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Ambient music is a genre of music that emphasizes tone and atmosphere over traditional musical structure or rhythm. It may lack net composition, beat, or structured melody. It uses textural layers of sound that can reward both passive and active listening and encourage a sense of calm or contemplation. The genre is said to evoke an "atmospheric", "visual", or "unobtrusive" quality. Nature soundscapes may be included, and the sounds of acoustic instruments such as the piano, strings and flute may be emulated through a synthesizer.

The genre originated in the 1960s and 1970s, when new musical instruments were being introduced to a wider market, such as the synthesizer. It was presaged by Erik Satie's furniture music and styles such as musique concrète, minimal music, Jamaican dub reggae and German electronic music, but was prominently named and popularized by British musician Brian Eno in 1978 with his album Ambient 1: Music for Airports; Eno opined that ambient music "must be as ignorable as it is interesting". It saw a revival towards the late 1980s with the prominence of house and techno music, growing a cult following by the 1990s. Ambient music may have elements of new-age music and drone music, as some works may use sustained or repeated notes.

Minimoog Voyager XL, owned by Brian Eno

Ambient music did not achieve large commercial success, being criticized as everything from "dolled-up new age, [..] to boring and irrelevant technical noodling". Nevertheless, it has attained a certain degree of acclaim throughout the years, especially in the Internet age. Due to its relatively open style, ambient music often takes influences from many other genres, ranging from classic, avant-garde music, experimental music, folk, jazz, and world music, amongst others.

Erik Satie is acknowledged as an important precursor to modern ambient music and an influence on Brian Eno.

As an early 20th-century French composer, Erik Satie used such Dadaist-inspired explorations to create an early form of ambient/background music that he labeled " furniture music" ( Musique d'ameublement). This he described as being the sort of music that could be played during a dinner to create a background atmosphere for that activity, rather than serving as the focus of attention.

In his own words, Satie sought to create "a music...which will be part of the noises of the environment, will take them into consideration. I think of it as melodious, softening the noises of the knives and forks at dinner, not dominating them, not imposing itself. It would fill up those heavy silences that sometime fall between friends dining together. It would spare them the trouble of paying attention to their own banal remarks. And at the same time it would neutralize the street noises which so indiscreetly enter into the play of conversation. To make such music would be to respond to a need."

According to a 1998 article in , Blind Willie Johnson's 1928 single " Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" could be filed under ambient music, deeming it "a piece of country gospel improvisation, slide guitar with vocal hums and moans, but no lyrics."

In 1948, French composer & engineer, Pierre Schaeffer coined the term musique concrète. This experimental style of music used recordings of natural sounds that were then modified, manipulated or effected to create a composition. Shaeffer's techniques of using tape loops and splicing are considered to be the precursor to modern day sampling.

In 1952, John Cage released his famous three- movement composition which is a performance of complete silence for four minutes and thirty-three seconds. The piece is intended to capture the ambient sounds of the venue/location of the performance and have that be the music played. Cage has been cited by seminal artists such as Brian Eno as influence.

In the 1960s, many music groups experimented with unusual methods, with some of them creating what would later be called ambient music.

In the summer of 1962, composers Ramon Sender and Morton Subotnick founded The San Francisco Tape Music Center which functioned both as an electronic music studio and concert venue. Other composers working with tape recorders became members and collaborators including Pauline Oliveros, Terry Riley and Steve Reich. Their compositions, among others, contributed to the development of minimal music (also called minimalism), which shares many similar concepts to ambient music such as repetitive patterns or pulses, steady drones, and consonant harmony.

Many records were released in Europe and the United States of America between the mid-1960s and the mid-1990s that established the conventions of the ambient genre in the anglophone popular music market. Some 1960s records with ambient elements include Music for Yoga Meditation and Other Joys and Music for Zen Meditation by Tony Scott, Soothing Sounds for Baby by Raymond Scott, and the first record of the Environments album series by Irv Teibel.

In the late 1960s, French composer Éliane Radigue composed several pieces by processing tape loops from the feedback between two tape recorders and a microphone. In the 1970s, she then went on to compose similar music almost exclusively with an ARP 2500 synthesiser, and her long, slow compositions have often been compared to drone music. In 1969, the group COUM Transmissions were performing sonic experiments in British art schools. Pearls Before Swine's 1968 album features the sounds of birdsong and ocean noise, which were to become tropes of ambient music.

