preparing to start, actively exercising and creating a schedule, and finally maintaining a regular routine, which is the last stage of the transtheoretical model. This progression visually depicts how individuals move through these stages when adopting exercise as a behavior change, from initial indifference to eventual commitment and long-term maintenance. The stages of adopting exercise as a behavior change are represented in this photo, from initial resistance to final commitment and long-term maintenance.

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The Diffusion of Innovation theory is the emphasis of how information, ideas, and services are spread over a community. The diagram above explains the dispersal of adoption by individuals in a community of new ideas within society. There are five separate categories of individuals who are identified at the time of exposure: Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggers. Some ideas are absorbed faster than others due to the quality or timing of an intervention. Important components of efficient interventions are compatibility of the intended audience and and complexity of the goal. It is important to cater the interventions to the specific audience such as factoring in demographics, cultural barriers, and available resources.

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This picture demonstrates a community. This image of a community represents the concept of the social system, a network of people who have interactions or relationships with one another. The Diffusion of Innovation theory explains that the social system will adopt and share what is perceived as new information or practices, although not all at once. Together, this community, or social system,  can eventually diffuse their new knowledge of ongoing and anticipated resources such as health fairs, intervention programs, or emergency preparedness events to others within or outside their community through media or interpersonally. That distribution of information would be an example of programs diffusing through communities and therefore potentially improving health. Without a social system, diffusion of innovation can not exist.

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The image shows the breakdown of the five categories of adopters.

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The Diffusion of Innovation Theory shares essentially how "new" ideas, products, or social practices are shared or spread throughout the society. It studies how different health behaviors and programs are adopted among people. The theory helps show the chain in which new ideas are communicated with people. The chain of adoption has five groups, starting with innovators, early adopters, early majority adopters, late majority adopters, and ending with laggards. This shows how the first leaders are quick to adapt the idea and then the majority follows with a bit of hesitation and the late adopters are last to accept the idea because they are so resistant to it.

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The Transtheoretical Model explains that there are stages that everyone goes through when changing a behavior. No matter what behavior they change, whether it pertains to altering one's diet or quitting smoking, people go through the same five stages throughout their shift towards change. The five stages of this model are precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The image relates to this concept because the Transtheoretical Model is a gradual process, with each step representing one of the stages. At the bottom would be the precontemplation stage since that is when one doesn't want to change their behavior. As the man progresses up the stairs, he hits the "I Want To Do It" step, which represents contemplation since that is the point where they want to change. Progressing further, the man hits preparation, where one plans to make changes within 30 days; action, which means they had changed behavior for less than six months; then lastly, maintenance, where the behavior has been changed for more than six months. However, as going upstairs goes, one can also go down. The Transtheoretical Model is not a linear process, and people can always move backward in their progress as they go.

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The transtheoretical model is a theory describing peoples willingness to change certain behaviors. There are 5 stages of the model. The first stage is pre contemplation where the person does not plan on changing. The next is contemplation where the person plans on changing. Preparation where action is now being taken. Action where the behavior is in the process of being changed for less than six months. Maintenance where the behavior has been changed for more than six months. The photo above displays the 5 stages plus a relapse which is often including in some models depending on the behavior. Each person has a talking bubble that helps describe one stage.

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The focus of the Diffusion of Innovation Theory is to adopt or spread a “new” idea, object, or practice through different means into society. These “new” ideas, objects, or practices are spread over time in society through the use of different channels. There are 5 categories in this theory: innovators, early adopters, early majority adopters, late majority adopters, and laggards.

The picture shows us a representation of how consumers think during each stage. The innovators are those who introduce “new” ideas, objects, or practices. Early adopters are the individuals who are first to use the product or service that was introduced. The early majority of individuals enter the market once it has already been established, they take more of a risk than the late majority. The late majority is made up of the biggest population, these individuals do not adopt the new idea until it is accepted widely.  Laggards are the last group, and they are considered reluctant, they either resist the new idea or adopt it slowly.

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This picture depicts a little girl who is overweight/obese and is deciding whether to eat a healthy or unhealthy meal.

