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Restaurant waste served up as food called ’pagpag’ by poor Filipinos struggling to survive (RESEARCHED BY: Alexa Cahrhihl Aportadera)

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URL: https://youtu.be/-rYyhzBgK2U?feature=shared

TITLE: Restaurant Waste Served Up as Food called ’pagpag’ by Poor Filipinos Struggling to Survive

DATE: July 27, 2019

AUTHOR: South China Morning Post

KEY INFO: Thousands of poor families are surviving in the Philippines' slums on pagpag, a meal created from leftover restaurant food that is popular locally. The food that will end up in landfills is scavenged from trash cans and collecting locations and is cleaned and recooked before being sold. This clearly illustrates how difficult it is for informal immigrants to obtain a sustainable way of life especially in the absence of governmental support and easily accessible prosperity.

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Restaurant waste served up as food called ’pagpag’ by poor Filipinos struggling to survive

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Over 333K households poor in Davao Region: DSWD (RESEARCHED BY: Alexa Cahrhihl Aportadera)

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URL: https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1972485/davao/local-news/over-333k-households-poor-in-davao-region-dswd

TITLE: Over 333K households poor in Davao Region: DSWD

DATE: Sept 12, 2023

AUTHOR: Rojean Grace Patumbon

KEY INFO: Through its National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR), the Department of Social Welfare and Development-Field Office Davao, which oversees the Davao Region, has identified 333,513 families out of the 903,267 examined in the region as considering themselves poor. Access to essential services, opportunity for education, and jobs all contribute to the persistence of Davaoeños' poverty.

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Over 333K households poor in Davao Region: DSWD

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THE Department of Social Welfare and Development-Field Office Davao, which covers the Davao Region, has identified 333,513 households out of the 903,267 assesse

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Nearly 20M poor Filipinos in 2021 as COVID-19 drives up poverty rate to 18.1% (RESEARCHED BY: Alexa Cahrhihl Aportadera)

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URL: http://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2022/8/15/PH-2021-poverty-rate.html

TITLE: Nearly 20M poor Filipinos in 2021 as COVID-19 drives up Poverty Rate to 18.1%

DATE: August 15, 2022

AUTHOR: Pilar Manuel, CNN Philippines

KEY INFO: According to the PSA, 3.5 million households or 19.99 million people had per capita earnings insufficient to cover their basic dietary and non-dietary needs, translating to an 18.1% poverty rate. These people made less money per month than a family of five would need to live in poverty, which is roughly $12,030. People have lost their jobs and livelihoods as a result of lockdowns and social isolation tactics, making it impossible for them to pay for housing and food. Income poverty increased in 2020 despite secular tendencies toward its eradication due to cyclical circumstances and the shortage of government assistance.

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Nearly 20M poor Filipinos in 2021 as COVID-19 drives up poverty rate to 18.1%

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The National Economic and Development Authority is batting for a full reopening of the economy, increased investments in human capital, and the transformation of production sectors to create more quality jobs as the government aims to reduce the poverty rate to 9% by 2028.

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Surviving extreme poverty in the Philippines - UCA News (RESEARCHED BY: Alexa Cahrhihl Aportadera)

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URL: https://www.ucanews.com/news/surviving-extreme-poverty-in-the-philippines/100241

TITLE: Surviving Extreme Poverty in the Philippines

DATE: February 2, 2023

AUTHOR:  UCA (Union of Catholic Asian) NEWS

KEY INFO: According to a study examining poverty incidence from 2021, 18.1% of the nation's population was considered to be poor and 19.99 million Filipino households especially those who live in Davao with 18.1 percent poverty incidents have incomes that are below the poverty line. Filipinos are forced to rely on very little food due to a lack of money to buy food and an inefficient government that is unable to give the country's citizens the necessary amenities or security when faced with the prospect of a problem.

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Surviving extreme poverty in the Philippines - UCA News

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Almost 20 million Filipinos are deep in poverty, having less to eat and little hope of a better life

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One Mindanao: Poverty Threshold Kulang Pa Rin (RESEARCHED BY: Abby Niña Mikylla Gantalao)

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URL: https://youtu.be/CXK0_sNwMJY?si=rsbvbpMNHT7Bb-Qs

TITLE: One Mindanao: Poverty Threshold Kulang Pa Rin

DATE: April 30, 2019

AUTHOR: GMA Regional TV

KEY INFO: The Philippines' statistics agency reports a reduction in the nation's population of poor people. However, many underprivileged individuals assert that a family's P10,481 monthly income is still insufficient. The majority argue that P10,000 is inadequate because it won't be able to meet all daily necessities in light of the inflation crisis or the increase in the price of goods.