Developing in the 1970s, ambient music stemmed from the experimental and synthesizer-oriented styles of the period.

Between 1974 and 1976, American composer Laurie Spiegel created her seminal work The Expanding Universe, created on a computer-analog hybrid system called GROOVE. In 1977, her composition, Music of the Spheres was included on Voyager 1 and 2's Golden Record.

In April 1975, Suzanne Ciani gave two performances on her Buchla synthesizer - one at the WBAI Free music store and one at Phil Niblock's loft. These performances were released on an archival album in 2016 entitled Buchla Concerts 1975. According to the record label, these concerts were part live presentation, part grant application and part educational demonstration.

However, it was not until Brian Eno coined the term in the mid-70s that ambient music was defined as a genre. Eno went on to record 1975's Discreet Music with this in mind, suggesting that it be listened to at "comparatively low levels, even to the extent that it frequently falls below the threshold of audibility", referring to Satie's quote about his musique d'ameublement.

Other contemporaneous musicians creating ambient-style music at the time included Jamaican dub musicians such as King Tubby, Japanese electronic music composers such as Isao Tomita and Ryuichi Sakamoto as well as the psychoacoustic soundscapes of Irv Teibel's Environments series, and German experimental bands such as Popol Vuh, Cluster, Kraftwerk, Harmonia, Ash Ra Tempel and Tangerine Dream. Mike Orme of Stylus Magazine describes the work of Berlin school musicians as "laying the groundwork" for ambient.

The impact the rise of the synthesizer in modern music had on ambient as a genre cannot be overstated; as Ralf Hutter of early electronic pioneers Kraftwerk said in a 1977 Billboard interview: "Electronics is beyond nations and colors...with electronics everything is possible. The only limit is with the composer". The Yellow Magic Orchestra developed a distinct style of ambient electronic music that would later be developed into ambient house music.

Brian Eno (pictured in 1974) is credited with coining the term "ambient music".

The English producer Brian Eno is credited with coining the term "ambient music" in the mid-1970s. He said other artists had been creating similar music, but that "I just gave it a name. Which is exactly what it needed ... By naming something you create a difference. You say that this is now real. Names are very important." He used the term to describe music that is different from forms of canned music like Muzak.

In the liner notes for his 1978 album Ambient 1: Music for Airports, Eno wrote:

Whereas the extant canned music companies proceed from the basis of regularizing environments by blanketing their acoustic and atmospheric idiosyncrasies, Ambient Music is intended to enhance these. Whereas conventional background music is produced by stripping away all sense of doubt and uncertainty (and thus all genuine interest) from the music, Ambient Music retains these qualities. And whereas their intention is to "brighten" the environment by adding stimulus to it (thus supposedly alleviating the tedium of routine tasks and leveling out the natural ups and downs of the body rhythms) Ambient Music is intended to induce calm and a space to think. Ambient Music must be able to accommodate many levels of listening attention without enforcing one in particular; it must be as ignorable as it is interesting.

Eno, who describes himself as a "non-musician", termed his experiments "treatments" rather than traditional performances.

In the late 70s, new-age musician Laraaji began busking in New York parks and sidewalks, including Washington Square Park. It was there that Brian Eno heard Laraaji playing and asked him if he'd like to record an album. Day of Radiance released in 1980, was the third album in Eno's Ambient series. Although Laraaji had already recorded a number of albums, this one gave him international recognition. Unlike other albums in the series, Day of Radiance featured mostly acoustic instruments instead of electronics.

In the mid-1980s, the possibilities to create a sonic landscape increased through the use of sampling. By the late 1980s, there was a steep increase in the incorporation of the computer in the writing and recording process of records. The sixteen-bit Macintosh platform with built-in sound and comparable IBM models would find themselves in studios and homes of musicians and record makers.

However, many artists were still working with analogue synthesizers and acoustic instruments to produce ambient works.

In 1983, Midori Takada recorded her first solo LP Through the Looking Glass in two days. She performed all parts on the album, with diverse instrumentation including percussion, marimba, gong, reed organ, bells, ocarina, vibraphone, piano and glass Coca-Cola bottles.

Between 1988 and 1993, Éliane Radigue produced three hour-long works on the ARP 2500 which were subsequently issued together as La Trilogie De La Mort.