This picture relates to the Precaution Adoption Process Model because it represents the idea of becoming aware of unhealthy eating habits, but there is still hesitation to act on new learned knowledge. Childhood obesity is cause by many factors. One of the biggest factors are lack of health education. A child will eat whatever they are being fed without hesitation, which is unawareness. Soon after having their yearly checkup, a doctor will tell the parent their child is severely overweight and could become obese, and soon after develop diabetes. A child is made aware that their eating habits are unhealthy and could make them sick. "Deciding not to act would be dismissing all the dangers of continuing this unhealthy/sedentary lifestyle. This picture exhibits "deciding to act". a little girl is deciding between a healthy or unhealthy meal. "Action" would be choosing the healthy meal. Some children, with the help of their parents, will decide to make change and introduce healthier foods into their diet and/or begin to incorporate exercise into their everyday lives. "Maintenance" would be making consistent health-conscious decisions. "Termination" is finally finding the importance in maintaining healthy lifestyle habits and carrying them into adulthood.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model demonstrates the steps an individual takes to form their decisions into actions. This model contains seven discrete stages and the above image is an example of a woman's through process of getting breast cancer screening. Through the above image, we can notice how the thinking process of the woman is very indecisive until she comes to the conclusion of actually getting the screening done.

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The diffusion of Innovation Theory focuses on addressing new topics, products, or ideas between people and communities. In this theory, it can be transmitted between one individual to another individual.

There is a process of adoption that is categorized into five different categories: innovators, early adopters, early majority adopters, late majority adopters, and laggards.

The picture above is a great example of how the Diffusion of Innovation Theory works on technology. The picture below show how the innovators are the first person to adopt new ideas, which is the using of the Web. Early adopters are the second category to accept new ideas. The early majority tend to adopt new ideas after a time. The late majority will adopt an idea after a significant amount of individuals accept that idea. Finally, laggards are individuals who are the last ones who will adopt to new innovations.

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Social Cognitive Theory - Observational Learning (modeling)

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Social Cognitive Theory - Observational Learning (modeling)

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The Social Cognitive Theory explains how in order for an individual to change their behavior, they have to have 3 aspects which are self-efficacy, attributions/goals, and expected outcomes. There are 6 concepts under the Social Cognitive Theory in which the picture above demonstrates observational learning, or also known as modeling. Children often imitate their parents' behaviors by copying or modeling their actions as they want to be just like their parents. In this example, the mom is setting a good example for her children to mimic such as wearing a helmet and staying focused on the path ahead. Since the children are observing their mom and her habits, they will follow and replicate her actions when biking in future situations.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model describes how someone comes to a decision to adopt a precautionary behavior when deciding the benefit of eating veggies. In stage 1, people are unaware of the issue, of what’s healthy about eating veggies. Stage 2, is when they are unengaged in the issue, aware that eating veggies is healthy but they are not interested in applying it to their lifestyle. In stage 3, they’re deciding about acting, allowing themselves to learn for a pamphlet, and trying it out from other people. In Stage 4, deciding not to act, there is a perceived barrier, when they know it’s healthy but it veggies don’t taste good.  In Stage 5, deciding to act, knowing it is healthier, and starting to look up recipes that include veggies. In Stage 6,  Acting,  making sure that veggies are included in their lifestyles and eating a couple times a week. Stage 7, is Maintenance, with veggies constantly being included in every meal.

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The Social Cognitive Theory holds self-efficacy, goals, and outcome expectancies to be of three main factors in being able to change a person’s health behaviors. The image about demonstrates the concept of reinforcements, negative reinforcement to be exact. Negative reinforcement is the action of removing an unwanted stimulus to motivate the person to continue repeating such behavior. The image about shows how the house has become smelly due to a buildup of trash. The second square shows how the unwanted stimulus (the buildup of trash) is removed to also remove the unwanted smell. The last square indicates how removing the trash has provided the family with a more favorable environment.

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The precaution Adoption Process Model is a framework that explains the steps one goes through when making the decision to act. This photo that is trying to convince people to receive the Hepatitis B vaccine is the perfect illustration of the Precaution Adoption Process Model. The graphic helps raise awareness regarding how many individuals carry the Hep B virus without knowing. Observing the graphic can help individuals know the severity and commonness of Hep B, how it's commonly passed along, and preventative measures to take- like getting the Hep B vaccine.