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One Mindanao: Poverty Threshold Kulang Pa Rin

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🇵🇭 One in five people in Philippines live in extreme poverty | Al Jazeera English (RESEARCHED BY: Abby Niña Mikylla Gantalao)

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URL: https://youtu.be/_JOiXFC26Vk?si=z3GyR8oBhFtGa7-i

TITLE: One in five people in Philippines live in extreme poverty

DATE: March 22, 2019

AUTHOR: Al Jazeera English

KEY INFO: Of the 106 million people in the Philippines, about one in five are extremely poor and earn less than $2 each day. Many people—including children—work long hours as laborers or street vendors to earn enough money to eat. Hunger and malnutrition are particularly common in areas where 70% of employees live in poverty due to a lack of federal financing and easily accessible development, which is comparable to the challenges that Davao City's informal settlers may have undergone.

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🇵🇭 One in five people in Philippines live in extreme poverty | Al Jazeera English

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(RESEARCHED BY: Abby Niña Mikylla Gantalao)

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URL: https://www.pcpd.ph/article/lgu-framework-for-poverty-reduction

TITLE: Labanan Ang Kahirapan

DATE: Published on 2009

AUTHOR: UNION OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES (ULAP)

KEY INFO: The Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines (ULAP), through the ULAP Technical Working Group, has held a series of consultation workshops on the results of the Population-Growth-Poverty Study in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. It addresses poverty directly and effectively in local communities, and it also makes program planners and implementers aware of the importance of giving scarcity mitigation additional attention as an urgent first intervention and population management as a crucial strategy to support sustainable development.

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THE UNREVEALED: DO YOU ACKRY? | Abante Mindanao! : Fighting Poverty Towards Building a Better Future (RESEARCHED BY: Abby Niña Mikylla Gantalao)

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8. PUBLIC SERVICE MESSAGE OR PROMOTIONAL VIDEO

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8. PUBLIC SERVICE MESSAGE OR PROMOTIONAL VIDEO

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URL: https://youtu.be/4oz3bONgWBU?feature=shared

TITLE: THE UNREVEALED: DO YOU ACKRY? | Abante Mindanao! : Fighting Towards Building a Better Future

DATE: May 3, 2023

AUTHOR: Ysabela Marthina Salas

KEY INFO: The primary emphasis of the promotional video was on highlighting the issue of poverty in Mindanao and its perceived neglect by the national government. It presented potential solutions to address this problem, including health education, skills training, and social protection. The promotional video centered on exploring tangible strategies to assist individuals facing economic challenges, all within the overarching theme of "Abante Mindanao: Fighting Poverty towards Building a Better Future." This theme aimed to amplify the voices of those committed to instigating positive transformations within Mindanao's communities.

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THE UNREVEALED: DO YOU ACKRY? | Abante Mindanao! : Fighting Poverty Towards Building a Better Future

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Making Sense of the Philippines' Latest Poverty Statistics (RESEARCHED BY: Theo Patrick Gonzaga)

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URL: https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/making-sense-of-the-philippines-latest-poverty-statistics/?fbclid=IwAR3lARUlI6y6GeCVLGxr9vvW-6_TK-zVwOJk-96ONLujLAKaqmHbB6a6Yvk

TITLE: Making Sense of the Philippines’ Latest Poverty Statistics

DATE: September 07, 2022

AUTHOR: Mong Palatino, The Diplomat Magazine

KEY INFO: The newest statistics from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) show that poverty in the Philippines has increased during 2018, with 19.99 million people now living below the poverty line, or 18.1% of the population. The number of people who lack access to food has also increased by 1.01 million. The PSA's poverty line, which works up to just $1.41 a day for a family of five, is contested by critics. Even higher poverty rates are possible, according to a private survey by the Social Weather Station (SWS). Concerns have been raised about how the COVID-19 epidemic may affect governance, and there have been calls for rapid government action as well as a more all-encompassing strategy for tackling poverty and economic recovery.

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More Filipinos are poorer today compared to 2018, according to the latest official data released by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).

Citing its Family Income and Expenditure Survey, the PSA said the country has 19.99 million individuals living below the poverty threshold. This represents 18.1 percent of the population. In 2018, there were 17.67 million poor Filipinos. Meanwhile, the number of "food-poor" individuals increased by 1.01 million. The PSA also reported a 7.8 percent unemployment rate, which is equivalent to 3.71 million jobless Filipinos.

The poverty situation could be worse because the PSA survey was done in 2021, and its poverty threshold is considered unrealistic by other experts. Converted into U.S. dollars, a person belonging to a family of five members only needs to earn $1.41 per day in order to survive and meet his or her daily food requirements, according to the Philippine government.

House of Representatives Deputy Speaker Ralph Recto, who is a former senator and former head of the National Economic and Development Authority, chided the PSA for using a low food threshold cost to measure poverty.

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"I do not know what sample meals were cooked by the PSA people in their test kitchens which prompted them to issue that food threshold cost. Maybe the PSA would like to share their miracle recipe for the enlightenment of families who are having a hard time putting food on the table and making ends meet," he commented sarcastically.