Also in 1988, founding member and director of the San Francisco Tape Music Centre, Pauline Oliveros coined the term " deep listening" after she recorded an album inside a huge underground cistern in Washington which has a 45-second reverberation time. The concept of Deep Listening then went on to become "an aesthetic based upon principles of improvisation, electronic music, ritual, teaching and meditation".

By the early 1990s, artists such as the Orb, Aphex Twin, Seefeel, the Irresistible Force, Biosphere, and the Higher Intelligence Agency gained commercial success and were being referred to by the popular music press as ambient house, ambient techno, IDM or simply "ambient". The term chillout emerged from British ecstasy culture which was originally applied in relaxed downtempo "chillout rooms" outside of the main dance floor where ambient, dub and downtempo beats were played to ease the tripping mind.

British artists such as Aphex Twin (specifically: Selected Ambient Works Volume II, 1994), Global Communication (, 1994), The Future Sound of London (, 1994, , 1994), the Black Dog (Temple of Transparent Balls, 1993), Autechre (Incunabula, 1993, , 1994), Boards of Canada, and The KLF's , (1990), all took a part in popularising and diversifying ambient music where it was used as a calming respite from the intensity of the hardcore and techno popular at that time.

Other global ambient artists from the 1990s include American composers Stars of the Lid (who released 5 albums during this decade), and Japanese artist Susumu Yokota whose album Sakura (1999) featured what Pitchfork magazine called "dreamy, processed guitar as a distinctive sound tool".

2000s-present

Sounds of natural habitats are common in YouTube uploads, with their thumbnails typically having images of natural landscapes to attract listeners.

By the late 2000s and 2010s, ambient music also gained widespread recognition on YouTube, with uploaded pieces, usually ranging from one to eight hours long, getting over millions of hits. Such videos are usually titled, or are generally known as, "relaxing music", and may be influenced by other music genres. Ambient videos assist online listeners with yoga, study, sleep (see music and sleep), massage, meditation and gaining optimism, inspiration, and creating peaceful atmosphere in their rooms or other environments. Many uploaded ambient videos tend to be influenced by biomusic where they feature sounds of nature, though the sounds would be modified with reverbs and delay units to make spacey versions of the sounds as part of the ambience. Such natural sounds oftentimes include those of a beach, rainforest, thunderstorm and rainfall, among others, with vocalizations of animals such as bird songs being used as well. Pieces containing binaural beats are common and popular uploads as well, which provide music therapy and stress management for the listener.

iTunes and Spotify have digital radio stations that feature ambient music, which are mostly produced by independent labels.

Acclaimed ambient music of this era (according to magazine) include works by Max Richter, Julianna Barwick, Grouper, William Basinski, Oneohtrix Point Never, and the Caretaker. In 2011, American composer Liz Harris recording as Grouper released the album AIA: Alien Observer, listed by Pitchfork at number 21 on their "50 Best Ambient Albums of All Time". In 2011, Julianna Barwick released her first full-length album The Magic Place. Heavily influenced by her childhood experiences in a church choir, Barwick loops her wordless vocals into ethereal soundscapes. It was listed at number 30 on Pitchfork's 50 Best Ambient Albums of All Time. After several self-released albums, Buchla composer, producer and performer Kaitlyn Aurelia Smith was signed to independent record label Western Vinyl in 2015. In 2016, she released her second official album EARS. It paired the Buchla synthesizer with traditional instruments and her compositions were compared to Laurie Spiegel and Alice Coltrane. Kaitlyn has also collaborated with other well-known Buchla performer, Suzanne Ciani. Iggy Pop's 2019 album features ambient soundscapes. Mallsoft, a subgenre of vaporwave, features various ambient influences, with artists such as Cat System Corp. and Groceries exploring ambient sounds typical of malls and grocery stores.

Ambient dub is a fusion of ambient music with dub. The term was first coined by Birmingham's now defunct label "Beyond Records" in early 1990s. The label released series of albums Ambient Dub Volume 1 to 4 that inspired many artists, including Bill Laswell, who used the same phrase in his music project Divination, where he collaborated with other artists in the genre. Ambient dub adopts dub styles made famous by King Tubby and other Jamaican sound artists from the 1960s to the early 1970s, using DJ-inspired ambient electronica, complete with all the inherent drop-outs, echo, equalization and psychedelic electronic effects. It often features layering techniques and incorporates elements of world music, deep bass lines and harmonic sounds. According to David Toop, "Dub music is like a long echo delay, looping through time...turning the rational order of musical sequences into an ocean of sensation." Notable artists within the genre include Dreadzone, Higher Intelligence Agency, the Orb, Gaudi, Ott, Loop Guru, Woob and Transglobal Underground as well as Banco de Gaia and Leyland Kirby

