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A ruling that stated African American people, free or enslaved, are not American citizens and can not sue in court. Slaves were considered property.

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ended slavery

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This civil rights amendment contains an equal protection clause, where any group starts if they believe their civil rights have been violated.

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Prohibits the use of race in determining who can vote. African Americans were legally able to vote from 1870 onwards, but southern states tactics to deny them suffrage.

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A series of laws that reinforced segregation, and caused separate dining facilities, water fountains, and movie nights (based on race) are just a few of the many Jim Crow laws produced during this time period.

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This case happened 50 years before the initiation of Rosa Park's legacy. Where Plessy sat at the front of a train.

The case set the precedent of separate but equal, having segregation be considered constitutional as long as both races were "equal."

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Granted women suffrage.

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Overruled separate but equal doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson. The new precedent established that separate was inherently unequal, and made segregation in schools illegal.

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One of the first southern schools to have African Americans integrated into it. Only 3 of the 9 African Americans graduated and the situation was so intense the national guard got involved.

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This law prohibits discrimination in public accommodations, employment, education, and government services. This strengthens the 15th amendment prohibiting discrimination in voting.

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This took away all the restrictions the southern states had on voting, like poll taxes, grandfather clause, white primaries, etc.

As a result, Afro-Americans are registered to vote at rates much higher than before these laws were passed.

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Government programs designed ti promote equal opportunity to groups that have suffered from past discrimination.

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A case about privacy, more specifically, the debate behind abortions.

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Bakke challenged the affirmative action admission policy of UC Davis because he had repeatedly been denied medical school when his scores were higher than some minorities that were admitted.

Race can now be one of the factors of college admission, but not the only factor.