In an editorial, the Manila Times advised the PSA to adopt the global standard for determining the country's state of poverty.

"Reducing and ideally eliminating poverty is an aspiration of every administration, but no administration will be successful if it does not fully understand the scope of the problem. It cannot possibly do so given the inadequacy of the data indicators it is given to work with under the current model used by the PSA," it stated in an editorial.

Independent think-tank Ibon Foundation pointed out that "the reality of daily poverty is being made invisible to official statistics." It urged the government to reconsider its methodology in counting the poor and aim to uplift the conditions of more Filipinos and not just those categorized to be living on extreme subsistence levels.
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"The government can and should have a more expansive view. A high poverty threshold can be the expression of ambition to raise more Filipinos, not just the extremely poor, out of their daily lived experience of poverty," Ibon said.

For its part, the PSA clarified that it does not pass judgment in gathering information about the quality of living of individuals as it merely subscribes to what nutritionists have identified as the basic food requirements for a person to survive on a single day.

Compared to the PSA report, the survey done by the private polling firm Social Weather Station (SWS) showed a higher number of Filipinos who rated themselves as poor and "borderline poor." The report pegged the number of poor families at around 48 percent of the population, which is considered more accurate given the unprecedented loss of jobs and livelihoods in the past two years.

Despite doubts about the reliability of the PSA model, it cannot be denied that poverty has worsened. This can be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the role of governance should not be overlooked. Senator Grace Poe indirectly made reference to the devastating impact of the prolonged militarized lockdowns imposed by the previous Rodrigo Duterte government in dealing with the public health crisis.

"Our people are hardworking and raring to find livelihood for their families. The government must pave the way to make them productive," Poe said, as she pressed the government to allow more public utility vehicles to resume operations.

The PSA report also confirmed the glaring poverty gap between cities and rural areas. The Metro Manila region has the lowest poverty incidence while the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao recorded the highest. The government of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., which plans to reduce the poverty rate to a single digit over the next six years, can invoke the PSA statistics to realign more funds into the provinces and address the imbalance in the delivery of services and projects, which is tilted grossly in favor of vote-rich urban areas. This is feasible since Congress is still deliberating the proposed 2023 budget submitted by the Marcos government.

The former deputy governor of the Philippines' Central Bank, Diwa C. Guinigundo, emphasizes the need for urgent government action if it wants to reverse the rapid decline of the economy.

"By 2024, unless the national government shapes up its health mitigation program, social amelioration and small business support and economic recovery efforts, the severe economic scarring in both the academe and the labor market could further trigger several million people more joining the ranks of the poor," he wrote in his column for the Manila Bulletin.

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Making Sense of the Philippines' Latest Poverty Statistics

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The Philippine Statistics Authority says that nearly 1 in 5 Filipinos are living below the poverty line - but the real number could be a lot higher.

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Cost of living crisis: what does it look like around the world? (RESEARCHED BY: Theo Patrick Gonzaga)

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URL: https://poverty-unpacked.org/2022/08/19/cost-of-living-crisis-what-does-it-look-like-around-the-world/

TITLE: Cost of Living Crisis: What does it look like around the world?

DATE:  August 19, 2022

AUTHOR: Keetie Roelen

KEY INFO: The blog shows how people struggle to meet basic needs because of poverty, or to put it another way, because of the expense of living. More than half of the population is living in poverty due to high inflation and rising costs for essential necessities, and the higher cost of life is causing desperation and hopelessness. The blog demonstrates the appeals for governments to act and beg for support on how it will be crucial to prevent bankruptcy, loss of homes and livelihoods, and starvation, which are difficulties similar to those of informal settlers in Davao who frequently face multiple socioeconomic, environmental, and political exclusions that all contribute to unhealthy living conditions.

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After almost two years of grappling with the Covid-19 pandemic and all the misery it caused, the world was looking a lot brighter as we moved into 2022. Eight months on, very little optimism remains. War in Ukraine, energy crisis, supply chains and service industries desperately trying to catch up with increased demand after the pandemic - it all plays into rapidly rising prices that hit people in the pocket, hard. While we may often be most familiar with what's happening in our countries, the cost of living crisis is wreaking havoc across the globe.

So what's happening where?

With inflation at 10 percent, nine of ten people in the UK reported experiencing a rise in their living costs in July. Energy bills are now predicted to rise to a whopping £4,266 per year in January 2023, up by 415 percent from £1,027 at the end of 2021. Almost of Brits responsible for paying household bills indicated to very or somewhat difficult to pay for their energy. The Trussell Trust, the country's largest network of food banks, is handing out a record number of emergency food packages. The conversation in our most recent podcast episode put into sharp focus the mental and physical strain of the constant worry about how to afford the basics.