Ambient house is a musical category founded in the late 1980s that is used to describe acid house featuring ambient music elements and atmospheres. Tracks in the ambient house genre typically feature four-on-the-floor beats, synth pads, and vocal samples integrated in an atmospheric style. Ambient house tracks generally lack a diatonic center and feature much atonality along with synthesized chords. The Dutch Brainvoyager is an example of this genre. Illbient is another form of ambient house music.

Ambient techno is a music category emerging in the late 1980s that is used to describe ambient music atmospheres with the rhythmic and melodic elements of techno. Notable artists include Aphex Twin, B12, Autechre, and the Black Dog.

Ambient industrial is a hybrid genre of industrial and ambient music. A "typical" ambient industrial work (if there is such a thing) might consist of evolving dissonant harmonies of metallic drones and resonances, extreme low frequency rumbles and machine noises, perhaps supplemented by gongs, percussive rhythms, bullroarers, distorted voices or anything else the artist might care to sample (often processed to the point where the original sample is no longer recognizable). Entire works may be based on radio telescope recordings, the babbling of newborn babies, or sounds recorded through contact microphones on telegraph wires.

Ambient pop is a genre that developed in the 1980s contemporaneously with post-rock; it has been regarded as an extension of the dream pop movement and the atmospheric style of shoegaze. It relies on structures that are common to rock and pop music, while incorporating and exploring "electronic textures and atmospheres that mirror the hypnotic, meditative qualities of ambient music", which is also central to indie electronic music. Ambient pop utilizes the musical experimentation of psychedelia and the repetitive traits of minimalism, krautrock and techno as prevalent influences. Despite being an extension of dream pop, it is distinguished by its adoption of "contemporary electronic idioms, including sampling, although for the most part live instruments continue to define the sound."

David Bowie was one of the first rock and pop artists to experiment with ambient composition, particularly on his Berlin Trilogy with ambient music pioneer Brian Eno, both of whom were inspired during the production of the albums in the trilogy by German kosmische Musik bands and minimalist composers. The track "Red Sails" from the trilogy's third album, (1979), has been retroactively described as a "piece of ambient pop", prominently incorporating a motorik drum rhythm. English art rock band Japan's song "Taking Islands in Africa" from Gentlemen Take Polaroids (1980) was described by AllMusic critic Stewart Mason as a forecast of "the ambient pop direction Japan (and leader David Sylvian) would take for the rest of their careers"; the song features the Yellow Magic Orchestra leader Ryuichi Sakamoto and employs "a very non-rock African talking drum rhythm, slowed down to a sub-heartbeat crawl and overlaid with layers of atmospheric keyboards and minimal bass."

Dream pop band Slowdive's 1995 album heavily incorporated elements of ambient electronica and psychedelia, influencing many ambient pop bands and subsequently being regarded as a landmark album in the genre; Pitchfork critic Nitsuh Abebe described the album's songs as "ambient pop dreams that have more in common with post-rock [bands] like Disco Inferno than shoegazers like Ride". The genre continued to stylistically progress in the 2000s with bands including Broadcast, Múm, Dntel and the Postal Service.

Brian Eno's original vision of ambient music as unobtrusive musical wallpaper, later fused with warm house rhythms and given playful qualities by the Orb in the 1990s, found its opposite in the style known as dark ambient. Populated by a wide assortment of personalities-ranging from older industrial and metal experimentalists ( Scorn's Mick Harris, Current 93's David Tibet, Nurse with Wound's Steven Stapleton) to electronic boffins ( Kim Cascone/PGR, Psychick Warriors Ov Gaia), Japanese noise artists ( K.K. Null, Merzbow), and latter-day indie rockers ( Main, Bark Psychosis) - dark ambient features toned-down or entirely missing beats with unsettling passages of keyboards, eerie samples, and treated guitar effects. Like most styles related in some way to electronic/dance music of the '90s, it's a very nebulous term; many artists enter or leave the style with each successive release. Related styles include ambient industrial (see below) and isolationist ambient.