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The transtheoretical model, also known as the stages of change model, is used to explain the circular pattern of behavior change. The process of attempts to change one's behavior can be categorized into 5 stages. These stages include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The image above represents the second stage of behavior change which is contemplation. In an effort to change her eating habits, she begins to actively think about healthier food choices. Beginning to think about taking action will help her be more motivated to actually make the change and prepare to actually change her behavior. She will then begin to map our her goals to reach the behavior that she wants to achieve.

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The social cognitive theory (SCT) of learning and development explains how people learn and develop through observation, imitation, and modeling. Specifically, reciprocal determinism concept shows the dynamic interaction of the individual, behavior, and environment in which the behavior is performed, as depicted in the image. When a student receives positive feedback from their professor (environment), the student is then used as an example to model appropriate behavior for the class (personality). Students behave in a positive manner as a result of this behavior, which results in a reward (behavior). This concept is used to encourage students to change their study habits and academic performance. It also improves their cognitive process by influencing their behavior.

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The Transtheoretical Model, also known as The Stages of change Model, is a framework that explains how people make behavior change over time. The five stages of change are precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. In the picture above, it indicates the individual weight loss. The individual has been consistently exercising for months and has made it a regular part of their routine to achieve weight loss. This would be considering the maintenance stage in the transtheoretical model because the individual is successfully maintaining the behavior change (working out daily) for an extended period of time.

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The picture above depicts younger individuals eating unhealthily due to seeing their peers doing the same thing. As much as a child would instead prefer to eat healthy, some instances affect the desire to make the said choices.
Considering the Social Ecological Model,  interpersonal and community levels determine why an individual may react this way. Looking at the interpersonal aspect in this picture, we are shown how individuals can easily sway decision-making even at a young age. You would want to do the same when seeing your friends or peers do something that quickly grabs your interest. There is a form of pressure to fit in and not wanting to be left out, even if it can be against what one may set for themselves at the time being. This leads to actions being based on what others want rather than themselves.
In the community aspect, the main focus is what is accessible to the individual. As much as the kids may want to eat healthier, the school cafeteria may only provide things not rooted in healthy eating. It will usually come frozen and easily heated or may lack certain nutrients that are ideally needed at a young age. Knowing that what is given is easily accessed, their job is to work around their resources or eat what is given.
The model shows how different aspects can easily change and influence an individual decision, even if it may not be intended for their well-being.

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The health belief model was created to help explain people's behaviors towards health-related risks.
The picture shows a person saying no to smoking. This relates to the concept of self-efficacy, in which the person trusts themselves to say no to smoking in a social context. It is known that peer pressure is a real thing. It can be hard to say no since people want to look cool in front of their friends. People with high self-efficacy are more likely to stop smoking and stick with it.
The Health Belief Model can help design programs or take pictures, like the image above, to promote self-efficacy to help demonstrate desired behaviors.

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This photo represents the benefits of working out overtime.

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The photo I chose shows the results that a woman has achieved through exercising. This photo represents the perceived benefits portion of the health belief model.

Perceived benefits are an individual’s evaluation of the positive effects of enacting a behavior. For example if one is susceptible to getting heart disease due to obesity and chooses to exercise to lower their risk, the benefits of this behavior change would be not only lowering that risk but also loosing weight and increasing happiness. As the photo shows, the woman starts at a higher weight and seems unhappy compared to the far right where she’s thinner and much happier. Therefore, her perceived benefits of changing her behavior are overall happiness and an improved health status.

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Self-Efficacy (Social Cognitive Theory) 

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Self-Efficacy (Social Cognitive Theory) 

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Self-Efficacy is regarded as the most important component of Social Cognitive Theory. It determines whether individuals can successfully change behaviors or not. The picture above represents willingness, commitment and self-belief of individuals in reaching behavioral goals. In other words, it represents how effective individuals' plans are and how hard they try and believe in themselves in reaching behavioral goals. With all of the hard work and effective planning, an individual with a red ball has successfully surpassed other individuals in reaching their goals.