In the US, inflation rates reached a 40-year high in June because of rising prices for food, fuel and rent. The resulting squeeze on household budgets means that many Americans postpone or choose not to buy expensive products or items that aren't strictly necessary. In May, sales of cars, furniture and electrical appliances were down compared to April. Rising living costs doesn't affect everyone equally. Those on a lower income and Black and Hispanic Americans are especially hard hit as they spend a larger proportion on income on those goods that have gone up in price the most - i.e. food, transportation and housing.

Turkey is another country that feels the pain of rising prices. Inflation was as high as 80 percent in June compared to the same month in 2021, with prices for food, drink and fuel sky-rocketing. The pain is felt across lower and middle classes. In a survey of Istanbul residents, more than one in three is no longer able to buy vegetable oil. Almost half are unable to afford more luxurious food items, such as red meat. In seaside resorts that are usually teeming with tourists in the summer season, visitor numbers have dropped while those who do come spend less money. And it's not just spending patterns that have changed: instead of leisurely conversation, it is talk of rising prices and how to deal with them fills the air.

In Sierra Leone, hundreds of people took to the streets to demonstrate high inflation and rising prices of basic goods, killing more than 20. With more than half of the country's population living on income below the poverty line, the higher cost of living is leading to destitution and despair. Last March, fuel prices shot up from 12,000 leones (roughly 73p) to 15,000 leones (roughly 92p), and have continued to rise since. Inflation reached 17.6 percent last February, making widely consumed foods such as rice and cooking oil unaffordable for many. The protests and associated deaths have shocked many, and serve as an indication of the severity of the situation.

At a time when millions are struggling, there is no light at the end of the tunnel any time soon. Many countries are predicted to move into recession, giving little hope for increased household incomes to manage higher prices. With no sign of the Ukraine war abating, protracted conflicts such as in Yemen and South Sudan continuing to cause human suffering, and the effects of climate change more acutely felt around the world, the World Food Programme is predicting a global food crisis. Meanwhile, the United Nations Development Programme estimates that up to 71 million people worldwide might fall into poverty as a result of higher costs of living.

Social protection and welfare policies were widely used to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic, especially for those hardest hit. Calls are growing louder for governments to do the same again. Offering support now will be vital to prevent indebtedness, loss of homes and livelihoods and hunger. Without support, younger generations, already so badly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, will inevitably be hardest hit with disadvantages entrenched even further.
Photo credit: Nicola Barts at Pexels.com

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Cost of living crisis: what does it look like around the world?

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by Keetie Roelen After almost two years of grappling with the Covid-19 pandemic and all the misery it caused, the world was looking a lot brighter as we moved into 2022. Eight months on, very little optimism remains. War in Ukraine, energy crisis, supply chains and service industries desperately trying to catch up with increased...

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Using the Philippines for Money? | When Poverty Turns into Content (RESEARCHED BY: Theo Patrick Gonzaga)

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URL:https://youtu.be/NL9ZNN1XvdY?feature=shared

TITLE: Using the Philippines for Money? | When Poverty Turns into Content

DATE: 16 Nov 2022

AUTHOR: Jessica Lee

KEY INFO: Poverty porn is a controversial media genre that exploits impoverished people in developing countries to evoke emotional responses from viewers. It often portrays extreme suffering and exaggerates poverty, primarily focusing on the negative aspects to generate sympathy and sometimes donations. Poverty porn can raise awareness about global poverty and humanitarian needs, potentially serving as a tool for fundraising and mobilizing support. Critics argue that poverty porn is exploitative, one-dimensional, and reinforces negative stereotypes, promoting short-term aid over real solutions. There are ethical concerns about the dignity of those featured in poverty porn, the actual impact on poverty alleviation, and the role of viewers in consuming such content. Viewer awareness and critical thinking are crucial when engaging with poverty-related media.

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Using the Philippines for Money? | When Poverty Turns into Content

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First Semester 2021 Poverty Statistics of Davao Region (RESEARCHED BY: Theo Patrick Gonzaga)

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URL: https://rsso11.psa.gov.ph/article/first-semeser-2021-poverty-statistics-davao-region

TITLE: First Semester 2021 Poverty Statistics of Davao Region

DATE: March 2, 2022

AUTHOR: Philippine Statistics Authority Region XI

KEY INFO: In Davao Region, Davao Occidental had the highest subsistence incidence at 19.4% in the first half of 2021, with around 66.6 thousand individuals below the food threshold. Davao Oriental and Davao de Oro followed closely, with subsistence incidences of 12.6% (equivalent to 76.4 thousand food-poor individuals) and 10.1% (comprising 78.8 thousand food-poor population), respectively. Davao del Norte had a subsistence incidence of 6.2%, representing 65.5 thousand Davaoeños with inadequate income for basic food needs. Davao del Sur recorded a subsistence incidence of 5.7%, equivalent to 40.3 thousand food-poor individuals. In contrast, Davao City, a Highly Urbanized City, had the lowest subsistence incidence at 2.8%, with approximately 51.6 thousand food-poor Davaoeños in the first semester of 2021.