Space music, also spelled "Spacemusic", includes music from the ambient genre as well as a broad range of other genres with certain characteristics in common to create the experience of contemplative spaciousness.

Space music ranges from simple to complex sonic textures sometimes lacking conventional melodic, rhythmic, or vocal components, generally evoking a sense of "continuum of spatial imagery and emotion", beneficial introspection, deep listening and sensations of floating, cruising or flying.

Space music is used by individuals for both background enhancement and foreground listening, often with headphones, to stimulate relaxation, contemplation, inspiration and generally peaceful expansive moods and soundscapes. Space music is also a component of many film soundtracks and is commonly used in planetariums, as a relaxation aid and for meditation.

Sirius XM Chill plays ambient, chillout and downtempo electronica.

Sirius XM Spa blends ambient and new age instrumental music on channel XM 68.

Echoes, a daily two-hour music radio program hosted by John Diliberto featuring a soundscape of ambient, spacemusic, electronica, new acoustic and new music directions - founded in 1989 and syndicated on 130 radio stations in the USA.

BBC Radio 1 Relax is a radio station offered by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) that broadcasts ambient music. The channel features a variety of ambient genres, including electronic and instrumental compositions.

Musical Starstreams, a US-based commercial radio station and Internet program produced, programmed and hosted by Forest since 1981.

, a radio show on 88.5 WXPN, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1976, it is the second longest-running ambient music radio show in the world.

Ultima Thule Ambient Music, a weekly 90-minute show broadcast since 1989 on community radio across Australia.

Avaruusromua, the name meaning "space debris", is a 60-minute ambient and avant-garde radio program broadcast since 1990 on Finnish public broadcaster YLE's various stations.

1. Drone is now classified as a subgenre of ambient music, but early drone music influenced the origin of ambient. See the other note from Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Music (Cook & Pople 2004, p. 502), and the note from Four Musical Minimalists (Potter 2002, p. 91).

2. ^ Holmes, Thom (2008). Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture. Routledge. p. 403. ISBN 978-0203929599.

3. Q&A with Isao Tomita Archived 2017-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, Tokyo Weekender

4. Isao Tomita, an Early Major Japanese Electronic Composer, Is Dead Archived 2017-04-24 at the Wayback Machine,

5. The Ambient Century by Mark Prendergast, Bloomsbury, London, 2003.

6. ^ Elevator Music: A Surreal History of Muzak, Easy Listening & Other Moodsong by Joseph Lanza, Quartet, London, 1995.

7. ^ Crossfade: A Big Chill Anthology, Serpents Tail, London, 2004.

8. ^ Lanza, Joseph (2004). Elevator Music: A Surreal History of Muzak, Easy-listening, and Other Moodsong. University of Michigan Press. p. 185. ISBN 0-472-08942-0.

9. ^ George Grove, Stanley Sadie, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Macmillan Publishers, 1st ed., 1980 (ISBN 0-333-23111-2), vol. 7 (Fuchs to Gyuzelev), "André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry", p. 708: "in L'épreuve villageoise, where the various folk elements - couplet form, simplicity of style, straightforward rhythm, drone bass in imitation of bagpipes - combine to express at once ingenuous coquetry and sincerity."

10. ^ New Sounds: The Virgin Guide To New Music by John Schaefer, Virgin Books, London, 1987.

11. "100 Records That Set the World on Fire (While No One Was Listening)". The Wire. No. 175. September 1998.

12. ^ The San Francisco Tape Music Center : 1960s counterculture and the avant-garde. Bernstein, David W., 1951-. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-520-24892-2. OCLC 174500759.

13. Eliot Bates, "^ Ambient Music", MA thesis (Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University, 1997, pg.19)

14. Brian Eno, [ Music for Airports liner notes], September 1978

15. ^ Potter, Keith (2002). Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass (rev. pbk from 2000 hbk ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. [ 91]. ISBN 978-0-521-01501-1. (Quoting Brian Eno saying "La Monte Young is the daddy of us all" with endnote 113 p. [ 349] referencing it as "Quoted in Palmer, A Father Figure for the Avant-Garde, p. 49".)

16. ^ Webster, Peter (September 2002). "Historical Perspectives on Technology and Music". Music Educators Journal. 89 (1): 38-43, 54. doi:10.2307/3399883. JSTOR 3399883. S2CID 143483610.

17. ^ "Ambient pioneer Midori Takada: 'Everything on this earth has a sound'". The Guardian. 2017-03-24.

18. Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House, Matthew Collin, 1997, Serpent's Tail ISBN 1-85242-377-3

19. ^ Childs, Peter; Storry, Mike, eds. (2002). "Ambient music". Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. London: Routledge. p. 22.

20. ^ Brooke, Eliza (16 February 2021). "The Soothing, Digital Rooms of YouTube". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28.

21. ^ Ezra, Marcus (23 October 2020). "Why Are TikTok Teens Listening to an Album About Dementia?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 April 2021.

22. ^ Ryce, Andrew (12 April 2019). "The Caretaker - Everywhere At The End Of Time (Stage 6) Album Review". Resident Advisor. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019.

23. ^ Clarke, Patrick (19 October 2020). "Everywhere At The End Of Time Becomes TikTok Challenge (Leyland James Kirby gives us his reaction)". The Quietus. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021.

24. ^ Blistein, Jon (18 July 2019). "Iggy Pop Previews New Album With Meditative Title-Track 'Free'". Rolling Stone.

25. ^ Chandler, Simon (8 March 2017). "The Mall, Nostalgia, and the Loss of Innocence: An Interview With 猫 シ Corp". Bandcamp Daily. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020.

26. ^ Mattingly, Rick (2002). The Techno Primer: The Essential Reference for Loop-based Music Styles. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 38. ISBN 0634017888.

27. ^ Werner, Peter. "Epsilon: Ambient Industrial". Music Hyperreal. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012.

28. ^ Abebe, Nitsuh (28 November 2005). "Slowdive: Just for a Day / Souvlaki / Pygmalion". Pitchfork.

29. ^ Hill, Stephen. "What is spacemusic?". Hearts of Space. Archived from the original on 2006-03-25. ... Originally a 1970s reference to the conjunction of ambient electronics and our expanding visions of cosmic space ... In fact, almost any music with a slow pace and space-creating sound images could be called spacemusic

30. "The early innovators in electronic "space music" were mostly located around Berlin. The term has come to refer to music in the style of the early and mid-1970s works of Klaus Schulze, Tangerine Dream, Ash Ra Tempel, Popol Vuh and others in that scene. The music is characterized by long compositions, looping sequencer patterns, and improvised lead melody lines." - John Dilaberto, ^ Berlin School, Echoes Radio on-line music glossary Archived 2007-06-14 at the Wayback Machine

31. "Hill's Hearts of Space Web site provides streaming access to an archive of hundreds of hours of spacemusic artfully blended into one-hour programs combining ambient, electronic, world, new-age and classical music." Steve Sande, ^ The Sky's the Limit with Ambient Music, SF Chronicle, Sunday, January 11, 2004 Archived August 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

32. "Star's End" is (with the exception of "Music from the Hearts of Space") the longest running radio program of ambient music in the world. Since 1976, Star's End has been providing the Philadelphia broadcast area with music to sleep and dream to." ^ "Star's End" website background information page Archived 2007-08-14 at the Wayback Machine

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Ambient music is a genre of music that emphasizes tone and atmosphere over traditional musical structure or rhythm. It may lack net composition, beat, or structured melody. It uses textural layers of sound that can reward both passive and active listening and encourage a sense of calm or contemplation.

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Saber cómo orientarte en la naturaleza cuando te has perdido y careces de brújula y mapas proporciona una seguridad y confianza esenciales para sobrevivir. ¿Sabrías cómo encontrar el norte sin brújula?

¿Cómo te orientas cuando debes llegar a un lugar que no conoces y no tienes mapa ni brújula?

Las formas de orientarte para saber dónde está el norte son muy sencillas y puedes incluso enseñar a tus niños cómo te orientas cuando debes llegar a un lugar que no conoces. Las más eficaces se basan en la posición del sol y de las estrellas, pero también podemos encontrar indicios naturales que nos pueden dar una idea aproximada.

Una vez conocemos el norte, es fácil ubicar los puntos cardinales. Si miramos al norte, a nuestra espalda está el sur, a nuestra derecha el este y a nuestra izquierda el oeste.

Cómo orientarse con el sol cuando no tenemos brújula

Los métodos de orientación por el sol son sencillos, pero sólo nos servirán en días despejados.

Métodos de orientación con el reloj

Este sistema de orientación es rápido y eficaz en las zonas templadas de ambos hemisferios. Te permite saber como saber donde esta el norte sin brújula, sólo con ayuda de tu reloj.