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Health Belief Model- Perceived Susceptibility

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Health Belief Model- Perceived Susceptibility

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In this image, the boy is blowing his nose near a box of tissues, and is under a blanket while his mother takes his temperature. Runny nose is often a symptom of the common cold. This boy probably did not feel well, so his mother perceived him to be sick, and took his temperature to see if he has a favor. This mother can take her son to the doctor if he is sick and has a fever, where he will likely be prescribed medicine and then the fever or cold goes away. This looks like it is not a serious condition because he looks young and healthy, and it is common for children to have a common cold. The perceived severity is that this is not very severe, it is actually very common.

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Here, there are two individuals, possibly adults or elderly, who are exercising on workout equipment that was provided by their community. This workout equipment is free and accessible for all to use.
This could relate to one of the levels that fall under the Social Ecological model, the Community Level. The community level approaches the individual by providing free workout equipment and promoting healthy behaviors. These healthy behaviors can reduce the rates of obesity, decrease heart problems, and other obesity health-related risks,
The Social Ecological model is a framework to help us see or understand how an individual is impacted by their surroundings. Those surroundings include peers, social relationships, the neighborhood, institutions, community, and public policy factors.

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The transtheoretical model is a framework that provides an understanding for how individuals and populations go on to adopt and maintain healthy behavior change. It does not view behavioral change as happening instantly, but rather in stages of change that fall on a continuum. The five stages of behavioral change are pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The following photo represents the action stage of the model because applying a nicotine patch is an active step taken by someone who has decided to quit smoking. In this case, the man is using a nicotine patch to overcome his addition nicotine and therefore smoking.

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The picture above illustrates a group of individuals out in a party environment, consuming alcohol. 

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Social Cognitive Theory - Reciprocal Determinism 

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Social Cognitive Theory - Reciprocal Determinism 

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The picture above is related to the social cognitive theory through the concept of reciprocal determinism. Reciprocal determinism details that the engagement between behavior, personal factors, and environment will influence each other. In this case, if an individual goes out with friends after a stressful day or during hardships to a party environment surrounded by alcohol and others under the influence, they are more inclined to assimilate to the behavior and drink. This could be a weekly social gathering, and the overconsumption of alcohol may become an integrated behavior.

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Reinforcement is a concept of social cognitive theory. It explains how the response to a specific behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur. This photo describes positive reinforcement. The behavior of the little girl making her bed is rewarded thus gets a positive response which increases the likelihood she will make her bed again.

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The Diffusion of Innovation Theory is essentially the process of how ideas or inventions gradually spread through people, instead of all at once. This theory proves that some ideas aren't always accepted right away, they go through different stages. There are five stages in total: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. The idea is slowly introduced to the population. The population decides whether to adopt the idea and once a decision is made, the idea is implemented.

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The image above gives an easy way to understand the bell curves explained by E.M. Rogers. 

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The Diffusions of Innovations Theory communicates how newly formed products, ideas, and social practices are circulated throughout society. This theory is divided into five categories: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. It is described as a bell curve since the majority of people are characterized as early majority or late majority when presented with a new idea. This theory has been used by researchers to study the ways a wide array of human behaviors adopt different programs like smoking cessations or the use of new tests. We are able to see the Diffusion theory through an organizational level when regulations are altered and through a community level when using the media.

The image correlates with the concept of the Diffusion of Innovation Theory since it gives a visual representation of the bell curve and offers examples of individuals who fall into each category of adopters.

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The photo is showing how the girl in the middle is feeling peer pressure to smoke with her friends.

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The social ecological theory refers to the connections between individual, relationship, and community factors. I chose this picture because it represents how interpersonal connections have a dramatic effect on a person. In the photo, the girl in the middle is being offered a cigarette by her peers. By her facial expression, you can tell she wants to say no but also feels conflicted. If she says no, she may be afraid that her peers will judge her if she says no to the cigarette. Her response can affect her social status if she says no, but if she says yes to smoking cigarettes, this can later affect her health. Peers directly impact a person and can persuade them to do something they may not want to do.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) is a way to explain the decision making process that people do in order to make decisions into actions.
There are seven stages as illustrated in the photo:
1. Unaware of the issue: don't know yet
2. Unengaged by issue: aware but don't think it's a big deal
3. Deciding about acting: debating whether to act or not
4. Decided not to act: decide not to, way it's too hard to change or feels unimportant
5. Decided to act: decide to act and realize the importance of acting
6. Acting: starting the action
7. Maintenance: continue to act on behavior over time