Regarding the clustering of provinces based on poverty incidences among families from 2015 to 2018, Davao Oriental was the only province that moved from Cluster 2 to Cluster 3. The other four provinces remained in their respective clusters: Davao del Sur, including Davao City, in Cluster 5; Davao del Norte in Cluster 4; Davao de Oro in Cluster 3; and Davao Occidental in Cluster 2.

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For the first half of 2021, a family of five in Davao Region needed at least Php 11,103 to be able to meet both basic food and non-food needs in a month. This is an increase of 4.8 percent from the poverty threshold posted in the same period in 2018, which was estimated at Php 10,598. At the national level, the monthly threshold was around at Php 12,082, on the average, which is 979 pesos higher than the region's estimated threshold.

The poverty incidence among Davaoeño families during the first semester of 2021 was estimated at 14.0 percent. This means that about 140 out of 1,000 families had income below the amount needed to buy their basic food and non-food needs. The latest poverty incidence decreased from the estimated 17.8 percent during the same time in 2018. Moreover, the 14 percent poverty incidence among families translates to a magnitude of 195 thousand poor Davaoeño families, as compared from the same time in 2018 at 233 thousand poor families (see Table 1).

At the national level, the magnitude of poor families was estimated at around 4.74 million in 2021. This means that around 4.1 percent of the total poor families in the country in 2021 were in Davao Region.
Per Capita Poverty Threshold is Php 2,221
For the first semester of 2021, a Davaoeño needed at least Php 2,221, on the average, to meet his/her basic food and non-food requirements in a month. This is Php 101 higher than the per capita threshold posted during the same period in 2018. At the national level, the per capita income requirement was estimated at Php 2,416 or about 15 percent increase per capita threshold during the same period in 2018.

Among the provinces in Davao Region, Davao Oriental had the highest monthly per capita income requirement in the first semester 2021 at Php 2,298, up by 9.1 percent compared from the same period in 2018 at Php 2,106. On the other hand, Davao Occidental had the lowest monthly per capita poverty threshold at Php 2,139, which increased by 1.3 percent compared to 2018's level of Php 2,112 (see Table 2).
1,040 thousand Davaoeños lived below poverty line
The first semester 2021 poverty incidence among population, or the proportion of poor Davaoeños whose per capita income is not sufficient to meet their basic food and non-food needs, was estimated at 19.4 percent. This translates to 1,040 thousand Davaoeños who lived below the poverty line.

The latest poverty incidence among Davao Region's population is lower compared from the same period of 2018 at 23.8 percent. On the other hand, the national poverty incidence among population was posted at 23.7 percent.

By geographical location, the province of Davao Occidental posted the highest poverty incidence at 40.1 percent during the first semester 2021 which translates to a magnitude of 137.4 thousand poor persons. It was closely followed by Davao Oriental and Davao de Oro which registered a poverty incidence at 32.7 percent (or equivalent to 199.0 thousand poor individuals) and 27.9 percent (or corresponds 218.1 thousand poor individuals), respectively. Meanwhile, the poverty incidence of Davao del Sur was at 18.1 percent, which translates to 128.0 thousand population who lived below the poverty threshold. Similarly, Davao del Norte's poverty incidence was 17.9 percent which is equivalent to 190.5 thousand poor persons. On the other hand, Davao City, the highly urbanized city in the region, had the least poverty incidence at 8.9 percent which is equivalent to 166.7 thousand poor Davaoeños in the first semester of 2021 (refer to Figure 1).
Php 1,548 is required for an individual to sustain basic food needs
For the food threshold, in the first semester of 2021, a Davaoeño is required to have at least Php 1,548, an average monthly income to meet his/her basic food needs. For a family of five members in Davao Region, it requires at Php 7,741, on the average, to meet their family's basic food needs in a month. This was an increase of 4.6 percent or Php 341 from same semester of 2018 which was estimated at Php 7,400.

Among the provinces in Davao Region, Davao Oriental had the highest monthly per capita income food requirement in the first semester 2021 at Php 1,598, up by Php 127 compared from the same period in 2018 at Php 1,471. On the other hand, Davao Occidental had the lowest per capita food threshold at Php 1,494, monthly average, increased by Php 22 compared to 2018's level of Php 1,472 (see Table 3).
47 out of 1,000 Davaoeño families are food poor families
The subsistence incidence among families in Davao Region was estimated at 4.7 percent in the first half of 2021. This means that 47 out of 1,000 Davaoeño families had incomes below the minimum amount needed to buy their basic food needs during this period. The latest subsistence incidence among families translates to 65 thousand families that fall below the food threshold in 2021, which was lower compared from the same period of 2018 at 84.2 thousand food poor families.
379 thousand Davaoeños has insufficient food income
During the first semester 2021, the subsistence incidence was recorded 7.1 percent, which is equivalent 379 thousand Davaoeños whose incomes that is not sufficient to meet their basic food needs.