Podemos valernos de un reloj de agujas y de la posición del sol para encontrar el norte con facilidad. Para ello debemos conocer la hora solar, que en España y los países de su franja horaria es dos horas menos en horario oficial de verano y una hora menos en invierno.

En las zonas templadas del hemisferio norte, si alineamos la aguja horaria (la pequeña) con el sol, en la bisectriz que forma esta con la cifra "12" del reloj se encuentra siempre el sur.

En las zonas templadas del hemisferio sur es la cifra 12 la que debe apuntar hacia el sol, y en la bisectriz que forma con la aguja horaria, se encuentra el norte.

Formas de orientarse con la sombra de un palo

Clavamos en un terreno llano un palo que proyecte una sombra de unos 30 o 40 cm. y marcamos el extremo de la sombra. A continuación, con un cordón de un zapato, una rama u otro método improvisado, trazaremos una semicircunferencia usando como radio la longitud de la sombra. Ahora debemos esperar el movimiento del sol.

La sombra se irá haciendo más pequeña a medida que nos acercamos a las 12:00 h. Momento en que alcanzará su menor tamaño para después volver a crecer. En el punto en el que la sombra vuelva a alcanzar la semicircunferencia pondremos una marca. Al unir las dos marcas trazaremos una línea oeste (primera marca) - este (segunda marca). En la perpendicular se encontraran el norte y el sur. Obviamente no es un método rápido.

Cómo saber los puntos cardinales sin brújula ayudándonos por la salida y la puesta de sol

La salida y la puesta del sol también son una referencia. A todos nos han enseñado que el sol sale por el este y se pone por el oeste. Sin embargo sólo lo hace por el punto exacto en los equinoccios, o sea, alrededor del 21 de marzo y del 23 de septiembre y si nos encontramos en terreno llano. El resto del año y rodeados de cadenas montañosas, la referencia es sólo aproximada.

Cómo orientarse con las estrellas

Por la noche, si está despejado, guiarse por las estrellas es eficaz y sencillo.

Cómo guiarse por las estrellas en el hemisferio norte: buscando la Estrella Polar

En el hemisferio norte del planeta, la estrella polar indica siempre el norte. Esta estrella es la última de la cola de la osa menor y, a pesar de que en casi todas las ilustraciones se muestra como una estrella muy brillante, su luz es tan pálida que con frecuencia no es fácil de ver.

No obstante, es fácil guiarse por la Osa Mayor para localizar el punto donde se encuentra la estrella polar. Para ello sólo tenemos que prolongar cuatro veces la distancia que separa las dos estrellas frontales de la Osa Mayor.

Cómo ubicarse con las estrellas en el hemisferio sur: encuentra la Cruz del Sur

En el hemisferio sur debemos buscar la "Cruz del Sur", una constelación con forma de rombo o cometa. Si prolongamos la longitud de la cometa cuatro veces y media, el punto imaginario que localicemos indicará siempre el sur.

Cómo orientarte por la luna

La luna puede proporcionarnos también una aproximación de los puntos cardinales. Cuando está en creciente, las puntas señalan siempre hacia el este y cuando está en menguante, hacia el oeste. Si tienes dudas para saber cuándo está de una u otra forma, piensa que la luna "miente". Cuando tiene forma de "C" de "creciente", en realidad está menguando.

Qué elementos naturales sirven para orientarse

Existen indicios en la naturaleza que pueden darnos pistas sobre la dirección que llevamos. No son muy precisos, pero en circunstancias excepcionales pueden impedir que perdamos el tiempo dando vueltas en círculo.

Cómo saber dónde está el norte sin brújula por el crecimiento del musgo

En el hemisferio norte los musgos crecen en las zonas más sombrías y húmedas de los troncos, que suele corresponder a la cara norte. Si bien esto puede variar localmente a causa de un microclima particular.

El aspecto de las montañas

También en las montañas reciben menos sol las laderas orientadas al norte, por lo que suelen ser más húmedas, de tonalidades más frías y retienen la nieve por más tiempo.

Los anillos de crecimiento de los árboles

Si encontramos un árbol cortado, los anillos de crecimiento de los árboles suelen estar más desarrollados del lado que reciben más sol, aunque pueden darse factores que alteren este desarrollo.

¿Qué otras formas de orientación hay en la actualidad?