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The transtheoretical model is also known as the stages of change model. It basically explains how when someone goes through a change, it is actually a long process rather than a quick one time event. While everyone goes through the stages at their own pace, the main five that majority experience would be precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. In the picture above, the man would be in the action process of the stages og change model. He has already set a goal and has it in his mind to lose weight. From this he starts acting upon it by making changes to his lifestyle. To achieve his goal he starts to exercise on the treadmill which will aid in him being able to see improvements in his way of working towards his goal.

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The Diffusion of Innovation Theory is a framework that explains how new ideas, products, services, or technologies spread and are adopted by different individuals or groups within a society. It also helps explain why some innovations spread quickly while others take more time or even fail to gain widespread acceptance.
This picture/model is related to this concept because it demonstrated innovators creating a "new thing" and early adopters accept this innovation into their lifestyle quickly. Whereas early majority, late majority, and laggards are disproportionately impacted from CHASM and may never integrate this "new thing" into their lifestyle.

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The picture above shows children observing their parents arguing and yelling.

This image relates to the Social Cognitive Theory because it represents the concept of Observational Learning, also known as modeling. Observational learning is the idea of learning through observing others and copying their behaviors.
In this case, the children are observing their parents arguing and yelling. The models would be the authority figures which would be the parents and the behavior they would replicate would be arguing and yelling. Since the children observed their parents arguing they may think it is okay to also argue and yell when a problem arises in the future.

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This photo shows a person measuring up "risk." In terms of the Health Belief Model, risk is how much a person perceives the severity of the condition to be.

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I selected this photo to represent perceived severity, the second concept of the Health Belief Model, because according to this model, people have beliefs about whether or not a condition and its effects are serious. The Health Belief Model considers a person ready to act if they believe the relevant condition has consequences that are serious enough. A person may determine the severity of a disease or state of health in terms of how it would affect daily life, cause disability, lead to death, etc. For a person to want to take action, they must feel threatened by the condition/disease enough.

I chose the above image to represent this construct of perceived severity because when considering taking action or not regarding one’s health, a person will base this decision on their beliefs regarding how severe the condition is. They are essentially measuring how risky the condition is in their opinion. If they believe it to be of enough risk, they will consider action. If they do not see the condition as presenting enough risk/severity, they may not decide to change. The person in the image is measuring risk just as a person in real life would, from their perspective, measure the risk of a condition, according to the Health Belief Model.

In health promotion programs, planners may explain what a condition can create in order to prove to people that its consequences are worth taking action to prevent against. For example, suppose some people do not consider STDs to be extremely important in one’s health and chances of survival. To encourage safer sex practices, public health professionals may inform the public that STDs can result in infertility, some cancers, complications in pregnancy, and even infections resulting in death.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model is a framework that explains how people decide to adopt new behaviors for protection. It has stages like unawareness, considering the risk, deciding to act, and maintaining the behavior. People move through these stages in a nonlinear way, influenced by personal factors and awareness of the risk. The model helps design effective strategies for behavior change, especially in health and safety contexts.

The PAPM comprises a series of distinct stages that individuals traverse as they evaluate, internalize, and eventually adopt a new behavior:

Unawareness: This initial stage characterizes individuals who lack awareness of the risk or the recommended preventive behavior. The risk is not on their radar, and they may not yet have encountered information about it.

Unengaged by the Risk: At this point, individuals become aware of the risk but do not personally engage with it. They might perceive the risk as distant, irrelevant, or not applicable to their own circumstances.

Deciding About Acting: As individuals become more cognizant of the risk and its relevance, they begin to deliberate on whether to take action. They weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the behavior change, consider the personal implications, and assess any obstacles that might stand in their way.

Deciding Not to Act: Some individuals, after deliberation, opt not to adopt the behavior. This decision can stem from perceived barriers, a belief that the risk is insignificant, or a lack of motivation to make the change.