The latest subsistence incidence among Davao Region's population is lower compared from the same period of 2018 at 9.5 percent. On the other hand, the national poverty incidence among population was posted at 9.9 percent.

By geographical location, the province of Davao Occidental posted the highest subsistence incidence at 19.4 percent during the first semester 2021 which translates to a magnitude of 66.6 thousand food poor persons. It was followed by Davao Oriental and Davao de Oro which registered a subsistence incidence at 12.6 percent (or 76.4 thousand food poor individuals) and 10.1 percent (or 78.8 thousand food poor population). Meanwhile, the subsistence incidence of Davao del Norte registered at 6.2 percent, which translates to 65.5 thousand Davaoeños whose income is below the food threshold. Similarly, Davao del Sur's subsistence incidence was 5.7 percent which is equivalent to 40.3 thousand food poor persons. On the other hand, Davao City, the Highly Urbanized City in the region, had the least subsistence incidence at 2.8 percent or around 51.6 thousand food poor Davaoeños in the first semester of 2021 (refer to Figure 2).
Clustering of Davao Region's Provinces on 2021 First Semester Poverty Incidence among Families
In the clustering of provinces in Davao Region, based on poverty incidences among families between 2015 and 2018, only Davao Oriental improved from Cluster 2 to Cluster 3. Meanwhile, the cluster of the other four (4) provinces remained steady, to wit: Davao del Sur including Davao City at Cluster 5; Davao del Norte at Cluster 4; Davao de Oro at Cluster 3; and Davao Occidental at Cluster 2.
Estimation of Poverty Thresholds
a) As common practice in most countries, the non-food component is measured indirectly due to the difficulty of determining the required bundle for the non-food items.

b) To ensure comparability across space and over time, the ratio of food expenditures (FE) to total basic expenditures (TBE) of a reference family (families whose per capita income is around the food threshold) is held constant for a certain period. The average of the nationally determined FE/TBE ratio from the FIES in 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009, which is equivalent to 0.6983, has been used since 2009 and will still be used until 2021.

c) Sources of data:

* Family Income and Expenditure Survey, visit 1 conducted in July 2021. The total completed samples was 174,007 families spread across 117 sampling domains around the country. This large sample size can provide reliable estimates at the national level and disaggregation by regional, provincial and highly urbanized cities.
Estimation of Poverty Incidence
Given the provincial urban-rural poverty threshold, the poverty incidence is computed as:

where:

Q = weighted total number of families (individuals) with semestral per capita income less than the semestral per capita poverty threshold/line

n = weighted total number of families (individuals)
Estimation of Food Threshold
a) The use of a national reference food bundle as starting point - to enhance comparability across space.

b) The national reference food bundle was converted to province-specific food bundles, which were used to estimate the provincial food thresholds. These provincial food bundles were formulated by nutritionists from the Food and Nutrition Research Institute and were subjected to the Test of Revealed Preferences such that the food bundle of a province will have the cheapest cost in comparison with the bundles of other provinces. The provincial food bundles have the following characteristics:

* Nutritionally adequate, i.e., it satisfies the 100% Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes (RENI) for energy and protein and 80% RENI for other vitamins and minerals;

* Food items in the food bundle are locally available and eaten in the area (in the province);

* Least cost in the province; and

* Visualizable (i.e., can be cooked together and fit for human consumption).

c) Sources of data:

* Provincial food bundles developed by FNRI

* Retail price surveys for the actual prices of agricultural and non-agricultural commodities, by province from PSA

* Proportion of food bought and own-produced components from the Food Consumption Survey, FNRI

where:
APPROVED FOR RELEASED:
Philippine Statistics Authority

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First Semeser 2021 Poverty Statistics of Davao Region

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For the first half of 2021, a family of five in Davao Region needed at least Php 11,103 to be able to meet both basic food and non-food needs in a month. This is an increase of 4.8 percent from the poverty threshold posted in the same period in 2018, which was estimated at Php 10,598.

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URL:
https://rsso11.psa.gov.ph/article/highlights-2021-full-year-official-poverty-statistics-davao-de-oro

TITLE: Highlights of the 2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of Davao de Oro

DATE: November 28, 2022

AUTHOR: Philippine Statistics Authority

KEY INFO: According to estimates, 17.7 percent of Davao de Oro's families were assessed to be poor in 2021, or around 18 out of every 100 families. The forecast was lower than the figure for 2018, which was estimated at 18.6%, a decrease of 0.9 percentage points. An average monthly income increase of PhP 2,223, or 20.4 percent of the poverty line, was required for a family of five to escape poverty.

