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December 2, 1823

President Monroe declared that if any European power interfered in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, they would have to deal with the United States.
HS: The Monroe Doctrine is significant because it warned European nations that the US would not tolerate further colonization. If a European nation ignored these words they would be putting themselves on the line for a possible war.

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January 29, 1850

Proposed by Henry Clay, the Compromise of 1850 was used to solve a dispute between southerners and northerners. The main terms of the Compromise were:
- Admit California to the Union as a free state
- Divide the Mexican Cession into Utah and New Mexico and let them decide on slavery by popular sovereignty
- Enforce the Fugitive Slave Law
HS: The Compromise of 1850 bought time for the Union when it came to talks to the South secession. By admitting California into the Union, it also added to the North's political power.

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June 5, 1851

Book published by Harriet Beecher Stowe about the truths of Slavery.
HS: This book caused Northerners and Europeans to regard all slave owners and slavery as cruel and inhumane. They opened their eyes to the truth of slavery.

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1854 – 1859

Pro-slavery Missourians crossed the Kansas border to win more power/control for the South. Bleeding Kansas was a name given to Kansas due to the fighting between pro and anti-slavery advocates as they fought over control of the territory.
HS: Bleeding Kansas foreshadowed the violence that was bound to break out over the future of slavery in the Civil War.

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April 6, 1846

Dred Scott, a slave, argued that his residence in Wisconsin (a free state) made him a free man. However when his case reached the Supreme o they concluded that:
- Dred Scott has no right to sue a federal court because the constitution did not intend African Americans to be US citizens.
- Congress did not have the power to deprive a person from their property
- The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
HS: The Dred Scott Case is significant because it declared that slaves were property and not equal to whites. This made Northerners even more furious.

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1860

Abraham Lincoln won the Election of 1860 as a republican. His platform called for:
- Exclusion of slavery from the North and West
- Protective tariff
- Free land for homesteaders
- Internal improvements
HS: The election of Lincoln in 1860 causes the Deep South to immediately seceded from the Union in order to "protect slavery."

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April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865

The Civil War was fought between the Union and Confederacy over Slavery. The Confederacy wanted slavery to be allowed and so they seceded from the Union starting the Civil War. The Confederacy relied on getting the support of a European nation to win the war but they never got it. The Union had a bigger population and the US Navy which allowed them to ultimately win the war.
HS: The Union's victory in the Civil War, preserved the United States as one nation and ended the institution of slavery.

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November 19, 1863

Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address speech where he rallied Americans to the ideas of equality, freedom, and democracy.
HS: Lincoln's words inspired democracy all around the words and expanded the democratic cause of the US Government.

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March 2, 1867

The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 by Congress placed the South under Military occupation by:
- Dividing the south into 5 military districts each under Union control
- Increasing the requirements for readmission to the Union
- Requiring confederate states to ratify the 14th Amendment
HS: After the Civil War the US entered a period of Reconstruction to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people back into the United States. The Reconstruction Acts by Congress helped achieve this goal.

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March 30, 1867

Alaska had been claimed by both Russia and Britain. When Russia gained full control of it, it became an economic burden for them due to the threat of a British takeover. As a result, Russia sold Alaska to William H. Seward. For many years, Americans saw no value in Alaska and referred to it as "Seward's Folly/Icebox"
HS: The purchase of Alaska by the US, prevented further Russian expansion into North America. Gold and oil was also later discovered in Alaska.

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Alexander Graham Bell is most known for inventing the telephone.
HS: It united the country by allowing people to communicate all around the country quickly and efficiently.

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A labor protest in Chicago Haymarket Square turned into a bombing when someone threw a bomb at the police. Seven police officers were killed, eight anarchist leaders were tried for the crime, and seven were sentenced to death. The most popular union group at the time, Knights of Labor,
HS: Although the person who threw the bomb was never found, Americans started to think that the union movement was too radical and violent.

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This act was designed to break up tribal organizations, which people felt kept American Indians from becoming "civilized." The federal government divided the tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres and citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and assimilated to American culture.
HS: American Indians were forced off of their lands and onto the reservations and were forced to assimilate. Disease and poverty spread leaving the American population to only 200,000.

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Strike started by workers living in George Pullman's company town near Chicago when Pullman announced a general cut in wages and fired the leaders of the workers' delegation who came to bargain with him. Workers appealed for help from the American Railroad and their leader, Eugene V. Debs, directed them to not handle any trains with Pullman cars. A federal court ordered railroad workers to abandon the boycott and the strike. Failing to respond, Debs and other leaders were arrested.
HS: Gave Debs more national attention and proved how powerful unions could be.

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Supreme Court case which supported Louisiana's law requiring "separate but equal accommodations" for White and Black railroad passengers. By supporting this, it meant that this did NOT violate the 14th amendment that called for equal protection.
HS: Although not considered a violation of the 14th amendment, decisions like these added to the segregation laws that became known as Jim Crow laws.

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A war between the United States and Spain which was the result of jingoism (an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy), economic interests, and moral concerns.
HS: Ended Spanish colonial rule in the Western Hemisphere, the US gained Puerto Rico and Guam, and Cuba gained their independence from Spain with help of the US.

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War breaking out in the Philippines gave Congress and President McKinley the excuse to complete the annexation of Hawaii.
HS: Hawaii became a US territory in 1900 and the 50th state in August 1959.

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McKinley was fatally shot by an anarchist in 1901. Theodore Roosevelt was the one who took over his presidency. Roosevelt was known for his "speak softly and carry a big stick" policy.
HS: Although a tragedy, the assassination of McKinley gave Roosevelt the opportunity to rise and the accomplishments that he achieved during his presidency.

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The construction of the Panama Canal begun 1904 and was built because the US wanted a canal through Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. But to build this canal, the US had to negotiate an agreement with the British to cancel the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
HS: This canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and connected the newly American territories.

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Because of his help with the Russo-Japanese War, segregation, and much more, Roosevelt was awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1906.
HS: Roosevelt didn't do what he did for a prize but he was an admirable president and he helped out the country tremendously in many ways.