La era digital nos ha traído nuevas y revolucionarias formas de orientarnos que podemos llevar en nuestro bolsillo, en forma de aplicacion en nuestro teléfono móvil y permiten incluso saber la orientación de tu casa fácilmente. Desde el conocidísimo Google Maps, que nos muestra el lugar en el que nos encontramos sobre un mapa o sobre una fotografía de satélite, hasta aplicaciones mucho más especializadas.

Existen multitud de Apps que transforman nuestro móvil en una brújulas, como "Brújula Digital", "Rey brújula 2023", "Brújula acero" y muchas más. Otras, conviérten nuestro celular en un auténtico GPS de montaña, como "IGN Mapas de España" o "Orux Maps"

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🥇 Cómo orientarse sin mapa ni brújula 🥇 - Vive la Naturaleza

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Saber cómo orientarte cuando te has perdido y no tienes brújula proporciona una seguridad esencial para sobrevivir ✌️. Descubre cómo hacerlo.

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Desde tiempos antiguos, las constelaciones han sido utilizadas para guiar a los navegantes en el mar y para contar historias y mitos en diferentes culturas. A continuación, te presentamos una guía de las constelaciones para niños.

¿Qué son las constelaciones?

Las constelaciones son grupos de estrellas que forman patrones en el cielo nocturno. Estos patrones son imaginarios y no tienen una relación real en el espacio. Sin embargo, las estrellas que forman una constelación sí están relacionadas en términos de distancia y movimiento.

Existen 88 constelaciones reconocidas oficialmente, que fueron definidas por la Unión Astronómica Internacional (IAU) . Cada una de estas constelaciones tiene una historia y un significado detrás de ella. Por ejemplo, la constelación de Orión se ve cómo un hombre con una espada y un escudo y se cree que representa al cazador mitológico de ese nombre.

¿Cómo encontrar constelaciones?

Para encontrar constelaciones en el cielo nocturno, lo primero que debes hacer es encontrar un lugar oscuro lejos de la contaminación lumínica de la ciudad. Luego, busca una estrella brillante en el cielo y trata de encontrar patrones de estrellas cerca de ella. Puedes usar una guía de constelaciones o una aplicación para identificarlas.

Es importante también tener en cuenta que las constelaciones cambian de posición en el cielo a lo largo del año debido a la rotación de la Tierra. Por lo tanto, algunas constelaciones solo son visibles en ciertas épocas del año.

15 constelaciones más famosas

A continuación te mostramos cómo se ven las constelaciones más conocidas y buscadas. Muéstraselas a los niños y niñas y comienza a buscarlas junto a ellos bajo el cielo estrellado.

1. ORION

Actividades para hacer con los niños

Existen varias actividades divertidas y educativas que los padres pueden hacer con sus hijos para ayudarles a entender las constelaciones. Algunas ideas incluyen:

Hacer una noche de caza de constelaciones: Salir a buscar constelaciones en el cielo nocturno y tratar de identificarlas con la ayuda de una guía.

Crear una maqueta de constelaciones: Utilizar luces y objetos para crear una maqueta de una constelación en particular en una habitación oscura.

Jugar a "Adivina la constelación": Una persona describe una constelación sin decir su nombre y los demás tienen que adivinar de qué constelación se trata.

Crear un diario de constelaciones: Cada vez que se ve una constelación, se puede tomar una foto o dibujarla y escribir información interesante sobre ella en un diario especial.

Ver una película o leer un libro sobre constelaciones: Hay varios recursos educativos disponibles sobre constelaciones, como películas y libros, que pueden ayudar a los niños a comprender mejor estos patrones de estrellas.

En conclusión, las constelaciones para niños son una forma fascinante de entender el cielo nocturno y hay muchas actividades divertidas y educativas que los padres pueden hacer con sus hijos para ayudarles a aprender más sobre ellas. Al enseñarles a los niños sobre las constelaciones, también les estamos dando las herramientas para apreciar y comprender mejor el mundo que les rodea.

La búsqueda de constelaciones es una actividad perfecta para hacer en familia, que además de ser entretenida, ayudará a los niños a desarrollar habilidades de observación y pensamiento crítico.

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Las Constelaciones para Niños: Enséñales el Cielo | ConEduka

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Descubre las constelaciones de una manera divertida y educativa. ¡Encuéntralas y haz actividades con los más peques de la casa!