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Poverty Threshold per Family per month in 2021 is estimated at PhP 10,900

The poverty incidence among families in Davao de Oro was estimated at 17.7 percent or roughly 18 out of 100 families were considered poor for the year 2021. The estimate was lower than the figure in year 2018 which was estimated at 18.6 percent or a decline of 0.9 percentage points. Similarly, the estimated number of poor families in Davao de Oro for the year 2021 is estimated at 33,570 families. (Tables 1 and 2)

On the other hand, the poverty incidence among population in Davao de Oro was estimated at 23.9 percent or roughly 24 out of 100 individuals were considered poor for the year 2021. The estimate was lower than the figure in year 2018 which was estimated at 25.2 percent or a decline of 1.3 percentage points. Similarly, the estimated number of poor individuals in Davao de Oro for the year 2021 is estimated at 86,427 individuals. (Tables 3 and 4)

Meanwhile, the proportion of families in extreme poverty for the Province of Davao de Oro whose incomes were not sufficient to meet basic food needs stood at 4.6 percent for the year 2021. Consequently, the estimated number of subsistence families dropped by 3.9 percent from 9,055 families in 2018 down to 8,705 families in the year 2021. (Tables 5 and 6)

The subsistence incidence among population for the year 2021 also indicated that 7 out of 100 individuals in Davao de Oro were not able to meet the basic food and non-food requirements. This figure was lower compared with the data for the year 2018 with an estimated incidence of 7.8 percent. The magnitude of subsistence individuals likewise declined by 7.8 percent, from 58,884 individuals in the year 2018 down to 54,279 individuals in the current year. (Tables 7 and 8)

A resident of Davao de Oro needed at least PhP 2,180 to meet his or her monthly basic requirements to stay out of poverty for the year 2021. Hence, a family of five in Davao de Oro needed a monthly income of at least PhP 10,900 to meet their basic food and non-food needs. The poverty threshold increased by 1.1 percent compared with the threshold in 2018 amounting to PhP 10,778. (Table 9)

On the other hand, a monthly income of no less than PhP 1,530 was needed by an individual in Davao de Oro to suffice for his or her basic food needs. Consequently, a five-member family residing in Davao de Oro needed a monthly income of at least PhP 7,650 to meet their basic food needs. The food threshold increased by 1.6 percent compared with the threshold in 2018 amounting to PhP 7,527.

Finally, in order to get out of poverty, a poor family of five needed an average additional monthly income of PhP 2,223, or 20.4 percent of the poverty threshold. This is referred to as the income gap. The income gap in Davao de Oro was 20.4 percent relative to the poverty threshold of the province.

Poverty Incidence is the proportion of Filipino families or individuals with income less than the poverty threshold to the total number of families or individuals.

Subsistence Incidence is the proportion of Filipino families or individuals with income less than the food threshold to the total number of families or individuals.

Poverty Threshold is the minimum income required for a family or individual to meet the basic food and non-food needs such as clothing, fuel, light and water, housing, rental of occupied dwelling units, transportation and communication, health and education expenses, non-durable furnishing, household operations and personal care and effects.

Food Threshold is the minimum income required for a family or individual to meet the basic food needs, satisfying the nutritional requirements set by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) to ensure that one remains economically and socially productive.

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Highlights of the 2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of Davao de Oro

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Poverty Threshold per Family per month in 2021 is estimated at PhP 10,900 The poverty incidence among families in Davao de Oro was estimated at 17.7 percent or roughly 18 out of 100 families were considered poor for the year 2021.

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14. NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION OR ACADEMIC INSTITUTION ARTICLE 

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14. NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION OR ACADEMIC INSTITUTION ARTICLE 

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URL:
https://cswcd.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/PJSD-Vol-9-2017_Tongson.pdf?fbclid=IwAR19GaGly0h1BecL1YdrclNsFO98oqsQ8T1IZHke_92RvNF984GVOKqZP1I

TITLE: Poverty in The Eyes of Children

DATE: 2017

AUTHOR: Excelsa C. Tongson

KEY INFO: The article discusses about the Filipino preschool children's mindsets toward poor people, and what they may do to aid them. Understanding poverty through the eyes of children who are unaware of poverty can expand our awareness of how they build significance that have implications for how they regard the poor and vulnerable, as well as how they may form alliances and partnerships with them to eradicate poverty, achieve sustainable communities, and create a world fit for children and future generations.

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Kwentos with Shaira Ep. 1: The Poverty in the Philippines (RESEARCHED BY: Janna Charlize Madrid)

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URL:
https://open.spotify.com/episode/7LzTm5HtAt00Pw6g5JH9zi?si=37516e7cb4044994

TITLE: The Poverty in the Philippines

DATE: April 2021

AUTHOR: Shaira Glaze

KEY INFO: The podcast talked about what is poverty in the Philippines and how the poverty increased during the pandemic era that led to a decrease of consumption growth and further income losses. Strongly believing on how reducing poverty requires a focus on what the government can do and what individuals need to do. A combination of responsible policies and responsible behavior.