Deciding to Act: Others, however, make the choice to embrace the recommended behavior. They recognize the importance of the behavior change, overcome perceived obstacles, and feel motivated to initiate action.

Action: At this stage, individuals translate their intentions into action by actively incorporating the new behavior into their daily lives. They may take practical steps, such as adhering to a vaccination schedule, wearing seatbelts consistently, or practicing safe sex.

Maintenance: After successfully adopting the behavior, individuals strive to maintain it over time. This stage involves continuing to practice the behavior and integrating it into their routines, making it a sustainable part of their lifestyle.

Termination: The final stage occurs when the behavior has become fully ingrained, and individuals no longer view it as a new or modified behavior. It has become an integrated aspect of their overall lifestyle.

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multiple levels of influence: Interpersonal Relationships

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The picture above is showing how this boy has been pressured to smoke representing peer pressure.

the concept shows different levels of influence and i have decided to do: Interpersonal relationships are the interpersonal processes and primary groups which include friends and how they provide social identity, support, and role definition. this level of influence can affect health behavior.

This photo represents this concept as the young boy is being pressured by his friends to smoke the cigarette that he is holding in his hand. this shows how his interpersonal relationships are putting him in a setting that can lead him to change his health behavior, he might go from never smoking to now becoming addicted due to the actions and influences of his friends leading to a decline in his health. his friends have supported and defined him now as a smoker due to peer pressure.

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This image related to the health belief model because it is up to the individual's beliefs and actions that can lead them to create a difference in their life. It all starts with one simple belief that can lead to a whole set of actions and precautions and end up influencing a change in behavior.

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The photo represents the Health Belief Model

In this image, the photo represents the concept that the Health Belief Model exhibits of the idea that a person can prevent certain diseases, illnesses, or accidents depending on their health behavior. In this image, the individual is standing on a table, a box, and then a chair trying to grab an object. While there is a sign that states "safety first", the individual is ignoring this and continuing to try and reach the object. He is objectively going against the safety tip and he might injure himself while doing so. This image shows that with poor behavior and actions, will result in illness, disease or injury. Things can be avoided and illnesses do not have to be the outcome for everyone, but if we do not take care of ourselves then there is illness ahead. This outlines the health belief model.

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This photo relates to the Health Belief Model and the concept of Self Efficacy because one's self-efficacy is in the eye of the beholder. Whether someone believes they have self efficacy or believes that they don't, they are right. In this photo, the shadows reflects how the man views himself. Because he seems big and strong, it shows that the man believes he is capable. In the case of the Health Belief Model, personal strength and capability is a very important concept that is influential in behavior change.

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The photo presented relates to the Health Belief Model.

The individual is at risk for a heart attack.

Perceived susceptibility is the belief of getting the condition. Therefore, the individual may suspect they are likely to develop heart diseases if no exercise is performed.
Perceived severity is the seriousness of a condition. The individual will believe that they are likely to die from heart disease if no exercise is performed.
Perceived benefits is taking action to reduce the risk. This is when the individual begins to exercise and begins to eat healthier.
Perceived barriers are material and psychological costs of taking action. This implies the individual has no resources or accessibility to a gym, park, or unsafe neighborhood.
Cues to action activates the change. The individual compares gym memberships, programs, or the sudden death of a loved one due to the disease.
Self-efficacy is the ability to succeed. This means the individual has been working out for a couple months.

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STEP 1:   Find the theory that was assigned to you (see below):

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME A-D are assigned to Precaution Adoption Process Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME E-I are assigned to Diffusion of Innovation Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME J-L are assigned to Social Cognitive Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME M-N are assigned to Transtheoretical Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME O-Q are assigned to Theory of Planned Behavior

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME R-S are assigned to the Health Belief Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME T-Z are assigned to the Social Ecological Model

STEP 2:   Choose one (1) concept from the theory that was assigned to you.  Please include the following:

TITLE: NAME OF YOUR CONCEPT

EXPLANATION OF HOW PHOTO/PICTURE IS RELATED TO CONCEPT

PHOTO OR PICTURE THAT REPRESENTS YOUR CONCEPT

STEP 5:   COMMENT ON AT LEAST 2 POSTS FROM YOUR CLASSMATES