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Archaea are single-celled organisms that are similar to bacteria but distinct enough to be classified in their own domain.  They are microscopic and lack a cell nucleus, which means they are prokaryotic.

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Archaea are single-celled organisms that are similar to bacteria but distinct enough to be classified in their own domain.  They are microscopic and lack a cell nucleus, which means they are prokaryotic.

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Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. This separates them from prokaryotes, which include bacteria and archaea, that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.  All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes.

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Euryarchaeota are known for their extremophilic lifestyles, meaning they can thrive in environments that would be lethal to most other forms of life. For instance, some Euryarchaeota can withstand temperatures exceeding 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit), while others can survive in highly acidic or alkaline environments. Still others can live in environments with very high salt concentrations.

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Crenarchaeotes are known for being extremophiles, meaning they thrive in extreme environments that would be lethal to most other forms of life. They are typically found in high-temperature environments, such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents. Some crenarchaeotes can withstand temperatures exceeding 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit).

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Korarchaeota are thought to have diverged from other archaea very early on in evolutionary history and are among the deep-branching lineages within the Archaea. They are found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents worldwide, similar to many Crenarchaeota.

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Methanogens: These are Euryarchaeota that are well known for their ability to produce methane gas. They are found in environments such as wetlands, landfills, and the digestive tracts of animals. Methane is a greenhouse gas, but it is also an important energy source for some organisms.

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Halophiles: These Euryarchaeota thrive in high salt concentrations, such as salt lakes and solar salterns. They have adapted to these environments by developing unique mechanisms for maintaining their internal salt balance.

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Thermophiles: These Euryarchaeota live in high-temperature environments, such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents. Some thermophiles can withstand temperatures exceeding 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit).

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Acidophiles: These Euryarchaeota can survive in highly acidic environments, such as volcanic hot springs and many drainages.

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Nanoarchaeota: This recently discovered group of Euryarchaeota are some of the smallest organisms on Earth. They are obligate symbionts, meaning they can only live in close association with other organisms.

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Thermoproteota are a phylum of archaea that thrive in extreme environments like geysers, hydrothermal vents, and mudpots . These archaea are known for their extremophilic lifestyle, tolerating conditions that would be lethal to most other forms of life.

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Thaumarchaeota is a phylum of archaea that are much more versatile in habitat than Thermoproteota. They can be found in a wider range of environments, including oceans, soil, and even sewage treatment plants. This adaptability makes them one of the most abundant and ecologically important groups of archaea.

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Escherichia coli (E. coli): This bacterium is commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. Most strains of E. coli are harmless, but some can cause food poisoning.

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Salmonella enterica: This bacterium can cause foodborne illness with symptoms like diarrhea, fever, and vomiting.

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Lactobacillus acidophilus: This bacterium is found in yogurt and other fermented foods. It helps with digestion and may have other health benefits.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae: This bacterium can cause pneumonia, an infection of the lungs.

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Staphylococcus aureus (Staph): This bacterium can cause a variety of skin infections, from minor pimples to life-threatening sepsis.

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Bacillus subtilis: This bacterium is commonly found in soil and can form spores that allow it to survive harsh conditions. It is used in some food production processes and may have probiotic benefits.

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Rhizobium: This group of bacteria forms symbiotic relationships with legumes, such as peas and beans. They help the plants fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, which is essential for plant growth.

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Cyanobacteria: These bacteria are also known as blue-green algae. They are photosynthetic and can produce oxygen, similar to plants. They played a major role in the early development of life on Earth.

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Protists are a very diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that don't neatly fit into the other subgroups. They can be unicellular (single-celled) or multicellular, and they come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.

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Amoeba (unicellular, animal-like protists)

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Paramecium (unicellular, animal-like protist)

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Euglena (unicellular, plant-like protist)

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Volvox (multicellular, plant-like protist)

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Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic and have cell walls made of chitin (a complex sugar). They obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or forming symbiotic relationships with plants.

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Mushrooms are the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting bodies of a fungus. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are separate from plants and animals. Mushrooms are what we see above ground, but the main part of the fungus is underground, called mycelium.

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Molds have thread-like filaments called hyphae that form a visible mass called mycelium. This network of hyphae is what we typically see as mold growing on food or other organic matter.

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Yeasts are single-celled organisms, although some species can form chains or clusters of cells. They are typically much smaller than mold and cannot be seen with the naked eye without magnification.

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Truffles are a type of subterranean fungus (meaning they grow underground) prized for their unique flavor and aroma. They form symbiotic relationships with the roots of trees, helping them absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

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Chromalveolata is a taxonomic supergroup that encompasses a diverse range of organisms, including photosynthetic algae and heterotrophic protists. They are a relatively recent addition to the major eukaryotic classifications, emerging around 2005. Chromalveolata is believed to have originated from a secondary endosymbiotic event, where a red alga was engulfed by a bikont ancestor, leading to the unique characteristics of this group.

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Alveolata: This subgroup includes dinoflagellates, ciliates, and apicomplexans. Dinoflagellates can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic, while ciliates are typically heterotrophic and apicomplexans are parasites.

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Stramenopiles: This subgroup includes diatoms, brown algae, golden algae, and water molds. Stramenopiles are known for their unique hairy flagella and cell walls made of silica (diatoms) or cellulose (brown algae).

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Haptophyta: This subgroup includes coccolithophores, which are marine algae known for producing intricate calcium carbonate scales called coccoliths.

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Cryptophyta is a fascinating group of unicellular organisms with a diverse range of nutritional strategies. They are an important component of aquatic ecosystems and play a key role in the flow of energy and matter.