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Kwentos with Shaira Ep. 1: The Poverty in the Philippines

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Listen to this episode from shairaglazepodcast on Spotify. Hi! Kwentos with Shaira is here again, please listen to my kwento about the poverty here in country the Philippines

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The Economic Poverty in Davao City | The Contemporary Issue  (RESEARCHED BY:  Janna Charlize Madrid)

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URL:
https://youtu.be/Z14WLzGYPfo?si=C76DtHdPjUlJlQqn

TITLE: Economic Poverty in Davao City

DATE: September 23, 2023

AUTHOR: Bart Cabahug

KEY INFO: Poverty can be found in Davao City in places such as Ramon Magsaysay Park. Using their skills or even causing harm, people will do anything to make money. It articulates the primary causes of squatter settlements: population growth in urban cities and lack of affordable housing. The effect of rural-to-urban migration is that city populations have been growing vastly. Owing to the fact of limited educational attainment leads to a cycle of poverty and reduces opportunities for upward mobility.

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ECONOMIC POVERTY in Davao City | The Contemporary Issue

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4 steps to ending extreme poverty | Shameran Abed (RESEARCHED BY: Bjorn Sebastian Mojica)

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URL: https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHu6s9GVgWkw%26fbclid%3DIwAR3ynBnEj0JZ_hjBBzqM1Pcq68yRnPhq00z6lxZWfNt-nfwdm14OBxUiyUo&h=AT1hUXUAFprAAJ0KwoYKk5sF1w76LXo5Dz_-XjWbEr11XYl-qtgSnqGV8RbupaPmrRcGTs_DkS34y0c2m55pmFz6l7JkxYk9e2MrxXY8qzynzeMxu78wWKqb79rmLkCIk3ewGA

TITLE: 4 Steps to Ending Extreme Poverty

DATE: September 24, 2020

AUTHOR: Shameran Abad

KEY INFO: Shameran Abed emphasizes the reduction in global poverty but also the failure to address severe poverty, often known as ultra-poor, which is defined by factors other than money. It underlines the need for governments to implement and scale up such projects while discussing the need of giving hope and self-worth to those living in poverty. Similar to the squatters in Davao City, the Ted Talk may raise consciousness by focusing on how to overcome poverty and what services the government may offer.

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4 steps to ending extreme poverty | Shameran Abed

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complete final for printing pathways poverty 102516-min (RESEARCHED BY: Bjorn Sebastian Mojica)

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URL: https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/complete_final_for_printing_pathways_poverty_102516-min.pdf

TITLE: Pathways Out Of Poverty

DATE: Published on 2016

AUTHOR: Marites M. Tiongco

KEY INFO: The book emphasizes that one of the socioeconomic issues plaguing the Philippines is rapid population increase, which exacerbates underdevelopment, economic stagnation, resource depletion, a low literacy rate, and a high crime rate. Additionally, it contributes to the pervasive issues of unemployment and poverty. In connection with this, the same issues—poor housing, starvation, homelessness, insufficient childcare, dangerous neighborhoods, and underfunded schools—can also be seen among Davao City's informal settlers. The government's legislative efforts to solve the problem are also still insufficient and effectively preventing the poor from achieving a sustainable lifestyle with accessible development.

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URL: https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S0116110594000059

TITLE: Urban Poverty in the Philippines: Nature,·Causes and Policy Measures

DATE: Published on 1994

AUTHOR: Arsenio M. Balisacan

KEY INFO: The Philippines' rapid urbanization puts it ahead of other Asian nations in its development stage. Despite urbanization, income growth and shifting to higher-productivity jobs have not kept pace, increasing urban poverty. Despite sustained economic growth, the marginalized will take years to cross poverty. The paper links urban poverty to industrialization policies, trade policies that penalize specific sectors, and inadequate public spending on human capital for the marginalized. Policy reforms should prioritize labor-intensive goods, balanced urban-rural growth, and income distribution to reduce poverty. Politicians must support pro-poor, pro-market, and pro-growth reforms, but well-organized groups benefiting from the status quo oppose them. The academic community and social action groups are crucial reform advocates. The paper emphasizes a state-market solid partnership, with the state investing in infrastructure and enforcing rules. Pro-poor policies should outline poverty reduction strategies with penalties and rewards to motivate public and private actors. Public agent renewal schemes must incentivize people experiencing poverty to participate in poverty-focused programs. Poverty-reduction reforms require essential services in poor areas and effective information systems.

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URL: https://www.filipinoart.ph/art/smile-behind-poverty

TITLE: Smile Behind Poverty

DATE: Created on Year 2020

AUTHOR: Joyeuse Ancheta

KEY INFO: The artwork shows the artist being unexpectedly touched by a child while feeding people in the Angeles, Pampanga highlands. Despite the hardships brought on by poverty, including her lack of access to enough food, appropriate clothing, medical care, and a clean environment, the child is smiling broadly as she sits on the floor. Therefore, similar to the Informal Settlers of Davao City, it portrays the economic repercussions of lack of government assistance and accessible skills, such as social immobility, housing and homelessness issues, and a segregated society hidden behind a child's grin.